Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:3.1.30.1 (S1 nuclease)
 3,660 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The family of mammalian tachykinin receptors consists of substance P receptor (SPR), neuromedin K receptor (NKR) and substance K receptor (SKR). In this investigation, tissue and regional distributions of the mRNAs for the three rat tachykinin receptors were investigated by blot-hybridization and RNase-protection analyses using the previously cloned receptor cDNAs. SPR mRNA is widely distributed in both the nervous system and peripheral tissues and is expressed abundantly in the hypothalamus and olfactory bulb, as well as in the urinary bladder, salivary glands and small and large intestines. In contrast, NKR mRNA is predominantly expressed in the nervous system, particularly in the cortex, hypothalamus and cerebellum, whereas SKR mRNA expression is restricted to the peripheral tissues, being abundant in the urinary bladder, large intestine, stomach and adrenal gland. Thus, the mRNAs for the three tachykinin receptors show distinct patterns of expression between the nervous system and peripheral tissues. Blot-hybridization analysis in combination with S1 nuclease protection and primer-extension analyses revealed that there are two large forms of SKR mRNA expressed commonly in the peripheral tissues, and two additional small forms of the mRNA expressed specifically in the adrenal gland and eye. These analyses also showed that the multiple forms of SKR mRNA differ in the lengths of the 5' mRNA portions, and that the two small forms of the mRNA, if translated, encode a truncated SKR polypeptide lacking the first two transmembrane domains. This investigation thus provides the comprehensive analysis of the distribution and mode of expression of the mRNAs for the multiple peptide receptors and offers a new basis on which to interpret the diverse functions of multiple tachykinin peptides in the CNS and peripheral tissues.
 ...
PMID:Tissue distribution and quantitation of the mRNAs for three rat tachykinin receptors. 170 Nov 45

The influence of kainic acid (KA)-induced limbic seizure activity on the expression of mRNA for nerve growth factor (NGF) in adult rat brain was studied using in situ hybridization and S1 nuclease protection techniques with RNA probes complementary to murine and rat NGF mRNA. Within hippocampus, intracerebroventricular injection of 0.5 microgram KA caused a dramatic bilateral increase in hybridization of the 35S-labeled cRNA within stratum granulosum. This increase was first evident 1 h post-KA, appeared maximal at approximately 20-fold control levels at 2-3 h post-injection, and declined to control levels by 48 h post-injection. During the period of maximal hybridization, all but the deepest cells within stratum granulosum appeared to be autoradiographically labeled. Hybridization of the NGF cRNA probe was also increased within superficial layers of piriform and entorhinal cortex and, to much lesser extent, within scattered neurons of layers II and III of neocortex in KA-treated rats. In olfactory cortical areas, hybridization was maximally elevated 15.5-24.5 h after KA injection. In contrast to these effects, KA treatment did not consistently influence the density of hybridization, or number of neurons labeled, within the dentate gyrus hilus or the hippocampus proper (CA1-CA3). In agreement with the in situ hybridization results, S1 nuclease protection assay detected KA-induced increases in hybridization within pooled dentate gyrus/CA1 samples, but not hippocampal CA3 samples. These data support the conclusion that seizure activity stimulates a transient increase in NGF expression by select populations of forebrain neurons and indicates that experimental seizure paradigms might be further exploited for analyses of the mechanisms of NGF regulation and processing in the adult brain.
 ...
PMID:Kainic acid-induced seizures stimulate increased expression of nerve growth factor mRNA in rat hippocampus. 170 74

The olfactory bulb of the rat contains chromogranin A at a similar level as the adrenal gland or the hypophysis as revealed by immunoblots. Olfactory chromogranin A also displays the same size as chromogranin A of endocrine cells. In the hippocampus and other brain regions, we could not detect chromogranin A by immunoblotting. In contrast, chromogranin A messenger ribonucleic acid (using S1 nuclease protection assays) was observed in all brain regions examined, including the olfactory bulb. By in situ hybridization histochemistry with a complementary ribonucleic acid probe (280 nucleotides), and by immunocytochemistry, chromogranin A synthesis could be localized to cell bodies of the mitral cell layer, of the external plexiform layer and of the periglomerular region of the olfactory bulb. Immunocytochemically, chromogranin A was also detected in the central projection areas of mitral and tufted cells in the primary olfactory cortex and the anterior amygdaloid area but not in the olfactory glomeruli, where the incoming olfactory nerve fibers of the primary olfactory neurons establish synaptic contacts. Taken together the data show that chromogranin A, following biosynthesis in the perikarya of the mitral and tufted cells, is specifically transported into their axonal terminals but not into their primary dendrites. We propose that the rat olfactory system could serve as a model for the study of chromogranin A regulation and function in neurons.
 ...
PMID:Chromogranin A in the olfactory system of the rat. 209 16

