Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.1.3.8 (phytase)
1,997 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Two experiments were conducted to determine the effect of phytase on energy availability in pigs. In Exp. 1, barrows (initial and final BW of 26 and 52 kg) were allotted to four treatments in a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement. Corn-soybean meal (C-SBM) diets were fed at two energy levels (2.9 and 3.2 x maintenance [M]) with and without the addition of 500 phytase units/kg of diet. The diets contained 115% of the requirement for Ca, available P (aP), and total lysine, and Ca and aP were decreased by 0.10% in diets with added phytase. Pigs were penned individually and fed daily at 0600 and 1700, and water was available constantly. Eight pigs were killed and ground to determine initial body composition. At the end of Exp. 1, all 48 pigs were killed for determination of carcass traits and protein and fat content by total-body electrical conductivity (TOBEC) analysis. Six pigs per treatment were ground for chemical composition. In Exp. 2, 64 barrows and gilts (initial and final BW of 23 and 47 kg) were allotted to two treatments (C-SBM with 10% defatted rice bran or that diet with reduced Ca and aP and 500 phytase units/kg of diet), with five replicate pens of barrows and three replicate pens of gilts (four pigs per pen). In Exp. 1, ADG was increased (P < 0.01) in pigs fed at 3.2 x M. Based on chemical analyses, fat deposition, kilograms of fat, retained energy (RE) in the carcass and in the carcass + viscera, fat deposition in the organs, and kilograms of protein in the carcass were increased (P < 0.10) in pigs fed the diets at 3.2 vs. 2.9 x M. Based on TOBEC analysis, fat deposition, percentage of fat increase, and RE were increased (P < 0.09) in pigs fed at 3.2 x M. Plasma urea N concentrations were increased in pigs fed at 3.2 x M with no added phytase but were not affected when phytase was added to the diet (phytase x energy, P < 0.06). Fasting plasma glucose measured on d 28, ultrasound longissimus muscle area (LMA), and 10th-rib fat depth were increased (P < 0.08) in pigs fed phytase, but many other response variables were numerically affected by phytase addition. In Exp. 2, phytase had no effect (P > 0.10) on ADG, ADFI, gain:feed, LMA, or 10th-rib fat depth. These results suggest that phytase had small, mostly nonsignificant effects on energy availability in diets for growing pigs; however, given that phytase increased most of the response variables measured, further research on its possible effects on energy availability seems warranted.
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PMID:Effect of microbial phytase on energy availability, and lipid and protein deposition in growing swine. 1292 87

Two experiments were conducted to determine whether, by using a low-protein, amino acid-supplemented diet or a low-protein, amino acid-supplemented diet in conjunction with low-P, phytase-supplemented diet, the excretion of N and P could be reduced without affecting the productive performance of laying hens. Eight dietary treatments were assigned to Babcock B300 hens in each of 2 experiments that involved a positive control (16 to 16.5% CP) and a negative control (13% CP) with and without supplementation with the limiting essential amino acids. In experiment 1, supplementing the negative control with lysine, methionine, and tryptophan resulted in performance comparable to that obtained with the positive control, with the exception that egg weight was heavier for the negative control supplemented with amino acids. Supplementing the negative control with additional essential amino acids improved the performance higher than the positive control indicating that the positive control was deficient in one or more essential amino acids. In experiment 2, supplementing the negative control containing 0.2% nonphytate P (NPP) with all the limiting amino acids plus phytase resulted in performance comparable to the positive control group, which was fed 0.4% NPP without phytase. The results of a digestibility assay indicated that daily total P and N excretions of the negative control containing 0.2% NPP and supplemented with limiting amino acids and phytase were reduced by 48 and 45% of the positive control group, respectively, without compromising laying performance.
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PMID:The use of low-protein, low-phosphorus, amino acid- and phytase-supplemented diets on laying hen performance and nitrogen and phosphorus excretion. 1476 Oct 87

