Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:3.1.3.9 (glucose-6-phosphatase)
 3,081 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The dermal cells in grey, xanthic, and white goldfish integuments were cytochemically characterized for the following enzymatic activities: tyrosinase, DOPA-oxidase, cytochrome oxidase, monoamine oxidase, peroxidase, non-specific esterase, cholinesterase, NAD-diaphorase, NADP-diaphorase, aryl sulfatase, nucleotide phosphodiesterase, beta-glucuronidase, acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, adenosine triphosphatase, thiamine pyrophosphatase, glucose-6-phosphatase, aldolase, as well as succinate, malate, isocitrate, glutamate, glucose-6-phosphate, 6-phosphogluconate, alpha-glycerophosphate, alcohol, lactate, and beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenases. It was found that the epidermis was a significant barrier to the access of cytochemical reaction substrates. Removal of the epidermal barrier provided dermal cell localizations of enzymatic activities which were reproducible. Further, alterations in reaction times and temperatures from the mammalian methodology provided conditions fe various integumental cells were compared for possible interrelationships. The basic foundations for future work with the dermis of poikilothermic vertebrates on an experimental basis were established. In addition, a previously undescribed non-pigmented dermal cell, the "x"-cell, was found to have enzymatic characteristics similar to both melanophores and lipophores. The "x"-cell may be the common precursor of both types of pigment cells.
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PMID:Cytochemical characterization of goldfish (Carassius auratus L.) dermis with special reference to the pigment cells. 82 86

In the subcommissural organ (SCO) of the guinea pig, rat, golden hamster, and mouse the activity and distribution of enzymes related to the energy-supplying metabolism and of some marker enzymes of different cell organelles have been investigated by means of mostly modified histochemical methods. The results were compared with findings in the ciliated ependyma of the ventricular wall and with those in the ependyma of the choroid plexus of the third ventricle. In the ependymal part of the SCO only a moderate activity of hexokinase is observed in its specialized columnar cells whereas a high activity is present both in the ciliated ependyma and the choroid plexus. - The staining pattern of glucose-6-phosphatase is similar to that of hexokinase but this enzyme is found is the SCO only. - Likewise hexokinase, glycogen granules and enzymes related to glycogen metabolism (phosphoglucomutase, uridine-diphosphoglucose pyrophosphorylase, glycogen synthetase and phosphorylase) are regularly found most numerous and active in the nuclear and supra-nuclear area of the ependymal part. These enzymes are less active in both the other ependymal regions. - Uridine-diphosphoglucose dehydrogenase could not be demonstrated in the SCO. The NADP-linked enzymes of the pentose phosphate shunt, glucose-6-phosphate and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, show a moderate activity which decreases also from the nuclear towards the apical area of the ependymal cells of the SCO. Enzymes of the glycolytic pathway, such as glucosephosphate isomerase, fructose-6-phosphate kinase, fructose-I,6-diphosphate aldolase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and lactate dehydrogenase, are highly active in the SCO and are located mainly in the supranuclear area, too. Fructose-1,6-diphosphatase could not be demonstrated thus indicating that in the SCO the pathway is most probably only glycolytic but not gluconeogenetic. Compared to the ependyma of the ventricular wall and of the choroid plexus, in the SCO the M type subunits of lactate dehydrogenase predominate. Glycolytic enzymes are also very active in the choroid plexus but less in the ciliated ependyma. Compared to the ciliated ependyma and especially to the ependyma of the choroid plexus, the activities of enzymes which are only present in mitochondria (NAD-linked isocitrate dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase, NAD-linked malate dehydrogenase after preextraction, cytochrome oxidase, 3-hydroxybutyrate and glycerolphosphate and glutamate dehydrogenase) are relatively low. Mitochondria are accumulated near the superior pole of the nuclei as well as in the most apical part of the ependymal cells. - The staining pattern of NADP-linked isocitrate and malate dehydrogenase as well as of NADH dehydrogenase suggests that these enzymes are localized both in and out of mitochondria. The extramitochondrial activity of the first two enzymes might be localized in the cytosol. The extramitochondrial activity of NADH dehydrogenase might be localized in the endoplasmic reticulum...
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PMID:Enzymatic organization of the subcommissural organ. 123 49

