Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.1.3.9 (glucose-6-phosphatase)
3,081 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We determined the effect of dietary starch on growth performance and feed utilization in European sea bass juveniles. Data on the dietary regulation of key hepatic enzymes of the glycolytic, gluconeogenic, lipogenic and amino acid metabolic pathways (hexokinase, HK; glucokinase, GK; pyruvate kinase, PK; fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, FBPase; glucose-6-phosphatase, G6Pase; glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, G6PD; alanine aminotransferase, ALAT; aspartate aminotransferase, ASAT and glutamate dehydrogenase, GDH) were also measured. Five isonitrogenous (48% crude protein) and isolipidic (14% crude lipids) diets were formulated to contain 10% normal starch (diet NS10), 10% waxy starch (diet WS10), 20% normal starch (diet NS20), 20% waxy starch (diet WS20) or no starch (control diet). Another diet was formulated with no carbohydrate, and contained 68% crude protein and 14% crude lipids (diet HP). Each experimental diet was fed to triplicate groups of 30 fish (initial weight: 23.3 g) on an equivalent feeding scheme for 12 weeks. The best growth performance and feed efficiency were achieved with fish fed the HP diet. Neither the level nor the nature of starch had measurable effects on growth performance of sea bass juveniles. Digestibility of starch was higher with waxy starch and decreased with increasing levels of starch in the diet. Whole-body composition and plasma metabolites, mainly glycemia, were not affected by the level and nature of the dietary starch. Data on enzyme activities suggest that dietary carbohydrates significantly improve protein utilization associated with increased glycolytic enzyme activities (GK and PK), as well as decreased gluconeogenic (FBPase) and amino acid catabolic (GDH) enzyme activities. The nature of dietary carbohydrates tested had little influence on performance criteria.
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PMID:Effect of normal and waxy maize starch on growth, food utilization and hepatic glucose metabolism in European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) juveniles. 1634 62

In this study, the effects of bitter yam sapogenin extract or commercial diosgenin on intestinal disaccharidases and some renal enzymes in diabetic rats were investigated. Diabetic male Wistar rats were fed diets supplemented with 1% sapogenin extract or commercial diosgenin for 3 weeks. Plasma glucose, intestinal disaccharidases and the activities of transaminases, acid phosphatase, glucose-6-phosphatase, ATP citrate lyase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and pyruvate kinase were assessed for the level of metabolic changes in the kidney of diabetic rats. Sapogenin extract or commercial diosgenin supplementation resulted in a significant decrease in lactase and maltase activities in all three regions of the intestine compared to the diabetic control group. However, the test diets significantly reduced intestinal sucrase activity in the proximal and mid regions. Test diets supplementation resulted in a significant decrease in the activities of the transaminases compared to the normal and diabetic control groups. The activity of glucose-6-phosphatase was significantly increased while the activities of ATP citrate lyase, pyruvate kinase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase were significantly reduced in the kidney of the diabetic control rats compared to the normal group. Test diets supplementation did not significantly alter glucose-6-phosphatase, ATP citrate lyase and pyruvate kinase activities compared to the diabetic control. However, there was a significant increase in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity toward the normal group. In conclusion, the consumption of bitter yam sapogenin extract or commercial diosgenin demonstrated hypoglycemic properties, which are beneficial in diabetes by reducing intestinal disaccharidases activities; however, bitter yam sapogenin extract may adversely affect the integrity of kidney membrane.
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PMID:Intestinal disaccharidases and some renal enzymes in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats fed sapogenin extract from bitter yam (Dioscorea polygonoides). 1649 37

