Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.1.3.8 (phytase)
1,997 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

1. A precision feeding study was conducted to determine the metabolisable energy and amino acid digestibility in broilers fed on malted sorghum sprouts (MSP) supplemented with polyethylene glycol (PEG), charcoal (CH), phytase and xylanase. 2. A total of 64 male Ross broilers housed individually (8 replicates per treatment) were fed 30 g of the feedstuff as follows by gavage: MSP, MSP+1 g PEG/kg, MSP+10 g PEG/kg, MSP+1 g CH/kg, MSP+10 g CH/kg, MSP+3600 IU of evolved E. coli phytase/kg (EC 3.1.3.26) and MSP+1600 IU of bacterial xylanase/kg (EC 3.2.1.8). Another group of birds was used for the assessment of endogenous loss and they were provided with 50 ml glucose solution each by gavage. 3. True dry matter digestibility (TDMD), true nitrogen retention (TNR), total tract digestibility of apparent and true metabolisable energy (AME and TME) and amino acid (AAD and TAAD) were determined. 4. MSP contained 244.4, 24.0, 74.9 and 224.0 g/kg of crude protein, ether extract, ash and neutral detergent fibre, respectively. The total tannin content of the product was 140 g/kg and 99% of this was bound. 5. The various dietary treatments did not significantly affect the TDMD, TNR, AME and TME of MSP. The low values (0.471 g/g, -0.164 g/g, 6.15 MJ/kg and 9.31 MJ/kg, respectively) for the above measurements depicted the low feeding value of un-supplemented MSP for poultry. Also, PEG, CH and enzymes did not improve the AAD and TAAD of MSP for poultry. 6. It was concluded that the tannin content of MSP is high and it appeared to be bound with other nutrients thereby reducing their availability. This may explain its low AME and amino acid digestibility and the lack of effect of the various treatments for poultry.
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PMID:Energy metabolisability and digestibility of amino acids by broilers fed on malted sorghum sprouts supplemented with polyethylene glycol, charcoal, phytase and xylanase. 1736 41

Ten different strains of Thermomyces lanuginosus, isolated from composting soils were found to produce phytase when grown on PSM medium. The wild type strain CM was found to produce maximum amount ofphytase (4.33 units/g DW substrate). Culturing T. lanuginosus strain CM on medium containing wheat bran and optimizing other culture conditions (carbon source, media type, nitrogen source, level of nitrogen, temperature, pH, inoculum age, inoculum level and moisture), increased the phytase yield to 13.26 units/g substrate. This culture was further subjected to UV mutagenesis for developing phytase hyperproducing mutants. The mutant (TL-7) showed 2.29-fold increase in phytase activity as compared to the parental strain. Employing Box-Behnken factor factorial design of response surface methodology resulted in optimized phytase production (32.19 units/g of substrate) by mutant TL-7. A simple two-step purification (40.75-folds) ofphytase from mutant TL-7 was achieved by anion exchange and gel filtration chromatography. The purified phytase (approximately 54 kDa) was characterized to be optimally active at pH 5.0 and temperature 70 degrees C, though the enzyme showed approximately 70% activity over a wide pH and temperature range (2.0-10.0 and 30-90 degrees C, respectively). The phytase showed broad substrate specificity with activity against sodium phytate, ADP and riboflavin phosphate. The phytase from T. lanuginosus was thermoacidstable as it showed up to 70% residual activity after exposure to 70 degrees C at pH 3.0 for 120 min. The enzyme showed Km 4.55 microM and Vmax 0.833 microM/min/mg against sodium phytate as substrate.
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PMID:Production, purification and characterization of thermostable phytase from thermophilic fungus Thermomyces lanuginosus TL-7. 1789 92

1. A broiler growth study was conducted to compare the effect of different concentrations of an Escherichia coli-derived phytase on performance, apparent metabolisable energy (AME), nitrogen (N), amino acid and mineral metabolisability, sialic acid excretion and villus morphology when fed to broiler chickens. 2. Female Ross 308 broilers (480) were reared in floor pens from 0 to 28 d of age. All birds were fed on nutritionally complete starter (0 to 21 d of age) and grower diets (21 to 28 d of age) with the exception that they were low in P (28 and 23 g/kg available P, respectively). These maize-soy diets were supplemented with 0, 250, 500 or 2500 phytase units (FTU)/kg feed. 3. Between 21 and 28 d of age, two birds from each floor pen were selected, and each pair placed in one of 32 metabolism cages (two birds per cage). Feed intake was recorded and excreta collected for the last 2 d of the feeding period, and AME, N, amino acid and mineral metabolisability coefficients and endogenous losses were determined following a total collection procedure. 4. Feed intake and weight gain increased in a linear manner in response to phytase dose, with an average increase of approximately 11.7 and 13.5%, respectively, compared with chickens fed on the low-P diet. Birds given diets with 2500 FTU weighed 6.6% more and had a 2.4% higher feed conversion efficiency (FCE) than those fed on diets containing 500 FTU. 5. Enzyme supplementation increased the intake of AME and metabolisable N by 10.3 and 3.9%, respectively, principally through increases in feed intake. Birds given enzyme-supplemented diets also improved their intake of metabolisable amino acids and P by approximately 14 and 12.4%, respectively, compared with birds fed on the control diet. Enzyme supplementation did not affect ileal villus morphometry of the birds.
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PMID:Effects of dietary phytase on performance and nutrient metabolism in chickens. 1840 88

