Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:3.1.3.8 (phytase)
 1,997 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The phytase production by Sporotrichum thermophile TLR50 was recorded on all the commonly used animal feed ingredients tested to varying degrees in solid-state fermentation. Enzyme production increased to 180 U/g of dry moldy residue (DMR) in sesame oil cake at 120 h and 45 degrees C at the initial substrate-to-moisture ratio of 1:2.5 and aw of 0.95. Supplementation of sesame oil cake with glucose and ammonium sulfate further enhanced phytase titer (282 U/g of DMR). An overall 76% enhancement in phytase production was achieved owing to optimization. The mold secreted acid phosphatase, amylase, xylanase, and lipase along with phytase. By the action of phytase, inorganic phosphate was liberated efficiently, leading to dephytinization of sesame oil cake.
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PMID:Phytase production by thermophilic mold Sporotrichum thermophile in solid-state fermentation and its application in dephytinization of sesame oil cake. 1672 Sep 4

1. A total of 2208 broiler chicks were used in two growth experiments (8 treatments and 12 replicate pens in each experiment) to assess the effects of xylanase, amylase, protease and phytase in maize-based diets. 2. A positive control diet was formulated containing adequate nutrient concentrations. A negative control diet was formulated to contain approximately 628 kJ/kg, 0.13%, 0.12% and 1 to 2% less metabolisable energy (ME), phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca) and amino acids, respectively, than the positive control. In addition, two further negative control diets that contained 167 or 334 kJ/kg more ME, respectively, than negative control 1 were formulated. 3. A further 4 dietary treatments were made by supplementing each of the 4 negative control diets with a combination of xylanase, amylase, protease and phytase, resulting in 8 dietary treatments in a 4 by 2 factorial arrangement. 4. The scale of the removal of energy, P, Ca and amino acids from the positive control diet was determined using least square models based on in vivo data for both the xylanase/amylase/protease cocktail and for phytase and it was predicted that performance of birds fed on negative control 1 would be returned by supplemental enzymes to that of those fed on the positive control. 5. In both experiments there was a significantly poorer performance in birds fed on the negative control 1 than in those fed on the positive control. The poorer weight gain and feed conversion ratio could be attributed in part to a reduced intake of digestible energy, P, nitrogen (N) and amino acids associated with birds fed on the negative control diet. 6. Supplementation of the negative control diets with the enzyme combination returned performance to that of the positive control in both experiments. 7. These data indicate that exogenous xylanase, amylase, protease and phytase can be used successfully in a strategically formulated low nutrient density diet to maintain performance to that of birds fed on a nutritionally adequate diet.
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PMID:Prediction of ingredient quality and the effect of a combination of xylanase, amylase, protease and phytase in the diets of broiler chicks. 1. Growth performance and digestible nutrient intake. 1690 75

1. In order to investigate the effects of xylanase, amylase, protease and phytase in the diets of broiler chickens containing graded concentrations of metabolisable energy (ME), two 42-d experiments were conducted using a total of 2208 broiler chicks (8 treatments with 12 replicate pens in each experiment). 2. Four diets including one positive and three negative control diets were used. Three maize/soybean meal-based negative control (NC) diets were formulated to be identical in available phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca) and amino acids but NC1 contained approximately 0.17 MJ/kg less ME than NC2 and approximately 0.34 MJ/kg less ME than NC3. A positive control (PC) was fed for comparison and was formulated to be adequate in all nutrients, providing approximately 0.63 MJ/kg ME, 0.13% available P, 0.12% Ca and 1 to 2% amino acids more than NC1. 3. The reduction in nutrient density between NC1 and PC was determined using ingredient quality models Avichecktrade mark Corn and Phychecktrade mark that can predict the response to exogenous enzymes in maize/soybean meal-based broiler diets. Supplementation of each diet with or without a cocktail of xylanase, amylase, protease and phytase gave a total of 8 dietary treatments in a 4 x 2 factorial arrangement. The same treatments and diet designs were used in both experiments but conducted in different locations using different batches of maize, soybean meal and minor ingredients. 4. In both experiments, digestibility was improved by the addition of exogenous enzymes, particularly those for P, Ca and certain amino acids. In addition, the supplementation of the PC with enzymes elicited a positive response indicating that over-the-top addition of xylanase, amylase, protease and phytase may offer a nutritionally and economically viable alternative to feed cost reduction. 5. It can be concluded that the digestibility of nutrients by broilers fed on maize/soybean meal-based diets can be improved by the use of a combination of xylanase, amylase, protease and phytase.
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PMID:Prediction of ingredient quality and the effect of a combination of xylanase, amylase, protease and phytase in the diets of broiler chicks. 2. Energy and nutrient utilisation. 1690 76

