Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.1.3.8 (phytase)
1,997 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Environmental concerns about phosphorus (P) losses from animal agriculture have led to interest in dietary strategies to reduce the concentration and solubility of P in manures and litters. To address the effects of dietary available phosphorus (AvP), calcium (Ca), and phytase on P excretion in broilers, 18 dietary treatments were applied in a randomized complete block design to each of four replicate pens of 28 broilers from 18 to 42 d of age. Treatments consisted of three levels of AvP (3.5, 3.0, and 2.5 g kg(-1)) combined with three levels of Ca (8.0, 6.9, and 5.7 g kg(-1)) and two levels of phytase (0 and 600 phytase units [FTU]). Phytase was added at the expense of 1.0 g kg(-1) P from dicalcium phosphate. Fresh litter was collected from pens when the broilers were 41 d of age and analyzed for total P, soluble P, and phytate P as well as P composition by (31)P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Results indicated that the inclusion of phytase at the expense of inorganic P or reductions in AvP decreased litter total P by 28 to 43%. Litter water-soluble P (WSP) decreased by up to 73% with an increasing dietary Ca/AvP ratio, irrespective of phytase addition. The ratio of WSP/total P in litter decreased as the dietary Ca/AvP ratio increased and was greater in the phytase-amended diets. This study indicated that while feeding reduced AvP diets with phytase decreased litter total P, the ratio of Ca/AvP in the diet was primarily responsible for effects on WSP. This is important from an environmental perspective as the amount of WSP in litter could be related to potential for off-site P losses following land application of litter.
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PMID:What aspect of dietary modification in broilers controls litter water-soluble phosphorus: dietary phosphorus, phytase, or calcium? 1725 33

Co-expression of phytase and mannanase in Pichia pastoris is a useful way to reduce the production cost in feedstuff industry. Based on the published DNA sequences of phytase gene and mannanase gene, primers were designed and genes phyA and man were cloned by PCR from Aspergillus terreus and the plasmid pHBM1201, respectively. Then the two fragments were treated and inserted into the same expression vector pHBM907C, which contains both the methanol-inducible promoter and the transcription terminator of the AOX1 gene, resulting the plasmid pHBM907C-phyA and the plasmid pHBM907C-man. The phyA expression cassette was combined to the expression vector pHBM907C-man which contains the expression cassette of mannanase, so pHBM907C-phyA-man was obtained. The recombinant expression plasmid pHBM907C-phyA-man was digested by Sal I and introduced into the chromosomes of Pichia pastoris GS115 by using the LiCl/PEG method. Following transformation, several parameters that demonstrated the expression of phytase and mannanase were measured. Firstly, the two different Petri dishes that contain enzymatic substrates such as calcium phytate and mannose were screened simultaneously, thus 100 clones were found to be positive on both of these plates. Secondly, 6 clones among them were chosen for induced expression at shakeflasks showing the probability of high expression. After that, some relative enzymatic properties were measured. At 72 hours' induction in the condition of shake cultivation, the enzyme activity of phytase in supernatant was 120.6 U/mL, while the enzyme activity of mannanase in supernatant was 39.7 U/mL. The expression product phytase was active under pH 2.0-6.5, and the activity was up to the highest under pH 5.5. And the other expression product mannanase was active under pH 5.5-10.5, and the activity was up to the highest under pH 7.5. The optimal temperatures for the two enzyme were both around 52 degrees C: the optimal temperature for phytase activity was 50 degrees C, and that for mannanase was 55 degrees C. At last, stability test of the engineered yeast was taken, and the engineered yeast still showed an excellent stability even after 10 generation growth in the absence of selective pressure. The stable double functional engineered yeast simultaneously expressing extracellular phytase and mannanase is obtained. It will satisfy the demand for industrialized production in some degree.
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PMID:[Construction of a double functional recombinant strain of Pichia pastoris co-expressing phytase and mannanase and the enzymatic analyses]. 1755 35

