Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

---

Query: EC:3.1.3.8 (phytase)
1,997 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Ileally cannulated pigs were used to assess the effects of four dietary levels of microbial phytase (Natuphos) on the apparent and true digestibility of Ca, P, CP, and AA in dehulled soybean meal. Fourteen pigs (25 kg initial BW) were surgically fitted with T-cannulas at the terminal ileum and assigned to diets in a replicated 7 x 7 Latin square design. Following a 14-d recovery, four diets consisting of 30.5% soybean meal with 0, 500, 1,000, or 1,500 units of phytase/kg of diet were fed. Diets 5 (1.05% lysine, 0.90% Ca, and 0.75% P) and 6 (1.05% lysine, 0.90% Ca, and 0.75% P) contained 35.25% soybean meal and 27.0% soy protein concentrate, respectively. Diet 7 (0.37% lysine, 0.03% Ca, and 0.05% P) was a low-CP, casein-based diet used to estimate the nonspecific endogenous losses of Ca, P, CP, and AA in order to estimate the true digestibility of these nutrients. All diets contained cornstarch and dextrose and were fortified with vitamins and minerals. Chromic oxide was used as an indigestible indicator. The diets were fed daily at 9% of metabolic BW (BW0.75). Apparent and true ileal digestibility of P increased quadratically (P < 0.01) and true digestibility of Ca increased linearly (P < 0.07) with increasing levels of phytase. Apparent digestibility of Ca was unaffected (P = 0.15) by phytase level. Apparent and true ileal digestibility of CP and most AA increased slightly with the addition of 500 units of phytase/kg of diet, but not at higher levels of phytase supplementation (in most cases, cubic effect, P < 0.05). Apparent and true ileal nutrient digestibility coefficients were unaffected by soybean meal source (Diet 1 vs Diet 5), except for arginine and Ca. The apparent and true digestibility coefficients for most of the AA tended (P < 0.10) to be lower in diets containing soy protein concentrate vs the common source of soybean meal used in Diet 5, but ileal digestibilities of Ca and P were unaffected (P = 0.15). In this study, supplemental microbial phytase did not improve the utilization of AA provided by soybean meal but was an effective means of improving Ca and P utilization by growing swine fed soybean meal-based diets.
...
PMID:Effects of level of supplemental phytase on ileal digestibility of amino acids, calcium, and phosphorus in dehulled soybean meal for growing pigs. 1172 43

Data previously reported in several studies have suggested that phytase improves amino acid digestibility in chicks. It was the objective of the current study to determine if phytase would increase the protein efficiency ratio (PER) values (g weight gain per g protein intake) for several feed ingredients fed to chicks. Six experiments were conducted and ingredients evaluated were casein, soybean meal, canola meal, cottonseed meal, peanut meal, wheat middlings, wheat bran, rice bran, defatted rice bran, meat and bone meal, and corn gluten meal. Casein was evaluated to serve as a phytate-free control ingredient. Each feedstuff was analyzed for CP and included in cornstarch:dextrose diets as the only source of protein to provide 10% dietary protein in Experiments 1 to 5 or 18% dietary protein (soybean meal) in Experiment 6. Dietary Ca and nonphytate P levels were varied among experiments and ranged from 0.95 to 1.5% Ca and 0.35 to 0.675% nonphytate P. The test ingredient diets were fed with 0 or 1,200 units of phytase/kg to New Hampshire x Columbian chicks from 8 to 17 or 20 d of age. The PER values varied greatly among ingredients, ranging from 1.4 for corn gluten meal to 4.2 for canola meal. Phytase addition had no significant effect (P > 0.10) on PER values for any of the ingredients evaluated, except for an increase for casein in one experiment. The results indicated that 1,200 U of phytase/kg did not significantly increase protein utilization of several feed ingredients as assessed by a PER chick growth assay.
...
PMID:Efficacy of phytase for increasing protein efficiency ratio values of feed ingredients. 1173 74