This 21-d experiment was conducted to determine if the response of chicks to a cocktail of xylanase, amylase, and protease (XAP) or Escherichia coli-derived phytase individually or in combination when fed a nutritionally marginal corn-soybean meal diet is age-dependent. Six hundred 1-d-old chicks were allocated to 5 dietary treatments in a randomized complete block design. The treatments were as follows: 1) positive control with supplemental inorganic P; 2) negative control (NC) marginal in P and ME; 3) NC plus XAP to provide (per kg of diet) 650, 1,650, and 4,000 U of xylanase, amylase, and protease, respectively; 4) NC plus phytase added to provide 1,000 phytase units/kg; and 5) NC plus a combination of XAP and phytase. Low ME and P in the NC diet depressed weight gain and gain:feed (P < 0.001). A cocktail of XAP alone did not improve performance, but phytase supplementation improved (P < 0.001) weight gain. The enzymes were additive in their effects on growth performance. The enzymes had no effect on ileal digestible energy. Ileal N digestibility was higher (P < 0.05) in diet with XAP or phytase individually compared with NC. Both phytase and XAP individually and in combination improved (P < 0.01) ileal P digestibility compared with NC. Total tract nutrient retention and ME increased (P < 0.01) as the birds grew older. There were age x diet interactions (P < 0.001) on total tract retention of P and Ca; improvement in P retention due to phytase use decreased by 50% as the chicks matured. The current study shows that a combination of XAP and phytase improved performance, but the enhancement in performance appears to be mainly from phytase. Both XAP and phytase were effective in improving P digestibility and retention of chicks receiving nutritionally marginal corn-soybean meal. The data also shows that the chicks benefited more from the enzyme addition at a younger age and that the contribution of the enzymes to nutrient retention decreased with age in chickens.
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PMID:Age-related influence of a cocktail of xylanase, amylase, and protease or phytase individually or in combination in broilers. 1717 19