1. A total of 30 varieties and selection lines of triticale grown under similar conditions were characterised. Thousand grain weight, specific weight, Hagberg falling number and N were 50.2 +/- 5.0 g, 72.4 +/- 2.1 kg/hl, 96 +/- 48 s and 16.1 +/- 0.11 g/kg, respectively. 2. Mean phosphorus (P) concentration was 2.86 +/- 0.31 g/kg, of which 77% was of phytic origin. Mean phytase activity was 1018 +/- 319 phytase units (PU)/kg. A genotypic effect on phytase activity was detected amongst 5 varieties studied out of 30. Potential and real applied viscosities were positively correlated and mean values were 3.53 +/- 0.66 and 2.15 +/- 0.31 ml/g, respectively. 3. The efficacy of plant phytase in improving P availability was assessed in chickens up to 3 weeks of age. Growth performance and bone ash concentration were compared in birds given either a maize (450 g/kg) and soybean meal (230 g/kg) phosphorus deficient diet containing 3.5 g P/kg, this basal diet supplemented with 1 or 2 g P/kg as monocalcium phosphate (MCP) or triticale (450 g/kg) and soybean meal (230 g/kg) diets containing 3.2 to 3.8 g P/kg with no MCP. To achieve graded levels of phytase activity, 4 varieties of triticale, intact or in which phytase was denaturated by heat treatment, were used. Estimated metabolisable energy, protein, amino acids and calcium concentrations were similar in all diets. 4. Phytase activity in the triticale-based diets ranged between 135 and 1390 PU/kg. Growth performance and bone ash were responsive to plant phytase and to MCP. Non-linear models of these responses were adjusted with the best fit for bone ash parameters. The values of 250, 500 and 1000 PU of plant phytase were estimated to be equivalent to 0.46, 0.67 and 0.81 g P as MCP, respectively.
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PMID:Characterisation of European varieties of triticale with special emphasis on the ability of plant phytase to improve phytate phosphorus availability to chickens. 1808 50

The pH profiles of two microbial phytases were determined using four different general purpose buffers at different pH values. The roles of calcium chloride, sodium chloride, and sodium fluoride on activity were compared in these buffers. For Aspergillus niger phytase, calcium extended the pH range to 8.0. A high concentration of sodium chloride affected the activity of fungal phytase in the pH 3-4 range and shifted the pH optimum to 2.0 from 5.5 in Escherichia coli phytase. As expected, both of the microbial phytases were inhibited by sodium fluoride at acidic pH values. Because the Km for phytate increased nearly 2-fold for fungal phytase while Vmax increased about 75% in a high concentration of sodium chloride, it is possible that salt enhanced the product to dissociate from the active site due to an altered electrostatic environment. Modeling studies indicate that while the active site octapeptide's orientation is very similar, there are some differences in the arrangements of alpha-helices, beta-sheets, and coils that could account for the observed catalytic and salt effect differences.
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PMID:Salt effect on the pH profile and kinetic parameters of microbial phytases. 1839 37

Cereals are introduced to infants between the ages of 4 and 6 months to supplement breast milk and follow-on formula. Our objectives were to examine the content and in vitro availability of Fe, Ca, and Zn from five commercially available infant cereals mixed with water or follow-on formula before and after dephytinization. We estimated the bioaccessibility by measuring the soluble or dialyzable mineral fraction resulting from in vitro gastrointestinal digestion of the sample. For most infant cereals analyzed, dephytinization increased the in vitro availability of iron and zinc. This finding was especially dramatic among infant cereals mixed with follow-on formula rather than with water. However, the liquid used for reconstitution did not always show a significant (p < 0.05) interaction with phytase addition and in vitro mineral availability. The results of this study indicate that adding follow-on formula to infant cereals does not improve the bioaccessibility of iron, calcium, and zinc, despite the increase in mineral content it implies. Results obtained also showed that mineral solubility and dialyzability do not always follow parallel trends.
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PMID:Effect of dephytinization and follow-on formula addition on in vitro iron, calcium, and zinc availability from infant cereals. 1843 37

An extracellular phytase from Bacillus subtilis US417 (PHY US417) was purified and characterized. The purified enzyme of 41 kDa was calcium-dependent and optimally active at pH 7.5 and 55 degrees C. The thermal stability of PHY US417 was drastically improved by calcium. Indeed, it recovered 77% of its original activity after denaturation for 10 min at 75 degrees C in the presence of 5 mM CaCl2, while it retained only 22% of activity when incubated for 10 min at 60 degrees C without calcium. In addition, PHY US417 was found to be highly specific for phytate and exhibited pH stability similar to Phyzyme, a commercial phytase with optimal activity at pH 5.5 and 60 degrees C. The phytase gene was cloned by PCR from Bacillus subtilis US417. Sequence analysis of the encoded polypeptide revealed one residue difference from PhyC of Bacillus subtilis VTTE-68013 (substitution of arginine in position 257 by proline in PHY US417) which was reported to exhibit lower thermostability especially in the absence of calcium. With its neutral pH optimum as well as its great pH and thermal stability, the PHY US417 enzyme presumed to be predominantly active in the intestine has a high potential for use as feed additive.
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PMID:Gene cloning and characterization of a thermostable phytase from Bacillus subtilis US417 and assessment of its potential as a feed additive in comparison with a commercial enzyme. 1854 32