Phytase production was studied by three Mucor and eight Rhizopus strains by solid-state fermentation (SSF) on three commonly used natural feed ingredients (canola meal, coconut oil cake, wheat bran). Mucor racemosus NRRL 1994 (ATCC 46129) gave the highest yield (14.5 IU/g dry matter phytase activity) on coconut oil cake. Optimizing the supplementation of coconut oil cake with glucose, casein and (NH(4))(2)SO(4), phytase production in solid-state fermentation was increased to 26 IU/g dry matter (DM). Optimization was carried out by Plackett-Burman and central composite experimental designs. Using the optimized medium phytase, alpha-amylase and lipase production of Mucor racemosus NRRL 1994 was compared in solid-state fermentation and in shake flask (SF) fermentation. SSF yielded higher phytase activity than did SF based on mass of initial substrate. Because this particular isolate is a food-grade fungus that has been used for sufu fermentation in China, the whole SSF material (crude enzyme, in situ enzyme) may be used directly in animal feed rations with enhanced cost efficiency.
...
PMID:Production of phytase by Mucor racemosus in solid-state fermentation. 1267 65

Digestibility of protein in traditional diets from developing countries such as India, Guatemala, and Brazil is considerably lower compared to that of protein in typical North American diets (54-78 versus 88-94%). The presence of less digestible protein fractions, high levels of insoluble fiber, and high concentrations of antinutritional factors in the diets of developing countries, which are based on less refined cereals and grain legumes as major sources of protein, are responsible for poor digestibility of protein. The effects of the presence of some of the important antinutritional factors on protein and amino digestibilities of food and feed products are reviewed in this chapter. Food and feed products may contain a number of antinutritional factors that may adversely affect protein digestibility and amino acid availability. Antinutritional factors may occur naturally, such as glucosinolates in mustard and rapeseed protein products, trypsin inhibitors and hemagglutinins in legumes, tannins in legumes and cereals, phytates in cereals and oilseeds, and gossypol in cottonseed protein products. Antinutritional factors may also be formed during heat/alkaline processing of protein products, yielding Maillard compounds, oxidized forms of sulfur amino acids, D-amino acids, and lysinoalanine (LAL, an unnatural amino acid derivative). The presence of high levels of dietary trypsin inhibitors from soybeans, kidney beans, or other grain legumes can cause substantial reductions in protein and amino acid digestibilities (up to 50%) in rats and pigs. Similarly, the presence of high levels of tannins in cereals, such as sorghum, and grain legumes, such as fababean (Vicia faba L.), can result in significantly reduced protein and amino acid digestibilities (up to 23%) in rats, poultry, and pigs. Studies involving phytase supplementation of production rations for swine or poultry have provided indirect evidence that normally encountered levels of phytates in cereals and legumes can reduce protein and amino acid digestibilities by up to 10%. D-amino acids and LAL formed during alkaline/heat treatment of proteins such as casein, lactalbumin, soy protein isolate, or wheat proteins are poorly digestible (less than 40%), and their presence can reduce protein digestibility by up to 28% in rats and pigs. A comparison of the protein digestibility determination in young (5-week) versus old (20-month) rats suggests greater susceptibility to the adverse effects of antinutritional factors in old rats than in young rats. Therefore, the inclusion of protein digestibility data obtained with young rats, as the recommended animal model, in the calculation of PDCAAS (Protein Digestibility-Corrected Amino Acid Score) may overestimate protein digestibility and quality of products, especially those containing antinutritional factors, for the elderly. For products specifically intended for the elderly, protein digestibility should be determined using more mature rats.
...
PMID:Effects of antinutritional factors on protein digestibility and amino acid availability in foods. 1600 74