The objective of these studies was to determine if dietary enzymes increase the digestibility of nutrients bound by nonstarch polysaccharides, such as arabinoxylans, or phytate in wheat millrun. Effects of millrun inclusion rates (20 or 40%), xylanase (0 or 4,375 units/kg of feed), and phytase (0 or 500 phytase units/kg of feed) on nutrient digestibility and growth performance were investigated in a 2 x 2 x 2 factorial arrangement with a wheat control diet (0% millrun). Diets were formulated to contain 3.34 Mcal of DE/kg and 3.0 g of true ileal digestible Lys/Mcal of DE and contained 0.4% chromic oxide. Each of 18 cannulated pigs (36.2 +/- 1.9 kg of BW) was fed 3 diets at 3x maintenance in successive 10-d periods for 6 observations per diet. Feces and ileal digesta were collected for 2 d. Ileal energy digestibility was reduced (P < 0.01) linearly by millrun and increased by xylanase (P < 0.01) and phytase (P < 0.05). Total tract energy digestibility was reduced linearly by millrun (P < 0.01) and increased by xylanase (P < 0.01). For 20% millrun, xylanase plus phytase improved DE content from 3.53 to 3.69 Mcal/kg of DM, a similar content to that of the wheat control diet (3.72 Mcal/kg of DM). Millrun linearly reduced (P < 0.01) ileal digestibility of Lys, Thr, Met, Ile, and Val. Xylanase improved (P < 0.05) ileal digestibility of Ile. Phytase improved ileal digestibility of Lys, Thr, Ile, and Val (P < 0.05). Millrun linearly reduced (P < 0.05) total tract P and Ca digestibility and retention. Phytase (P < 0.01) and xylanase (P < 0.05) improved total tract P digestibility, and phytase and xylanase tended to improve (P < 0.10) P retention. Phytase improved Ca digestibility (P < 0.05) and retention (P < 0.01). The 9 diets were also fed for 35 d to 8 individually housed pigs (36.2 +/- 3.4 kg of BW) per diet. Millrun reduced (P < 0.05) ADFI, ADG, and final BW. Xylanase increased (P < 0.05) G:F; phytase reduced (P < 0.05) ADFI; and xylanase tended to reduce (P = 0.07) ADFI. In summary, millrun reduced energy, AA, P, and Ca digestibility and growth performance compared with the wheat control diet. Xylanase and phytase improved energy, AA, and P digestibility, indicating that nonstarch polysaccharides and phytate limit nutrient digestibility in wheat byproducts. The improvement by xylanase of energy digestibility coincided with improved G:F but did not translate into improved ADG.
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PMID:Effects of individual or combined xylanase and phytase supplementation on energy, amino acid, and phosphorus digestibility and growth performance of grower pigs fed wheat-based diets containing wheat millrun. 1732 25

1. A precision feeding study was conducted to determine the metabolisable energy and amino acid digestibility in broilers fed on malted sorghum sprouts (MSP) supplemented with polyethylene glycol (PEG), charcoal (CH), phytase and xylanase. 2. A total of 64 male Ross broilers housed individually (8 replicates per treatment) were fed 30 g of the feedstuff as follows by gavage: MSP, MSP+1 g PEG/kg, MSP+10 g PEG/kg, MSP+1 g CH/kg, MSP+10 g CH/kg, MSP+3600 IU of evolved E. coli phytase/kg (EC 3.1.3.26) and MSP+1600 IU of bacterial xylanase/kg (EC 3.2.1.8). Another group of birds was used for the assessment of endogenous loss and they were provided with 50 ml glucose solution each by gavage. 3. True dry matter digestibility (TDMD), true nitrogen retention (TNR), total tract digestibility of apparent and true metabolisable energy (AME and TME) and amino acid (AAD and TAAD) were determined. 4. MSP contained 244.4, 24.0, 74.9 and 224.0 g/kg of crude protein, ether extract, ash and neutral detergent fibre, respectively. The total tannin content of the product was 140 g/kg and 99% of this was bound. 5. The various dietary treatments did not significantly affect the TDMD, TNR, AME and TME of MSP. The low values (0.471 g/g, -0.164 g/g, 6.15 MJ/kg and 9.31 MJ/kg, respectively) for the above measurements depicted the low feeding value of un-supplemented MSP for poultry. Also, PEG, CH and enzymes did not improve the AAD and TAAD of MSP for poultry. 6. It was concluded that the tannin content of MSP is high and it appeared to be bound with other nutrients thereby reducing their availability. This may explain its low AME and amino acid digestibility and the lack of effect of the various treatments for poultry.
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PMID:Energy metabolisability and digestibility of amino acids by broilers fed on malted sorghum sprouts supplemented with polyethylene glycol, charcoal, phytase and xylanase. 1736 41