Phosphorus (P) in manure is a nutrient source for plants, but surplus P amended to fields represents a risk to the environment. This study examines the interactions between low-P diets for pigs and dairy cows and the separation of animal slurry into a solid P fraction and a liquid fraction. Replacing inorganic phosphates with phytase in pig feed reduced the concentration of P in slurry by 35%, but supplementing concentrates to dairy cows did not affect the P concentration in cattle slurry. Particle-size fractions of the slurry were not affected by these dietary changes. The amount of dry matter (DM) in the < 0.025 mm fraction was greater in pig slurry than in cattle slurry, but the relative amounts of P and nitrogen (N) were larger in the > 0.025 mm fraction. Replacing feed phosphate, in the form of mono-calcium phosphate, with phytase in the pig diet reduced the separation index (efficiency) of P from 80% to 60%.
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PMID:Interactions between phosphorus feeding strategies for pigs and dairy cows and separation efficiency of slurry. 1861 May 47

Forty-six strains of sourdough lactic acid bacteria were screened for proteolytic activity and acidification rate in gluten-free (GF) flours. The sourdough cultures consisted of Lactobacillus sanfranciscensis LS40 and LS41 and Lactobacillus plantarum CF1 and were selected and used for the manufacture of GF bread. Fermentation occurred in two steps: (i) long-time fermentation (16 h) and (ii) fast fermentation (1.5 h) using the previous fermented sourdough as inoculum (ca. 43%, wt/wt) with Saccharomyces cerevisiae (baker's yeast). GF bread started with baker's yeast alone was used as the control. Gluten was added to ingredients before fermentation to simulate contamination. Initial gluten concentration of 400 ppm was degraded to below 20 ppm only in the sourdough GF bread. Before baking, sourdough GF bread showed phytase activity ca. sixfold higher than that of GF bread started with baker's yeast alone. Atomic absorption spectrophotometric analysis revealed that the higher phytase activity resulted in an increased availability of free Ca2+, Zn2+, and Mg2+. The concentration of free amino acids also was the highest in sourdough GF bread. Sourdough GF bread had a higher specific volume and was less firm than GF bread started with baker's yeast alone. This study highlighted the use of selected sourdough cultures to eliminate risks of contamination by gluten and to enhance the nutritional properties of GF bread.
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PMID:Use of selected sourdough strains of Lactobacillus for removing gluten and enhancing the nutritional properties of gluten-free bread. 1868 Sep 53

Pulque is made by fermenting the agave sap or aguamiel of Agave atrovirens with a whole array of microorganisms present in the environment including several lactic acid bacteria and yeasts such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Ascorbic acid was determined in pulque and aguamiel, respectively. Phytase activity in lees, liquid and freeze-dried pulque was assayed by measuring the appearance of phosphate from phytate by a colorimetric method likewise phosphate from phytate present in fresh corn tortilla was measured after in vitro incubation with pulque. Iron, zinc, calcium, magnesium and selenium contents were measured in pulque and corn tortilla as well as in nixtamalized corn flour (NCF), the latter is used to make instant tortilla, since corn provides most of the energy as well as most of the phytate in the Mexican rural diet. Pulque showed phytase activity but much less ascorbic acid and iron than previously reported; additionally, phytase in pulque hydrolyzed most of phytate's corn tortilla. Lees, which is mostly made of pulque's microbiota, significantly accumulated iron and zinc but no selenium. NCF was fortified with iron by the manufacturers but poorly blended. There were significant differences on selenium content between tortillas samples, apparently some soils in central Mexico are selenium deficient. Moderate pulque intake appears to increase the bioavailability of iron and zinc bound by phytate in corn.
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PMID:Pulque, an alcoholic drink from rural Mexico, contains phytase. Its in vitro effects on corn tortilla. 1875 61

Absorption of minerals is inhibited by phytic acid, fiber, and protein because of the chelates formed. Response surface method (RSM) was used in this study to evaluate the effect of application of commercial phytase, protease, and cellulase in rice bran on the in vitro solubility of calcium (IVCa), iron (IVFe), and zinc (IVZn). It is shown that IVCa and IVZn were significantly improved by the application of phytase and cellulase, and the models of two second-order polynomials are recommended for prediction, with coefficients at R(2) = 0.86 and R(2) = 0.88, respectively. Interaction between protease and cellulase also significantly affected IVCa and IVZn. Cellulase had more efficiency than phytase on IVCa. Differing in its effect on Ca and Zn, phytase had a significant linear correlation with IVFe, and none of the other processing parameters exerted a significant effect. The largest increment for IVFe, IVCa, and IVZn occurred in the treatment with applications of phytase at 2.5 U g(-1) and protease and cellulase at 0.2% and 1%, respectively, which were 3.3, 3.6, and 4.3 times, respectively, that of the untreated material.
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PMID:In vitro solubility of calcium, iron, and zinc in rice bran treated with phytase, cellulase, and protease. 1905 22


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