Organelles were isolated from dark-grown Euglena gracilis Klebs by sucrose density gradient centrifugation. Plastids, identified by triosephosphate isomerase and NADP glyoxylate reductase were present at an equilibrium density of 1.24 grams per cubic centimeter clearly separated from mitochondria at an equilibrium density of 1.22 grams per cubic centimeter. Assay for choline phosphotransferase and glucose-6-phosphatase showed that endoplasmic reticulum membranes were present at a density of 1.12 grams per cubic centimeter. The plastid fraction contained phosphofructokinase, pyruvate kinase, triosephosphate isomerase and aldolase indicating the operation of a glycolytic pathway. During regreening pyruvate kinase and phosphofructokinase in the developing proplastid decreased, neither enzyme being present in the mature chloroplast. However, plastids were present in the photosynthetic cell as shown by a peak of glycolysis enzymes at an equilibrium density of 1.24 grams per cubic centimeter.The integrity of isolated plastids was demonstrated by their capacity for protein synthesis. Plastids isolated from dark-grown cells rapidly incorporated [(35)S]methionine into protein with an absolute dependence on added ATP. The large subunit of ribulose diphosphate carboxylase was the major polypeptide synthesized by these isolated plastids.
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PMID:Isolation and enzymic characterization of euglena proplastids. 1666 Jul 49

The orphan receptor small heterodimer partner (SHP; NROB2) is a transcriptional repressor that inhibits nuclear receptor signaling in diverse metabolic pathways. Here, we report that SHP(-/-) mice exhibited hypoinsulinemia with age, which was associated with increased peripheral insulin sensitivity and increased response of isolated islets to glucose stimulation, yet maintain normal levels of blood glucose. Deficiency in SHP function resulted in up-regulation of glucose transporter 4 mRNA and glucose uptake in muscles, and overexpression of SHP in C2C12 cells inhibited both basal and peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) coactivator-1alpha-stimulated glucose transporter 4 expression and glucose uptake. SHP(-/-) hepatocytes showed markedly decreased basal glucose production in cultures, and SHP(-/-) livers had increased glycogen stores and were more sensitive to insulin inhibition of glucose output, which were concomitant with decreased expression for PPARgamma1, fatty acid translocase, glucose-6-phosphatase, and phosphoenol/pyruvate carboxykinase, and increased mRNAs for glucokinase and pyruvate kinase. In white fat, SHP deficiency resulted in up-regulation of genes involved in insulin sensitizing, including PPARgamma2 and adiponectin. We show that, at the transcriptional level, SHP directly represses adiponectin promoter activity by PPARgamma/liver receptor homolog-1. The results suggest that the increases in insulin sensitivity through multiple signaling pathways in muscle, liver, and fat, with an increase in islet secretory function, represent the complex mechanism whereby SHP deficiency leads to improvement in insulin sensitivity, secretion, and diabetes.
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PMID:Orphan receptor small heterodimer partner is an important mediator of glucose homeostasis. 1875 80

The effects of carbohydrate sources/complexity and rearing temperature on hepatic glucokinase (GK) and glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase) activities and gene expression were studied in gilthead sea bream juveniles. Two isonitrogenous (50% crude protein) and isolipidic (19% crude lipids) diets were formulated to contain 20% waxy maize starch or 20% glucose. Triplicate groups of fish (63.5 g initial body weight) were fed each diet to near satiation during four weeks at 18 degrees C or 25 degrees C. Growth, feed intake, feed efficiency and protein efficiency ratio, were higher at the higher water temperature. At each water temperatures fish growth and feed efficiency were higher with the glucose diet. Plasma glucose levels were not influenced by water temperature but were higher in fish fed the glucose diet. Hepatosomatic index and liver glycogen were higher at the lower water temperature and within each water temperature in fish fed the glucose diet. No effect of water temperature on enzymes activities was observed, except for hexokinase and GK which were higher at 25 degrees C. Hepatic hexokinase and pyruvate kinase activities were not influenced by diet composition, whereas glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity was higher in fish fed the glucose diet. Higher GK activity was observed in fish fed the glucose diet. GK gene expression was higher at 25 degrees C in fish fed the waxy maize starch diet while in fish fed the glucose diet, no temperature effect on GK gene expression was observed. Hepatic G6Pase activities and gene expression were neither influenced by dietary carbohydrates nor water temperature. Overall, our data suggest that in gilthead sea bream juveniles hepatocytes dietary carbohydrate source and temperature affect more intensively GK, the enzyme responsible for the first step of glucose uptake, than G6Pase the enzyme involved in the last step of glucose hepatic release.
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PMID:Hepatic glucokinase and glucose-6-phosphatase responses to dietary glucose and starch in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) juveniles reared at two temperatures. 1802 21