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of a combined low-protein, low-phosphorus diet supplemented with limiting amino acids and microbial phytase on performance, nutrient utilization and carcass characteristics of late-finishing barrows. 4 x 8 crossbreed barrows were continuously housed in metabolism cages from 70-110 kg BW and were fed diets, either conventional (A) or protein reduced (B) or protein and phosphorus reduced diets (C) based on barley, maize and soybean meal. Diet A (positive control) contained in air dry matter 13% and 10% CP as well as 0.49% and 0.42% P at growth phases I (70-100 kg BW) or 11 (100-110 kg BW), respectively. Diet B was low in CP (11.3%, 8.4%), diet C low in CP and low in P (CP: as B, P: 0.36%, 0.30%). To diet B the limiting amino acids lysine, methionine, threonine and trypthophan were added to meet the levels in diet A. To diet C the limiting amino acids and 800 FTU/kg Aspergillus-phytase were supplemented. At the end of the balance periods the barrows were slaughtered, the carcasses scored and loin chops, ham and Phalanx prima IV were analysed for nutrients and minerals. The CP or P reduction in diets B and C did not generally negatively affect growth, feed efficiency, absolute nitrogen retention or overall carcass performances of the pigs. With the low CP diets B and C, N excretion per unit BWG was decreased by about 23%. The addition of microbial phytase (diet C) increased apparent total tract digestibility of P by about 20%. In spite of 30% reduction of P intake (diet C), the absolute P retention related to 1 kg BW did not differ between treatments. Thus, phytase supplementation in diet C reduced P excretion per unit BWG by about 33%. Phytase raised apparent digestibility of Zn by about 20% but not Ca digestibility. Generally the carcass traits and meat characteristics were not affected by any of the diet strategies. Mineralization of the Phalanx prima IV was also similar in all treatment groups. However, phytase supplementation led to significantly increased zinc concentration in bones (25%). In contrast, Fe incorporation into the Phalanx prima IV was not affected. In general, the feeding regimen introduced in this experiment offers substantial benefits in maintaining a sustainable environmental-friendly pork production even at the stage of late-finishing barrows.
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PMID:The effect of the combination of microbial phytase and amino acid supplementation of diets for finishing pigs on P and N excretion and carcass quality. 1498 21

Four trials investigated the effect of high levels of three phytase enzymes on P and protein utilization in chicks. The three phytases were derived from Aspergillus (Fungal Phytase 1), Peniophora (Fungal Phytase 2), and E. coli. Within each assay, 8-d-old male chicks were given ad libitum access to their experimental diet for 10 to 14 d. For Trials 1, 2, and 3, the basal diet was a corn-soybean meal diet deficient in P that was analyzed to contain 23% CP and 0.38% total P (0.10% estimated available P, as-fed basis). Phytase supplementation levels were based on the assessment of phytase premix activity (i.e., P release from Na phytate at pH 5.5 and 37 degrees C). In Trial 1, supplementation of inorganic P from KH2PO4 (0 to 0.20%) resulted in a quadratic (P < 0.05) response in weight gain, gain:feed, and tibia ash concentration but a linear (P < 0.01) increase in tibia ash weight. Tibia ash was higher (P < 0.01) for chicks fed E. coli phytase than for those fed Fungal Phytase 1 at 500, 1,000, and 5,000 phytase units (FTU)/kg, but did not differ between these two phytases at 10,000 FTU/kg. In Trial 2, E. coli phytase supplementation at 1,000 FTU/kg maximized growth and bone responses, whereas addition of either of the two fungal phytases resulted in increasing responses up to 5,000 and 10,000 FTU/kg. Dietary addition of Fungal Phytase 2 resulted in the poorest (P < 0.01) responses among the three phytases. Escherichia coli phytase supplementation at 10,000 FTU/kg in Trial 3 resulted in tibia ash (millligrams) responses that were greater (P < 0.05) than those resulting from either 0.35% inorganic P supplementation or 10,000 FTU/kg of Fungal Phytase 1 or 2. Trial 4 showed that E. coli phytase supplementation at either 500 or 10,000 FTU/ kg did not improve protein efficiency ratio (gain per unit of protein intake) of chicks fed low-protein soybean meal or corn gluten meal diets that were first-limiting in either methionine or lysine, respectively. These results demonstrate that high dietary levels of efficacious phytase enzymes can release most of the P from phytate, but they do not improve protein utilization.
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PMID:High dietary phytase levels maximize phytate-phosphorus utilization but do not affect protein utilization in chicks fed phosphorus- or amino acid-deficient diets. 1508 Mar 32