Kinetic studies of the histochemical and histoenzymatic behavior of rabbit pancreatic parenchymas were performed 5, 30 and 90 days after Wirsung duct ligation. In control pancreas, some enzyme activities (EA) were more prominent in Langerhans islets [glucose-6-phosphatase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (DH), isocitrate DH, glycerol-3-phosphate DH, NADPH DH], others were strongly marked in acini and ducts (alkaline phosphatase, beta-glucuronidase, acid esterase aryl-sulfatase). Histochemical and enzyme abnormalities observed in experimental rabbits reflect the post-ligation degenerative and reactive processes in both exocrine and endocrine pancreas: (1) the decrease in Krebs cycle and pentose pathway linked EA and the increased lysosomal and acid phosphatase EA reflect early (day 5) degeneration and necrosis of islets and acini (day 30); (2) proliferative processes in developed ductal epithelia are shown by an increase in both glycolytic and lysosomal EA (days 30 and 90); (3) connective tissue neogenesis and interstitial fibrosis occurred as shown by activated beta-glucuronidase, aryl-sulfatase, alkaline phosphatase and increased ribonucleoproteins and glycoaminoglycans contents (day 30); (4) on day 90, the neoformed cell clusters presenting glucose-6-phosphatase positivity (B-cell marker) are seen in the pancreas remnant. At the same time, blood insulin level increases correlated with a decrease of hyperglycemia.
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PMID:Cell features in pancreas of prediabetic and diabetic rabbits after Wirsung duct ligation. Histochemical and histoenzymatic studies. 233 24

In order to find the markers of the toxicity of the autoxidized lipids in the liver, rats were given a lethal amount of secondary autoxidation products of linoleic acid (400 mg/rat/day for 3 days) and then changes in the hepatic metabolic functions were analyzed. A decrease in acetyl-CoA level to half caused by the depletion of CoASH was reported in an associated paper (J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol., 35, 11-23, 1989). Citrate, isocitrate, and 2-oxoglutarate also decreased to half the level of those of the control group. Reduction in isocitrate dehydrogenase activity was only 25%, while NADH2 and ATP levels remained unchanged. Thus, the reduction in the citrate cycle activity was due to the decrease in acetyl-CoA. The activity of mitochondrial succinate dehydrogenase was decreased to 1/5. Other appreciable changes were depletion of glucose 6-phosphate and fructose 6-phosphate, accumulation of glucose 1-phosphate, reductions in hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, glucose-6-phosphatase, phosphoglucomutase, and phosphogluconate dehydrogenase activities, and decrease in the NADPH2 level. It was considered that these changes were caused by the depletion of glucose 6-phosphate whose synthetic pathways were abnormal. Therefore, the markers of the hepatotoxicity of secondary products were the changes in the CoASH level and the activities of succinate dehydrogenase and synthetic pathways for glucose 6-phosphate.
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PMID:Succinate dehydrogenase and synthetic pathways of glucose 6-phosphate are also the markers of the toxicity of orally administered secondary autoxidation products of linoleic acid in rat liver. 254 8

The influence of irradiation was studied histochemically in healing mandibular periosteum and bone. After a cut line had been made on both sides of the mandible the rats were exposed to roentgen ray irradiation. The single doses were 15, 20, 30, 35 or 40 Gy. The animals were killed 1, 2, 4, 8, 10, 12, 16 and 24 hours after irradiation, for histochemical analysis. All enzymes, acid phosphatase, cytochrome oxidase, lactate, isocitrate, glucose-6-phosphatase and succinate dehydrogenase, showed a greater increase in enzyme staining in the irradiated cut lines than in the non-irradiated control lines. The intensity of the staining increased with time and dose over 24 hours. The observation time included an inflammatory phase with vascular, enzymatic and cellular responses to periosteal and bone injury. The increase in staining was dependent on the time after surgical trauma and radiation dose. The increase in enzyme staining probably represents the initial cell damage after irradiation.
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PMID:Effect of irradiation on early enzymatic changes in healing mandibular periosteum and bone. A histochemical study on rats. 302 Aug 89