Glucose plays a key role as energy source in the majority of mammals, but its importance in fish appears limited. Until now, the physiological basis for such apparent glucose intolerance in fish has not been fully understood. A distinct regulation of hepatic glucose utilization (glycolysis) and production (gluconeogenesis) may be advanced to explain the relative inability of fish to efficiently utilize dietary glucose. We summarize here information regarding the nutritional regulation of key enzymes involved in glycolysis (hexokinases, 6-phosphofructo-1-kinase and pyruvate kinase) and gluconeogenesis (phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase and glucose-6-phosphatase) pathways as well as that of the bifunctional enzyme 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase. The effect of dietary carbohydrate level and source on the activities and gene expression of the mentioned key enzymes is also discussed. Overall, data strongly suggest that the liver of most fish species is apparently capable of regulating glucose storage. The persistent high level of endogenous glucose production independent of carbohydrate intake level may lead to a putative competition between exogenous (dietary) glucose and endogenous glucose as the source of energy, which may explain the poor dietary carbohydrate utilization in fish.
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PMID:Nutritional regulation of hepatic glucose metabolism in fish. 1879 53

Resveratrol, a ubiquitous stress-induced phytoalexin, has demonstrated a wide variety of biological activities which make it a good candidate for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. The present study was aimed to evaluate its therapeutic potential by assaying the activities of key enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism in streptozotocin-nicotinamide-induced diabetic rats. The daily oral treatment of resveratrol (5 mg/kg body weight) to diabetic rats for 30 days demonstrated a significant (p<0.05) decline in blood glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin levels and a significant (p<0.05) increase in plasma insulin level. The altered activities of the key enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism such as hexokinase, pyruvate kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, glucose-6-phosphatase, fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, glycogen synthase and glycogen phosphorylase in liver and kidney tissues of diabetic rats were significantly (p<0.05) reverted to near normal levels by the administration of resveratrol. Further, resveratrol administration to diabetic rats improved hepatic glycogen content suggesting the antihyperglycemic potential of resveratrol in diabetic rats. The obtained results were compared with glyclazide, a standard oral hypoglycemic drug. Thus, the modulatory effects of resveratrol on attenuating these enzymes activities afford a promise for widespread use for treatment of diabetes in the future.
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PMID:Modulatory effects of resveratrol on attenuating the key enzymes activities of carbohydrate metabolism in streptozotocin-nicotinamide-induced diabetic rats. 1905 88

A 60-day experiment was conducted to study the effect of dietary gelatinized (G) and non-gelatinized (NG) starch on the key metabolic enzymes of glycolysis (hexokinase, glucokinase, pyruvate kinase, and lactate dehydrogenase), gluconeogenesis (glucose-6 phosphatase and fructose-1,6 bisphosphatase), protein metabolism (aspartate amino transferase and alanine amino transferase), and TCA cycle (malate dehydrogenase) in Labeo rohita juveniles. In the analysis, 234 juveniles (2.53 +/- 0.04 g) were randomly distributed into six treatment groups each with three replicates. Six semi-purified diets containing NG and G cornstarch, each at six levels of inclusion (0, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100) were prepared viz., T1 (100% NG, 0% G starch), T2 (80% NG, 20% G starch), T3 (60% NG, 40% G starch), T4 (40% NG, 60% G starch), T5 (20% NG, 80% G starch), and T6 (0% NG, 100% G starch). Dietary G:NG starch ratio had a significant (P < 0.05) effect on the glycolytic enzymes, the highest activities were observed in the T6 group and lowest in the T1 group. On the contrary, the gluconeogenic enzymes, the glucose-6-phosphatase and fructose-1,6 bisphosphatase activities in the organs, liver and kidney were recorded highest in the T1 group and lowest in the T6 group. The liver aspartate amino transferase activity showed an increasing trend with the decrease in the dietary G level. However, the muscle aspartate amino transferase activity was not significantly (P > 0.05) influenced by the type of dietary starch. The alanine amino transferase activity in both liver and muscle showed an increasing trend with the decrease in the dietary G level. The liver and muscle malate dehydrogenase activities were lowest in the T6 group and highest in the T1 group. Results suggest that NG (100%) starch diet significantly induced more the enzyme activities of amino acid metabolism, gluconeogenesis, and TCA cycle, whereas partial or total replacement of raw starch by gelatinized starch increased the glycolytic enzyme activity.
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PMID:Modulation of key enzymes of glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, amino acid catabolism, and TCA cycle of the tropical freshwater fish Labeo rohita fed gelatinized and non-gelatinized starch diet. 1934 May 98