The interaction between protein and phytate was investigated in vitro using proteins extracted from five common feedstuffs and from casein. The appearance of naturally present soluble protein-phytate complexes in the feedstuffs, the formation of complexes at different pHs, and the degradation of these complexes by pepsin and/or phytase were studied. Complexes of soluble proteins and phytate in the extracts appeared in small amounts only, with the possible exception of rice pollards. Most proteins dissolved almost completely at pH 2, but not after addition of phytate. Phytase prevented precipitation of protein with phytate. Pepsin could release protein from a precipitate, but the rate of release was increased by phytase. Protein was released faster from a protein-phytate complex when phytase was added, but phytase did not hydrolyze protein. Protein was released from the complex and degraded when both pepsin and phytase were added. It appears that protein-phytate complexes are mainly formed at low pH, as occurs in the stomach of animals. Phytase prevented the formation of the complexes and aided in dissolving them at a faster rate. This might positively affect protein digestibility in animals.
...
PMID:Interaction between protein, phytate, and microbial phytase. In vitro studies. 1650 29

The effect of the ingestion of myo-inositol hexaphosphate (IP6) and phytase (EC 3.1.3.26) on the digestibility of casein was investigated using growing broiler chickens. A total of 64 female Ross broilers were used in a precision feeding study. One group of 8 birds was fed a solution of glucose to estimate endogenous losses. Seven groups, each of 8 birds, were fed either casein, casein + 1,000 units of phytase activity (FTU), casein + 2,000 FTU, casein + 0.5 g of IP6, casein + 0.5 g of IP6 + 1,000 FTU, casein + 1 g of IP6, or casein + 1 g of IP6 + 1,000 FTU. The excretion of DM, amino acids, nitrogen, minerals, and phytate-phosphorus was determined over a 48-h period and nutrient digestibility coefficients were calculated. Casein was found to be highly digestible, with true coefficients of DM, N, and amino acid digestibility of between 0.85 and 1.0. However, the ingestion of IP6 reduced (P < 0.05) the digestibility coefficients of amino acids, N, and DM of casein compared with birds fed casein alone. Supplementation of the mixture of casein and IP6 with phytase improved (P < 0.05) the digestibility coefficients of amino acids compared with birds fed on casein and IP6 with no supplemental phytase. The excretion of endogenous minerals was increased (P < 0.05) by the ingestion of IP6 and reduced (P < 0.05) by the supplementation of IP6 with phytase. In the absence of exogenous phytase, the recovery of phytate-P in excreta was approximately 80%. However, the recovery of phytate-P was significantly reduced by the addition of exogenous phytase to the IP6/casein mixture. It can be concluded that the ingestion of IP6 reduces the digestibility coefficients of amino acids and the metabolizability of nitrogen of casein. This is likely to be mediated partially through increased endogenous losses. However, the addition of phytase can partially ameliorate the detrimental effects of IP6 on protein utilization.
...
PMID:Phytic acid and phytase: implications for protein utilization by poultry. 1667 66

The nutritional composition of the legume Lupinus albus var. multolupa, raw or after alpha-galactoside extraction, and its effect on the bioavailability of protein, P, Ca, and Mg by growing rats was evaluated using a balance technique. The protein and dietary fibre content of the lupin flours studied was high, and 89-94% of the dietary fibre was present as insoluble dietary fibre. The alpha-galactoside extraction process did not disrupt the nutritional quality of protein, and the digestive and metabolic utilisation of this nutrient was high and comparable with that obtained from a casein-cystine control diet (pair-fed to the average daily food intake of the experimental groups fed the different lupin diets). Bioavailability of P, Ca, and Mg from the lupin diets tested was high, and supplementation of an exogenous microbial phytase (750 phytase units/kg) did not cause any further improvement. Mineral content in the bone tissue (femur and sternum) did not correlate to mineral balance, which, on the other hand, was related to the mineral content of other tissues such as blood, plasma, liver and kidney. Due to its ability to grow under adverse edaphic and climatic conditions and to its good nutritional quality, alpha-galactoside-free lupin flour supplemented with the required amounts of minerals and vitamins to meet nutrient requirements can be used as an excellent dietary source for the preparation of dietetic products.
...
PMID:Nutritional evaluation of protein, phosphorus, calcium and magnesium bioavailability from lupin (Lupinus albus var. multolupa)-based diets in growing rats: effect of alpha-galactoside oligosaccharide extraction and phytase supplementation. 1676 32