Positive effects of dietary phytase supplementation on pig performance are observed not only when phosphorus is limiting. Improved energy utilization might be one explanation. Using indirect calorimetry, phytase-induced changes in energy metabolism were evaluated in young piglets with adequate phosphorus intake. Eight replicates of 8 group-housed barrows each were assigned to either a control or a phytase-supplemented diet [1500 phytase units (FTU)/kg feed]. Piglets were fed a restricted amount of the control or phytase diet. The diets were made limiting in energy content by formulating them to a high digestible lysine:DE ratio. Fecal nutrient digestibility, portal blood variables, organ weights, and apparent absorption and urinary excretion of ash, Ca, P, Na, K, Mg, Cu, and Fe, were also measured. A model was developed to estimate energy required for absorption and excretion, which are partly active processes. Phytase tended to improve energy digestibility (P = 0.10), but not its metabolizability. Energy retention and heat production were not affected. At the end of the 3-wk period, pancreas weight (P < 0.05) and blood pH were lower (P < 0.01), and CO(2) pressure was higher (P < 0.01) due to phytase. This suggests that phytase reduced energy expenditure of the digestive tract, and increased metabolic activity in visceral organs. The potential increases in energy retention due to phytase were counterbalanced by increased energy expenditures for processes such as increased mineral absorption (for most P < 0.05), and their subsequent urinary excretion. Energy costs of increased absorption of nutrients, and deposition and excretion of minerals was estimated as 4.6 kJ/(kg(0.75) . d), which is 1% of the energy required for maintenance. The simultaneous existence of both increases and decreases in heat production processes resulted in the absence of a net effect on energy retention.
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PMID:Mineral absorption and excretion as affected by microbial phytase, and their effect on energy metabolism in young piglets. 1586 93

An experiment was conducted to determine the interactive effects of Eimeria acervulina infection and phytase in male broiler chicks. Chicks were standardized from 0 to 4 d posthatching, and the assay period was 5 to 15 d. Treatments were replicated with 6 pens of 5 chicks each. The initial and final BW were 67 and 363 g. A corn-soybean meal diet formulated to provide 1.26% total Lys and 3,200 kcal of ME/kg was used, and it was adequate in all other nutrients except Ca and nonphytate P (NPP) when appropriate. The treatments were in a 2 x 2 x 2 factorial arrangement: adequate Ca and NPP (1.0% Ca and 0.45% NPP) or inadequate Ca and NPP (0.80% Ca and 0.25% NPP), 0 or 600 phytase units/kg of diet, and uninfected or infected with 400,000 E. acervulina oocysts on d 0, 3, and 6 of the experiment. Daily gain, average daily feed intake, and gain:feed (GF) were reduced (P < 0.01) by the coccidial infection and the reduction in Ca and NPP. Phytase addition increased (P < 0.02) average daily gain and average daily feed intake, regardless of the Ca and NPP contents of the diet or the presence of coccidiosis. The GF was increased by phytase but only in uninfected chicks (phytase x coccidiosis, P < 0.02). Toe and tibia ash percentages were decreased (P < 0.01) in chicks fed diets deficient in Ca and NPP, but tibia ash was decreased more by Ca and NPP in healthy chicks than in infected chicks (coccidiosis x Ca and NPP, P < 0.02). Phytase increased (P < 0.02) toe and tibia ash but only in diets deficient in Ca and NPP (phytase x Ca and NPP, P < 0.01). Phytase increased toe ash percentage of healthy chicks fed diets deficient in Ca and NPP, but it had less of an effect in infected chicks fed diets deficient in Ca and NPP (coccidiosis x Ca and NPP x phytase, P < 0.08). Also, phytase was less effective in increasing tibia ash percentage in coccidiosis-infected chicks than in uninfected chicks (phytase x coccidiosis, P < 0.02). These data indicate that phytase is effective in the presence of a coccidial infection, but based on GF and tibia ash percentage, it may not be as effective as in uninfected chicks. Also, phytase increased average daily gain and average daily feed intake in uninfected chicks fed diets formulated to be adequate (or in excess) in all nutrients for male broiler chicks.
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PMID:The interactive effects of Eimeria acervulina infection and phytase for broiler chicks. 1597 29