Phosphorus (P) in manure is a nutrient source for plants, but surplus P amended to fields represents a risk to the environment. This study examines the interactions between low-P diets for pigs and dairy cows and the separation of animal slurry into a solid P fraction and a liquid fraction. Replacing inorganic phosphates with phytase in pig feed reduced the concentration of P in slurry by 35%, but supplementing concentrates to dairy cows did not affect the P concentration in cattle slurry. Particle-size fractions of the slurry were not affected by these dietary changes. The amount of dry matter (DM) in the < 0.025 mm fraction was greater in pig slurry than in cattle slurry, but the relative amounts of P and nitrogen (N) were larger in the > 0.025 mm fraction. Replacing feed phosphate, in the form of mono-calcium phosphate, with phytase in the pig diet reduced the separation index (efficiency) of P from 80% to 60%.
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PMID:Interactions between phosphorus feeding strategies for pigs and dairy cows and separation efficiency of slurry. 1861 May 47

The present article deals with the studies on the effect of media ingredients, such as carbon, nitrogen, inorganic phosphates, surfactants, and metal salts, on phytase enzyme production by Aspergillus niger CFR 335 in submerged (SmF) and solid-state fermentations (SSF). The results obtained showed a 1.5-fold higher enzyme yield in the presence of sucrose in both SmF and SSF, while peptone was found to be a favorable nitrogen source for SmF. Sodium dihydrogen phosphate (NaH(2)PO(4)) favored 34% higher enzyme yield than the control, which was followed by 19% higher activity in potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KH(2)PO(4)) in SSF at 0.015% w/v. The addition of Tween-20 in SmF showed a maximum yield of 12.6 U/mL while, SDS suppressed the growth of the fungus. None of the surfactants favored the enzyme yield in SSF. Calcium chloride (CaCl(2)) was extensively efficient in stimulating more than 55% higher phytase production in SmF at 0.01% v/v. In SSF, none of the metal salts stimulated phytase production.
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PMID:Effect of different cultural conditions for phytase production by Aspergillus niger CFR 335 in submerged and solid-state fermentations. 1866 3

The mechanisms of action of phosphate solubilization were studied in the wild-type strain Aspergillus tubingensis and the phenotypic mutants derived from it. The P solubilization activities of these isolates were measured in liquid media using different carbon and nitrogen sources. All the mutants showed higher P solubilization compared to the wild type. Glucose and sucrose significantly promoted P solubilization compared to fructose, lactose, galactose, and xylose. Potassium nitrate significantly increased P solubilization compared to other nitrogen sources such as ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate, aspargine, and tryptophan. The P solubilization activity was strongly associated with the production of organic acids, especially succinic acid and acetic acid. The enzyme activities such as acid phosphatase and phytase also increased significantly in mutants compared to the wild type. These results suggested the role of these enzymes in P solubilization apart from the organic acid exudation and H+ pump in A. tubingensis.
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PMID:Effect of carbon and nitrogen sources on phosphate solubilization by a wild-type strain and UV-induced mutants of Aspergillus tubingensis. 1866 23

The influence of the form of phytic acid on the regulation of mucin and endogenous losses of amino acids, nitrogen and energy in chickens was investigated. Forty-eight 10-week-old male broilers were grouped by weight into eight blocks of six cages with one bird per cage. Birds received by intubation six dextrose-based combinations of phytic acid and phytase arranged in a 3 x 2 factorial consisting of phytic acid form (no phytic acid, 1.0 g free phytic acid or 1.3 g magnesium-potassium phytate) and phytase (0 or 1000 units). Each bird received the assigned combination added to 25 g dextrose at each of the two feedings on the first day of experimentation. All excreta were collected continuously for 54 h following feeding and frozen until analysed. Frozen excreta were thawed, pooled for each bird, lyophilised, ground, and analysed for DM, energy, nitrogen, amino acids, mucin, and sialic and uric acids. Chickens fed either magnesium-potassium phytate or free phytic acid showed increased (P < 0.05) loss of crude mucin and sialic acid. The amount of crude mucin lost was significantly greater (P < 0.05) with magnesium-potassium phytate than with free phytic acid treatment. Both phytic acid treatments also increased (P < 0.05) endogenous loss of threonine, proline and serine. In conclusion, the form of phytic acid fed to chickens affects the extent of mucin and endogenous amino acid losses from the gastrointestinal tract.
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PMID:Phytic acid increases mucin and endogenous amino acid losses from the gastrointestinal tract of chickens. 1876 81