The distribution of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) mRNA in normal rat forebrain, and the influence of recurrent seizure activity on the expression of this mRNA, was evaluated using in situ hybridization and S1 nuclease protection techniques. In the untreated adult rat, hybridization of 35S-labeled bFGF cRNA densely labeled neurons in a few discrete areas including the tenia tecta, indusium gresium, and hippocampal stratum pyramidale of regions CA2 and rostromedial CA1. Neurons in the prosubiculum and rostromedial dentate gyrus stratum granulosum were lightly labeled. In addition, a diffuse distribution of autoradiographic labeling in areas such as the hippocampal molecular layers, olfactory cortical layer I, and the olfactory nerve layer was suggestive of localization in glial cells. Platinum wire hilar lesions, which did not induce seizures, increased cRNA hybridization in glial cells in primary and secondary areas of degeneration in the ipsilateral hemisphere only; hybridization was not noticeably increased in neurons in these lesion-control rats. Focal stainless-steel wire hilar lesions, which caused recurrent seizures 2-10 h postlesion, induced bilaterally distributed increases in cRNA hybridization in hippocampus, neocortex, olfactory cortex, amygdala, and septum. These seizure-dependent increases in hybridization were evident 6 h postlesion, were maximal from 12 to 24 h postlesion, and declined to near control levels by 4 days. In most regions the elevated hybridization appeared to be associated primarily with astroglia but in experimental seizure rats sacrificed 12 and 24 h postlesion hybridization was also markedly increased in the dentate gyrus granule cells and olfactory cortical neurons. These results demonstrate that recurrent seizures increase bFGF mRNA expression by both forebrain neurons and glia and implicate bFGF in the coordination of other changes in the biosynthetic activities of forebrain neurons that occur after seizures.
 ...
PMID:Seizures increase basic fibroblast growth factor mRNA in adult rat forebrain neurons and glia. 817 Mar 44

The actions of the neurotransmitter 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) (serotonin) are mediated by multiple receptor subtypes. One of the prominent serotonin receptors in the brain is the 5-HT2C receptor (5-HT2C-R). We report the occurrence of a second 5-HT2C-R transcript, first identified using S1 nuclease protection of total RNA isolated from the choroid plexus. Analyses of the distribution of these two RNAs revealed that the short form is expressed in the same structures as the 5-HT2C-R mRNA, including choroid plexus, striatum, hippocampus, hypothalamus, olfactory tubercles, and spinal cord. Cloning and sequence analyses revealed a second cDNA with a 95-nt deletion in the region coding for the putative second intracellular loop and the fourth transmembrane domain of the 5-HT2C-R. This deletion leads to a frameshift in the coding sequence and the introduction of a premature stop codon. The predicted truncated protein (5-HT2C-tr) contains 172 amino acids, with 153 residues at the amino terminus, identical to the 5-HT2C-R, and 19 carboxyl-terminal amino acids that are unique. Although antibodies specific to the 5-HT2C-tr protein showed that the truncated form is expressed in a transfected fibroblast cell model system, there was no serotonergic ligand binding activity or phosphoinositide hydrolysis. Analyses of the 5-HT2C-R gene revealed that the two transcripts arise from a single gene by differential splicing using alternative donor sites and a common 3'-splice acceptor. Polymerase chain reaction amplification of mouse and human brain cDNAs demonstrated the occurrence of the same splicing patterns in these species. Although this study demonstrates tissue-specific expression of two 5-HT2C mRNA splice variants in rat, mouse, and human, the significance of the truncated form in these three species remains to be established.
 ...
PMID:Identification, molecular cloning, and distribution of a short variant of the 5-hydroxytryptamine2C receptor produced by alternative splicing. 886 24

Expression of syntrophin genes, encoding members of the dystrophin-associated protein complex, was studied in the mouse brain. In the hippocampal formation there is distinctive co-localization of specific syntrophins with certain dystrophin isoforms in neurons, e.g. alpha1-syntrophin with the C-dystrophin in CA regions and beta2-syntrophin with the G-dystrophin in the dentate gyrus. Expression of the alpha1-syntrophin is predominant in CA regions and the olfactory bulb and it is also present in the cerebral cortex and the dentate gyrus. The beta2-syntrophin mRNA is most abundant in the dentate gyrus and is also evident in the pituitary, the cerebral cortex and in Ammon's horn and in traces in the caudate putamen. The choroid plexus was labelled by both alpha1- and beta2-syntrophin-specific probes. The expression of syntrophins in the brain correlates with expression of dystrophins and dystroglycan. There are brain areas such as the cerebral cortex where several different syntrophins and dystrophins are expressed together. Syntrophin expression co-localizes with utrophin in the choroid plexus and caudate putamen. Finally, no syntrophin was detected in the cerebellar Purkinje cells where the specific dystrophin isoform (P-type) is present. This specific distribution of syntrophins in the brain is particularly interesting, as muscle syntrophin interacts with neuronal nitric oxide synthase. This may suggest that the dystrophin-associated protein complex may be involved in synaptic organisation and signal transduction machinery in both muscle and neurons. The dystrophin isoform, with exons 71-74 spliced out and hence lacking syntrophin binding sites, had been believed to be predominant in the brain, but our analyses using in situ hybridization, S1 nuclease protection and the semi-quantitative polymerase chain reaction revealed that this alternatively spliced mRNA is a minor, low abundance form in the brain.
 ...
PMID:Differential expression of syntrophins and analysis of alternatively spliced dystrophin transcripts in the mouse brain. 918 49