Ten crossbred barrows (48.3 +/- 2.3 kg of initial BW) fitted with steered ileo-cecal valve cannulas were used to investigate the effects of supplemental microbial phytase on the apparent ileal digestibilities (AID) of AA, Ca, P, N, and DM, and the apparent total tract digestibilities of Ca, P, N, and DM. All diets were corn-soybean meal-based, and contained 0.44% Ca and 0.40% total P. Diets 1, 2, and 3 contained 12.0, 11.1, and 10.2% CP, respectively. Diets 4 and 5 had the same ingredient composition as diet 3, plus 250 and 500 U/kg phytase (Natuphos), respectively. Pigs were randomly allotted to 1 of 5 dietary treatments in a paired 5 x 5 Latin square with an extra period to test for carryover effects. Each 14-d period consisted of a 7-d adjustment followed by a 3-d total collection, a 12-h ileal digesta collection, a 3-d readjustment, and a second 12-h ileal digesta collection. Pigs were housed individually in metabolism pens (1.2 x 1.2 m). Water was supplied ad libitum, and feed was supplied at a level of 9% of the metabolic BW (BW(0.75)) per day in 2 equal daily feedings. As the dietary CP concentration increased, the AID of CP and all AA measured increased linearly (P < 0.05) with the exception of proline. In addition, the apparent total tract digestibilities (grams per day) and retention of N (grams per day) increased linearly (P < 0.01) with increasing CP levels. Supplementing diets with phytase increased the AID of Ca (P < 0.01), P (P < 0.001), CP (P = 0.07), and the AA (P < 0.10) Gly, Ala, Val, Ile, Thr, TSAA, Asp, Glu, Phe, Lys, and Arg. Protein and phytase response equations were generated for those AA affected (P < 0.10) by both CP level and phytase supplementation. Based on these equations, 500 U/kg of phytase can replace 0.52 percentage units of the dietary CP, which includes a 0.03 percentage unit improvement in Lys AID. The results of this study show that supplementing pig diets with microbial phytase improves CP and AA digestibilities in addition to Ca and P digestibilities.
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PMID:Estimating equivalency values of microbial phytase for amino acids in growing and finishing pigs fitted with steered ileo-cecal valve cannulas. 1661 14

A study was conducted to evaluate the impact of feeding soybean meal (SBM) from low-phytate (LP) or traditional phytate (TP) soybeans on performance and excretions from growing swine. Ninety-six crossbred barrows (initial BW = 18 +/- 0.3 kg) were allocated by BW to 24 pens and fed 1 of 4 treatment diets: TP SBM without supplemental phytase; TP SBM plus 500 phytase units of phytase/kg, as-fed basis [Ronozyme P (CT) 2500; DSM Nutritional Products, Basel, Switzerland]; LP SBM (USDA-ARS breeding line CX1834-1) without supplemental phytase, and LP SBM plus phytase. All diets within a feeding phase were formulated to be isocaloric and have similar available Lys and nonphytin P content. Pens were assigned randomly to treatments at the beginning of each of the 4 feeding phases. An indigestible marker was added to the mash feed. Individual pig weights and fecal samples were collected, and feed disappearance by pen was recorded weekly. No phytase inclusion or SBM source effects were observed for pen ADG, ADFI, or G:F (P > 0.05). Total tract apparent digestibility of DM and OM was not different among treatment groups (P > 0.05). Apparent digestibility of P was greater for pigs fed diets containing the LP SBM (48.9 vs. 42.4%; P < 0.01) and less when diets included phytase (44.3 vs. 47.0%; P < 0.0001). Total P (tP) and water-soluble P (WSP) excreted were affected by dietary treatment (tP: 20.0, 18.0, 16.8, and 13.8 g/kg of feces DM, P < 0.01; and WSP: 10.9, 10.1, 9.1, and 8.5 g/kg, P < 0.01, for TP SBM without supplemental phytase, TP SBM plus 500 phytase units of phytase/kg, LP SBM without supplemental phytase, and LP SBM plus phytase diets, respectively). Inclusion of phytase decreased tP and WSP excreted (P < 0.01), as did use of LP SBM (P < 0.01). Diet effects on the fraction of excreted tP that was WSP were observed (P < 0.01); however, there was not a significant effect of SBM source. Inclusion of exogenous phytase in diets increased the proportion of tP that was excreted as WSP from 55% in diets without phytase to 59% in diets containing phytase. The findings suggest that there is a need for LP soybeans as a dietary component to minimize environmental impacts.
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PMID:Total and water-soluble phosphorus excretion from swine fed low-phytate soybeans. 1677 75