Recent evidence suggests that hormones such as insulin and leptin act in the hypothalamus to regulate energy balance and glucose metabolism. Here we show that in leptin receptor-deficient Koletsky (fa(k)/fa(k)) rats, adenovirally induced expression of leptin receptors in the area of the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus improved peripheral insulin sensitivity via enhanced suppression of hepatic glucose production, with no change of insulin-stimulated glucose uptake or disposal. This effect was associated with increased insulin signal transduction via phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase (as measured by pY-insulin receptor substrate-1 and pS-PKB/Akt) in liver, but not skeletal muscle, and with reduced hepatic expression of the gluconeogenic genes, glucose-6-phosphatase and phosphoenolpyruvate kinase. Moreover, the beneficial effects of hypothalamic leptin signaling on hepatic insulin sensitivity were blocked by selective hepatic vagotomy. We conclude that hypothalamic leptin action increases peripheral insulin sensitivity primarily via effects on the liver and that the mechanism underlying this effect is dependent on the hepatic branch of the vagus nerve.
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PMID:Hypothalamic leptin signaling regulates hepatic insulin sensitivity via a neurocircuit involving the vagus nerve. 1957 96

The aim of the present study was to analyse the effects of partial or total replacement of fish meal (FM) and fish oil (FO) by a mixture of plant protein (PP) and a mixture of vegetable oils (VO) on the hepatic insulin-nutrient-signalling pathway and intermediary metabolism-related gene expression in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Triplicate groups of fish were fed four practical diets containing graded levels of replacement of FM and FO by PP and VO for 12 weeks: diet 0/0 (100 % FM, 100 % FO); diet 50/50 (50 % FM and 50 % PP, 50 % FO and 50 % VO); diet 50/100 (50 % FM and 50 % PP, 100 % VO); diet 100/100 (100 % PP, 100 % VO). Samplings were performed on trout starved for 5 d then refed with their allocated diet. In contrast to partial substitution (diet 50/50), total substitution of FM and FO (diet 100/100) led to significantly lower growth compared with diet 0/0. The insulin-nutrient-signalling pathway (protein kinase B (Akt), target of rapamycin (TOR), S6 protein kinase 1 (S6K1) and S6) was characterised in trout liver and found to be activated by refeeding. However, changes in diet compositions did not differentially affect the Akt-TOR-signalling pathway. Moreover, expression of genes encoding fructose-1,6-biphosphatase, mitochondrial phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, glucokinase, pyruvate kinase and carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1 were not affected by refeeding or by dietary changes. Refeeding down- and up-regulated the expression of gluconeogenic glucose-6-phosphatase isoform 1 and lipogenic fatty acid synthase genes, respectively. Expression of both genes was also increased with partial replacement of FM and total replacement of FO (diet 50/100). These findings indicate that plant-based diets barely affect glucose and lipid metabolism in trout.
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PMID:Hepatic protein kinase B (Akt)-target of rapamycin (TOR)-signalling pathways and intermediary metabolism in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) are not significantly affected by feeding plant-based diets. 1966 14


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