1. The effects of Concanavalin A (Con A) on enzymes from the intestinal brush border were studied using membrane vesicles (BBMV) prepared from 3- and 6-week-old broiler chickens. 2. Maltase, sucrase, phytase, alkaline phosphatase and leucine aminopeptidase activities were assayed in BBMV in the absence (T0) or presence (T1) of Con A, or in the presence of casein (T2). Disaccharidase specific activities were assayed in the presence of Con A that had been pre-incubated with the enzyme (T3) or with the substrate (T4). 3. Con A significantly affected maltase and sucrase activities in 3-week-old broiler chicken intestinal BBMV. Pre-incubation of the lectin with the maltase or its substrate had no effect on enzyme activity. Pre-incubation of Con A with sucrose reduced enzyme activity. 4. Con A did not affect phytase, alkaline phosphatase or leucine aminopeptidase activities. 5. Maltase, alkaline phosphatase and leucine aminopeptidase activities were lower in 6-week-old than in 3-week-old broilers.
...
PMID:Effects of concanavalin A on intestinal brush border enzyme activity in broiler chickens. 1808 52

The role of dietary phytate (inositol hexaphosphate) in the regulation of intestinal mucosa phytase was investigated in chicks. Seven-day-old chicks were grouped by weight into six blocks of three cages with six birds per cage. Three purified diets [a chemically defined casein diet, a chemically defined casein diet plus sodium phytate (20 g/kg diet) and a chemically defined casein diet plus sodium phytate (20 g/kg diet) and microbial phytase (1000 units/kg diet)] were randomly assigned to cages within each block. Chicks were fed experimental diets from 8 to 22 days of age then killed, and duodenal mucosa and left tibia removed. Phytase activity in duodenal mucosa, growth performance and bone ash content were determined. Addition of phytate to the chemically defined casein diet reduced (p < 0.05) the V(max) of the duodenal brush border phytase, but the K(m) of the enzyme was not affected. Addition of phytate also reduced (p < 0.05) weight gain, feed intake, feed efficiency and percentage ash. Addition of microbial phytase fully restored the feed efficiency (p < 0.05), but V(max) and body weight gain were only partially restored (p < 0.05). In conclusion, it would seem that dietary phytates non-competitively inhibit intestinal mucosa phytase.
...
PMID:Dietary phytate (inositol hexaphosphate) regulates the activity of intestinal mucosa phytase. 1870 Aug 51

The effects of phytic acid and 2 sources of exogenous phytase (bacterial vs. fungal) on the flow of endogenous amino acids at the terminal ileum of broilers were assessed using the enzyme-hydrolyzed casein method. Phytic acid (as the sodium salt) was included in a purified diet at 8.5 and 14.5 g/kg, and each diet was fed without or with a fungal (Aspergillus niger-derived) or a bacterial (Escherichia coli-derived) microbial phytase at 500 phytase units/kg of diet. Increasing the concentration of phytic acid in the diet from 8.5 to 14.5 g/kg increased (P < 0.001) the flow of all measured amino acids by an average of 68%, with a range from 17% for proline to 145% for phenylalanine. The flow of endogenous aspartic acid, serine, glutamic acid, glycine, leucine, tyrosine, phenylalanine, and histidine were increased by more than the mean, indicating changes in the composition of endogenous protein in response to the presence of higher concentrations of phytic acid. Supplementation of both phytases reduced (P < 0.001) the flow of endogenous amino acids, but the reduction (P = 0.06) was greater for the bacterial phytase compared with the fungal phytase. These data suggest that a substantial part of the amino acid and energy responses observed following phytase supplementation in broiler chickens stems from reduced endogenous amino acid flows and that the capacity of different phytases to counteract the antinutritive properties of phytic acid vary.
...
PMID:Influence of dietary phytic acid and source of microbial phytase on ileal endogenous amino acid flows in broiler chickens. 1893 Nov 80


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 Next >>

---