The objective of these studies was to determine if dietary enzymes increase the digestibility of nutrients bound by nonstarch polysaccharides, such as arabinoxylans, or phytate in wheat millrun. Effects of millrun inclusion rates (20 or 40%), xylanase (0 or 4,375 units/kg of feed), and phytase (0 or 500 phytase units/kg of feed) on nutrient digestibility and growth performance were investigated in a 2 x 2 x 2 factorial arrangement with a wheat control diet (0% millrun). Diets were formulated to contain 3.34 Mcal of DE/kg and 3.0 g of true ileal digestible Lys/Mcal of DE and contained 0.4% chromic oxide. Each of 18 cannulated pigs (36.2 +/- 1.9 kg of BW) was fed 3 diets at 3x maintenance in successive 10-d periods for 6 observations per diet. Feces and ileal digesta were collected for 2 d. Ileal energy digestibility was reduced (P < 0.01) linearly by millrun and increased by xylanase (P < 0.01) and phytase (P < 0.05). Total tract energy digestibility was reduced linearly by millrun (P < 0.01) and increased by xylanase (P < 0.01). For 20% millrun, xylanase plus phytase improved DE content from 3.53 to 3.69 Mcal/kg of DM, a similar content to that of the wheat control diet (3.72 Mcal/kg of DM). Millrun linearly reduced (P < 0.01) ileal digestibility of Lys, Thr, Met, Ile, and Val. Xylanase improved (P < 0.05) ileal digestibility of Ile. Phytase improved ileal digestibility of Lys, Thr, Ile, and Val (P < 0.05). Millrun linearly reduced (P < 0.05) total tract P and Ca digestibility and retention. Phytase (P < 0.01) and xylanase (P < 0.05) improved total tract P digestibility, and phytase and xylanase tended to improve (P < 0.10) P retention. Phytase improved Ca digestibility (P < 0.05) and retention (P < 0.01). The 9 diets were also fed for 35 d to 8 individually housed pigs (36.2 +/- 3.4 kg of BW) per diet. Millrun reduced (P < 0.05) ADFI, ADG, and final BW. Xylanase increased (P < 0.05) G:F; phytase reduced (P < 0.05) ADFI; and xylanase tended to reduce (P = 0.07) ADFI. In summary, millrun reduced energy, AA, P, and Ca digestibility and growth performance compared with the wheat control diet. Xylanase and phytase improved energy, AA, and P digestibility, indicating that nonstarch polysaccharides and phytate limit nutrient digestibility in wheat byproducts. The improvement by xylanase of energy digestibility coincided with improved G:F but did not translate into improved ADG.
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PMID:Effects of individual or combined xylanase and phytase supplementation on energy, amino acid, and phosphorus digestibility and growth performance of grower pigs fed wheat-based diets containing wheat millrun. 1732 25

A feeding experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of exogenous enzymes (phytase, non-starch polysaccharide enzymes: WX and VP, supplied by DSM) on growth performance and excretion of Japanese seabass (Lateolabrax japonicus) (initial mass 6.26+/-0.10 g). A basal diet was used as a control that contained a mixed protein source, and lysine, methionine and valine were supplemented to simulate the essential amino acid pattern of fish meal. Four other diets were supplemented with 200 mg phytase (500 IU), 400 mg VP, 800 mg WX, or a combination of 800 mg WX and 400 mg VP per kg diet, respectively. Each diet was assigned to triplicate groups of fish in floating sea cages, and each cage was stocked with 60 fish. The results showed specific growth rate (SGR) and feed efficiency ratio (FER) were not significantly improved by the phytase supplementation. However, supplementations with WX and VP significantly enhanced the SGR and FER (P<0.05). Phosphorus retention was significantly increased by the supplementation with phytase, whereas nitrogen retention was also enhanced by supplementations of non-starch polysaccharide enzymes (P<0.05). The excretion experiment showed that the soluble phosphorus and ammonia nitrogen in starved fish were constant, irrespective of dietary treatments. The total phosphorus effluent in fish fed the diet with phytase supplementation was significantly lower compared with the control group after feeding to satiation (P<0.05), but soluble phosphorus excretion was still independent of dietary treatments. The ammonia excretion in satiated fish significantly decreased with supplementations of non-starch polysaccharide enzymes.
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PMID:Effects of exogenous enzymes (phytase, non-starch polysaccharide enzyme) in diets on growth, feed utilization, nitrogen and phosphorus excretion of Japanese seabass, Lateolabrax japonicus. 1732 37


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