The overall objective of the studies reported here was to evaluate the growth and nutrient utilization responses of pigs to dietary supplementation of phytate- or nonstarch polysaccharide-degrading enzymes. In Exp. 1, growth performance and nutrient digestibility responses of forty-eight 10-kg pigs to dietary supplementation of phytase or a cocktail of xylanase, amylase, and protease (XAP) alone or in combination were evaluated. The growth response of one hundred fifty 23-kg pigs to dietary supplementation of phytase or xylanase individually or in combination was studied in Exp. 2 in a 6-wk growth trial, whereas Exp. 3 investigated the nutrient digestibility and nutrient retention responses of thirty 24-kg pigs to dietary supplementation of the same enzymes used in Exp. 2. In Exp. 1, the pigs were used in a 28-d feeding trial. They were blocked by BW and sex and allocated to 6 dietary treatments. The treatments were a positive control (PC) diet; a negative control (NC) diet marginally deficient in P and DE; NC with phytase added at 500 or 1,000 phytase units (FTU)/kg; NC with xylanase at 2,500 units (U)/kg, amylase at 400 U/kg, and protease at 4,000 U/kg; and NC with a combination of phytase added at 500 FTU/kg and XAP as above. In Exp. 2 and 3, the 5 dietary treatments were positive control (PC), negative control (NC), NC plus 500 FTU of phytase/kg, NC plus 4,000 U of xylanase/kg, and NC plus phytase and xylanase. In Exp. 1, low levels of nonphytate P and DE in the NC diet depressed (P < 0.05) ADG of the pigs by 16%, but phytase linearly increased (P < 0.05) ADG by up to 24% compared with NC. The cocktail of XAP alone had no effect on ADG of pigs, but the combination of XAP and phytase increased (P < 0.05) ADG by 17% compared with the NC treatment. There was a linear increase (P < 0.01) in Ca and P digestibility in response to phytase. In Exp. 2, ADG was 7% greater in PC than NC (P < 0.05); there were no effects of enzyme addition on any response. In Exp. 3, addition of phytase alone or in combination with xylanase improved (P < 0.05) P digestibility. Phosphorus excretion was greatest (P < 0.01) in the PC and lowest (P < 0.05) in the diet with the combination of phytase and xylanase. The combination of phytase and xylanase improved P retention (P < 0.01) above the NC diet to a level similar to the PC diet. In conclusion, a combination of phytase and carbohydrases improved ADG in 10-kg but not 23-kg pigs, but was efficient in improving P digestibility in pigs of all ages.
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PMID:Supplementation of carbohydrases or phytase individually or in combination to diets for weanling and growing-finishing pigs. 1737 87

Energy utilization in broilers as influenced by supplementation of enzymes containing phytase or carbohydrase activities was investigated. Day-old male broilers (480) were allocated to four slaughter groups, thirty broilers in the initial slaughter group and 150 broilers in each of the final slaughter groups on days 7, 14 and 21. Broilers in each of the final slaughter groups were allocated to five treatments in a randomized complete block design, each treatment had six replicate cages of five broilers per replicate cage. The diets were maize-soyabean based with wheat as a source of NSP. The treatments were: (1) positive control that met nutrient requirements of the day-old broiler chick; (2) negative control (NC) deficient in metabolizable energy and P; (3) NC plus phytase added at 1000 FTU/kg; (4) NC plus cocktail of xylanase, amylase and protease (XAP); and (5) NC plus phytase and XAP. Gain and gain:food were depressed (P < 0.05) in the NC diet. Phytase improved (P < 0.05) gain at all ages and gain:food at days 0-14 and days 0-21. There was improvement (P < 0.01) in net energy for production, energy retained as fat and protein from days 0 to 14 and from days 0 to 21 in phytase-supplemented diet compared with the NC diet. Net energy for production was more highly correlated with performance criteria than metabolizable energy and may be a more sensitive energy utilization response criterion to use in evaluating broiler response to enzyme supplementation.
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PMID:Energy utilization and growth performance of broilers receiving diets supplemented with enzymes containing carbohydrase or phytase activity individually or in combination. 1776 Oct 11