Retention and excretion of phosphorus and nitrogen were determined for turkeys fed 2 diets at 3 ages, via mass balance based on the nutrient content of consumed feed, carcasses, and litter. The 2 diets consisted of an industry diet (IND) and a low phosphorus + 600 U of phytase/kg (LP) diet. A subsample of birds was weighed and killed at 12, 15, and 18 wk of age for nutrient retention (via whole carcasses) and excretion (via litter). Diet did not affect BW or feed intake from 12 to 18 wk of age. The mass of phosphorus excreted from 0 to 12, 0 to 15, and 0 to 18 wk of age was 37, 46, and 40% greater for birds fed the IND diets compared with birds fed the LP diets. Phosphorus retained as the percentage of phosphorus consumed was greater at 12, 15, and 18 wk for birds fed the LP diets (67.0, 63.8, and 53.8%) than for birds fed the IND diets (47.3, 44.0, and 32.8%). The difference between the mass of phosphorus excreted, as calculated from litter, compared with feed intake minus carcass retention was less than 5% at 18 wk. The nitrogen retained averaged 90.7, 136.7, and 184.2 g/bird, whereas nitrogen excreted averaged 377.6, 620.7, and 921.8 g/bird at 12, 15, and 18 wk of age, respectively. Additionally, with an 18-wk average litter DM of 78.0%, the unaccounted for nitrogen at 18 wk was 427 and 405 g/bird for birds fed the IND and LP diets, respectively (40 and 37% of excreted nitrogen).
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PMID:Determination of nutrient mass balance in turkeys. 1903 2

Poultry litter generated on the Delmarva Peninsula is from phytase-modified bird diet and bisulfate amendment. To establish agronomic application rates in conservation tillage systems, bisulfate-amended phytase-diet poultry litter was investigated for its nutrient release kinetics and supply capacity under simulated weathering conditions. Delmarva poultry litter was packed in PVC columns (15 cm i.d. x 25 cm height) to a depth of 5 cm and leached intermittently with 600 mm of water for 190 days. Concentrations of various nutrients in leachate were analyzed and nutrient release kinetics were modelled. Poultry litter leachate contained high contents of dissolved organic carbon (DOC, 35-11,800 mg L(-1)), nitrogen (N 6-2690 mg L(-1)), phosphorus (P 45-225 mg L(-1)), potassium (K 20-6060 mg L(-1)), and other nutrients. Release of the nutrients occurred primarily in the starting 5 weeks and mostly followed a first order Exponential-Rise-to-Maximum model. Under the specified conditions, the poultry litter demonstrated a nutrient supply capacity of 11.7 kg N Mg(-1), 5.4 kg P Mg(-1), and 36.8 kg K Mg(-1). Release of the potentially plant-available N and K was nearly finalized within 190 days of leaching/weathering, but it would require two years for full release of the leachable P. The results indicate that with consideration of field conditions, surface application of bisulfate-amended phytase-diet Delmarva poultry litter at recommended 6.6 Mg ha(-1) to conservation tillage systems would largely provide P 25.0 kg ha(-1), N 106.6 kg ha(-1), and K 245.5 kg ha(-1) to seasonal crops.
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PMID:Nutrient release from bisulfate-amended phytase-diet poultry litter under simulated weathering conditions. 1932 92

Understanding P and N dynamics in manure-amended soil is essential for estimating the environmental impact of manure utilization in land applications. A laboratory incubation study was conducted to assess, (i) the effect of feeding a standard Australian commercial diet, and diets modified with phytase supplementation and reduced nonphytase phosphorus (NPP), on the concentrations of P and N (total and soluble) in the manure derived from layer hens (Gallus domesticus L.), and (ii) the change in water-soluble phoshorus (P(WSP)) and mineral N (NH(4)-N and NO(3)-N) when used as a soil amendment, applied at rates equivalent to 200 kg ha(-1) (200N) and 400 kg ha(-1) (400N). Phytase supplementation increased %P(WSP) by 8 to 12% in the manures, regardless of the levels of NPP in the diets, and in the manure-amended soils by 27 to 30% at the 200N application rate, and up to 54% at the 400N rate. Phytase significantly (P < 0.05) reduced total nitrogen (TN) content (by 12-31%) of the manures but generally produced greater nitrate accumulation in the manure-amended soils. Net nitrification, which commenced 4 wk after incubation, was accompanied by a simultaneous decrease in soil pH (by one pH unit) and a concomitant decline in %P(WSP). The decline in %P(WSP) was primarily attributed to P retention by the soil as it became more acidic. This study suggests that phytase addition not only reduces manure total N content, and increases water-soluble P, but its effects on manure total phosphorus (TP) and 2 mol L(-1) KCl extractable mineral N is influenced by the NPP level in the diet.
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PMID:Phytase supplemented poultry diets affect soluble phosphorus and nitrogen in manure and manure-amended soil. 1954 47


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