During Ramadan, Muslims the world over abstain from food and water from dawn to sunset for a month. We hypothesised that this unique model of prolonged intermittent fasting would result in specific intestinal and liver metabolic adaptations and hence alter metabolic activities. The effect of Ramadan-type fasting was studied on enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism and the brush border membrane of intestine and liver from rat used as a model. Rats were fasted (12 h) and then refed (12 h) daily for 30 d, as practised by Muslims during Ramadan. Ramadan-type fasting caused a significant decline in serum glucose, cholesterol and lactate dehydrogenase activity, whereas inorganic phosphate increased but blood urea N was not changed. Fasting resulted in increased activities of intestinal lactate (+34%), isocitrate (+63%), succinate (+83%) and malate (+106%) dehydrogenases, fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase (+17%) and glucose-6-phosphatase (+22%). Liver lactate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase, glucose-6-phosphatase and fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase activities were also enhanced. However, the activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and malic enzyme fell significantly in the intestine but increased in liver. Although the activities of alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase and sucrase decreased in mucosal homogenates and brush border membrane, those of liver alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase and leucine aminopeptidase significantly increased. These changes were due to a respective decrease and increase of the maximal velocities of the enzyme reactions. Ramadan-type fasting caused similar effects whether the rats fasted with a daytime or night-time feeding schedule. The present results show a tremendous adaptation capacity of both liver and intestinal metabolic activities with Ramadan-type fasting in rats used as a model for Ramadan fasting in people.
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PMID:Influence of Ramadan-type fasting on enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism and brush border membrane in small intestine and liver of rat used as a model. 1718 84

Gentamicin (GM) is an aminoglycoside antibiotic commonly used against life threatening gram negative bacterial infections, however, nephrotoxicity remains the major concern for its long term use. Although its effects on kidney are well characterized but there have been no studies regarding its effects on intestine. We hypothesize that GM causes adaptive coordinated effect on enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism and terminal digestion/ absorption in rat intestine. Rats were administered a nephrotoxic dose of GM (80 mg /kg body weight) daily for 15 days and a time dependent effect was observed on various enzyme activities. Activities of lactate (LDH), malate (MDH) and isocitrate (ICDH) dehydrogenases, significantly increased and peaked at different time intervals of GM treatment. Whereas LDH activity remained higher, MDH and ICDH activity slowly declined from their peak values. Activities of fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, glucose-6-phosphatase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase increased but malic enzyme decreased in a time dependent manner. Activity of alkaline phosphatase and sucrase significantly increased but gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase activity decreased. GM administration increased lipid peroxidation, glutathione peroxidase but decreased superoxide dismutase and catalase activities. The results indicate that GM treatment selectively upregulated certain enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism and terminal digestion/absorption and perturbed antioxidant defenses.
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PMID:Time dependent effect of gentamicin on enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism and terminal digestion in rat intestine. 1788 63

Uranium, the heaviest of the naturally occurring elements is widely present as environmental contaminant from natural deposits, industrial emissions and most importantly from modern weapons. Histopathological examinations revealed that uranyl nitrate (UN) exposure caused severe damage to pars recta of renal proximal tubule. However, biochemical events involved in cellular response to renal injury are not completely elucidated. We hypothesized that UN exposure would severely damage kidney tissues and alter their metabolic functions. Rats were treated with a single nephrotoxic dose of UN (0.5mg/kg body weight) i.p. After 5d, effect of UN was studied on the activities of various enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism, brush border membrane (BBM) and oxidative stress in different kidney tissues. Activity of lactate dehydrogenase increased whereas activities of isocitrate, succinate and malate dehydrogenases, glucose-6-phosphatase and fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase significantly decreased by UN exposure. Activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase decreased whereas that of NADP-malic enzyme increased. The activities of BBM enzymes were significantly lowered and after dissociation from BBM excreted in urine. Lipid peroxidation and the activities of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase increased whereas catalase activity decreased by UN. UN treatment caused specific alterations in the activities of metabolic and membrane enzymes and perturbed antioxidant defenses.
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PMID:Effect of uranyl nitrate on enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism and brush border membrane in different kidney tissues. 1834 12