Three experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of supplementing phytase and xylanase on nutrient digestibility and performance of growing pigs fed wheat-based diets. In Exp. 1, 10 diets were fed to 60 pigs from 20 to 60 kg of BW to determine the effect of combining phytase and xylanase on apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nutrients and growth performance. The 10 diets included a positive control diet (PC; 0.23% available P; 0.60% Ca) and a negative control diet (NC; 0.16% available P; 0.50% Ca) supplemented with phytase at 0, 250, and 500 fytase units (FTU)/kg and xylanase at 0, 2,000, and 4,000 xylanase units (XU)/kg in a 3 x 3 factorial arrangement. In Exp. 2, 6 ileally cannulated barrows (initial BW = 35.1 kg) were fed 4 wheat-based diets in a 4 x 4 Latin square design, with 2 added columns to determine the effect of combining phytase and xylanase on apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of nutrients. The 4 diets were NC (same as that used in Exp. 1) or NC supplemented with phytase at 500 FTU/kg, xylanase at 4,000 XU/kg, or phytase at 500 FTU/kg plus xylanase at 4,000 XU/kg. In Exp. 3, 36 barrows (initial BW = 55.5 kg) were fed 4 diets based on prepelleted (at 80 degrees C) and crumpled wheat for 2 wk to determine the effect of phytase supplementation on ATTD of nutrients. The 4 diets fed were a PC (0.22% available P; 0.54% Ca) and a NC (0.13% available P; 0.43% Ca) alone or with phytase at 500 or 1,000 FTU/kg. All diets in the 3 experiments contained Cr(2)O(3) as an indigestible marker. No synergistic interactions were detected between phytase and xylanase on any of the response criteria measured in Exp. 1 or 2. There were no dietary effects on growth performance in Exp. 1. In Exp. 1, phytase at 250 FTU/kg increased the ATTD of P and Ca by 51 and 11% at 20 kg of BW or by 54 and 10% at 60 kg of BW, respectively, but increasing the level of phytase to 500 FTU/kg only increased (P < 0.05) ATTD of P at 20 kg of BW. In Exp. 2, phytase at 500 FTU/kg increased (P < 0.05) the AID of P and Ca by 21 and 12%, respectively. In Exp. 3, phytase at 500 FTU/kg improved (P < 0.05) ATTD of P by 36%, but had no further effect at 1,000 FTU/kg. Xylanase at 4,000 XU/kg improved (P < 0.05) AID of Lys, Leu, Phe, Thr, Gly, and Ser in Exp. 2. In conclusion, phytase and xylanase improved P and AA digestibilities, respectively, but no interaction between the 2 enzymes was noted.
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PMID:Nutrient digestibility and performance responses of growing pigs fed phytase- and xylanase-supplemented wheat-based diets. 1820 76

The production of phytase and associated feed enzymes (phosphatase, xylanase, CMCase, alpha-amylase and beta-glucosidase) was determined in a thermotolerant fungus Mucor indicus MTCC 6333, isolated from composting soil. Solid-substrate culturing on wheat bran and optimizing other culture conditions (C and N sources, level of N, temperature, pH, culture age, inoculum level), increased the yield of phytase from 266 +/- 0.2 to 513 +/- 0.4 nkat/g substrate dry mass. The culture extract also contained 112, 194, 171, 396, and 333 nkat/g substrate of phosphatase, xylanase, CMCase, beta-glucosidase and alpha-amylase activities, respectively. Simple 2-step purification employing anion exchange and gel filtration chromatography resulted in 21.9-fold purified phytase. The optimum pH and temperature were pH 6.0 and 70 degrees C, respectively. The phytase was thermostable under acidic conditions, showing 82% residual activity after exposure to 60 degrees C at pH 3.0 and 5.0 for 2 h, and displayed broad substrate specificity. The Km was 200 nmol/L and v(lim) of 113 nmol/s per mg protein with dodecasodium phytate as substrate. In vitro feed trial with feed enzyme resulted in the release of 1.68 g inorganic P/kg of feed after 6 h of incubation at 37 degrees C.
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PMID:Production of feed enzymes (phytase and plant cell wall hydrolyzing enzymes) by Mucor indicus MTCC 6333: purification and characterization of phytase. 1829 46


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