Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:3.1.3.8 (phytase)
 1,997 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Male 1-d-old broilers (n 920) were given 0, 200, 400, 600, 800, 1000 and 1200 U microbial phytase/kg diet in combination with 2.0, 2.7 or 3.4 g non-phytate P (nP)/kg or 4.0, 5.1 or 5.8 g total P (tP)/kg in a 21 d trial to assess the effectiveness of phytase in a maize-soyabean-meal diet. In addition to the above twenty-one diets, a positive control P diet supplied 4.5 g nP/kg, 6.9 g tP/kg and 10 g Ca/kg. The basal diet contained 230 g crude protein/kg, 8.8 g Ca/kg, 4.4 g tP/kg and 2.0 g nP/kg. Defluorinated phosphate and limestone were used to supply P and Ca. A Ca:tP ratio of 2:1 was maintained except in the positive control diet which had a ratio of 1.45:1. Phytase additions linearly increased (P < 0.01) body-weight (BW) gain, feed intake, toe ash percentage, and apparent retention (% of intake) or total amount (g/bird) of retained Ca and P, and linearly decreased (P < 0.01) P excretion (g/kg of DM intake) at each level of nP with the magnitude of the response inversely related to the level of nP. Above-normal mortality was only observed in the group receiving 2.0 g nP/kg diet without phytase. Adding nP linearly increased (P < 0.01) BW gain, feed intake, toe ash percentage, Ca retention, total amount (g/bird) of P retained, and P excretion, and linearly decreased (P < 0.01) apparent retention (%) of P. Derived linear and non-linear equations for BW gain and toe ash percentage at the two lower nP levels, 2.0 and 2.7 g/kg, were used to calculate P equivalency values of microbial phytase. The results show that 939 U microbial phytase is equivalent to 1 g P from defluorinated phosphate in broilers fed on maize-soyabean-meal diets. The amount of P released per 100 U phytase decreased as the total amount of phytase increased.
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PMID:Response of broilers to graded levels of microbial phytase added to maize-soyabean-meal-based diets containing three levels of non-phytate phosphorus. 877 29

Day-old male broilers (n = 384) were used in a 21-d trial to investigate the effect of microbial phytase on the retention and utilization of Zn. A corn-soybean isolate basal diet containing 20 ppm Zn was fed alone and supplemented with 5, 10, or 20 ppm Zn as ZnSO4.7H2O or with 150, 300, 450, or 600 U of phytase/kg of diet. Total excreta were collected during Days 18 to 20. Toe, tibia, and liver samples were taken at the end of the experiment. Adding Zn and phytase to the low Zn basal diet linearly increased BW gain and feed intake of broilers (P < 0.01). The gain to feed ratio was not changed by adding Zn but was decreased by adding phytase (P < 0.01). The amount of DM retained was linearly increased by adding Zn and phytase (P < 0.10), but DM retained as a percentage of intake was only increased by adding Zn (P < 0.05). The amount of Zn retained per bird was linearly improved by adding Zn and phytase (P < 0.01). Zinc retained as a percentage of intake was linearly decreased by adding Zn but was linearly increased by adding phytase (P < 0.10). Ash percentage of toe and tibia were not affected by adding Zn but were linearly improved by adding phytase (P < 0.10); however, the amount of ash in toe or tibia was increased by Zn (P < 0.05) and phytase (P < 0.01 for toe; not significant for tibia). The concentration and amount of Zn in toe and tibia were linearly increased by adding Zn and phytase (P < 0.001). The concentration of Zn in liver increased by adding Zn (P < 0.10) but was not significantly improved by adding phytase. The amount of Zn retained in liver was linearly improved by adding Zn and phytase (P < 0.05). Nonlinear or linear response equations of the effects of Zn and phytase levels were generated and used to calculate the Zn equivalency values. The average function of Zn equivalency values (Y, milligrams per kilogram) of microbial phytase (X, units per kilogram of diet) was developed: Y = 0.20 + 0.0082X. The results indicate that approximately 0.9 mg of Zn was released per 100 U of phytase over the range of 150 to 600 U of phytase.
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PMID:Supplemental microbial phytase improves zinc utilization in broilers. 878 46

Ninety-six weanling pigs (initial BW = 9.3 kg, initial age = 37 d) were used in a 4-wk experiment to evaluate the response to three Ca: total (t) P ratios (1.2:1, 1.6:1, or 2.0:1) fed in combination with two P levels (.07 or .16% available that correspond to .36 or .45% tP) and two phytase levels (PY; 700 or 1,050 units/kg of diet). A 3 x 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments was employed using a corn-soybean meal diet. Performance, serum mineral concentrations and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, Ca and P digestibility and excretion, and bone mechanical measurements were examined. Average daily gain (P < .001), average daily feed intake (P < .01), and gain:feed (P < .05) were decreased linearly as the Ca:tP ratio became wider. The digestibility of P and Ca were decreased (P < .001) linearly as the Ca:tP ratio became wider. The digestibility of P (P < .001) and fecal P excretion (P < .01) were increased at the higher level of P. Increasing PY from 700 to 1,050 units (U)/kg of diet increased (P < .05) P digestibility and decreased (P < .01) P excretion but did not improve bone measurements. Shear force, stress and energy, and percentage of ash of both metacarpal and 10th rib linearly decreased (P < .001 to .05) as the Ca:tP ratio became wider, and bone measurements were generally greater for pigs fed the higher P level. Serum Ca concentration increased (P < .01) and the P concentration decreased (P < .001) as the Ca:tP ratio increased, but Mg, Zn, and ALP activity were not influenced by the Ca:tP ratio. Serum Ca and P concentrations were affected by PY supplementation over the 4-wk trial, but serum Mg and Zn concentrations were not affected by dietary treatments. Adverse effects of a wide Ca:tP ratio were greater at the low P diet for all responses. In addition, the activity of supplemental PY in diets seemed to be decreased as the Ca:tP ratio became wider and this negative effect of Ca:tP ratio seemed greater at the low P level, and seemed to parallel the effects of Ca:tP ratio on performance, P digestibility, bone, and serum measurements. Narrowing the dietary Ca:total P ratio from 2.0:1 to 1.2:1 led to an approximate 16% increase in phytase efficacy for improving performance, digestibility, bone measurements, and serum Ca levels.
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PMID:Adverse effects of wide calcium:phosphorus ratios on supplemental phytase efficacy for weanling pigs fed two dietary phosphorus levels. 879 Dec 1

Tibial traits were investigated for turkey poults fed on soyabean-meal-based semi-purified diets high in phytate P (2.2 g/kg) with added phytase and inorganic P. Dietary treatments were: (1) 2.7 g non-phytate P (nP)/kg; (2) diet 1 + 1000 U phytase/kg diet; (3) 3.6 g nP/kg; (4) diet 3 + 800 U phytase; (5) 4.5 g nP/kg; (6) diet 5 + 600 U phytase; (7) 6.0 g nP/kg. Added phytase and nP increased (P < 0.006) tibial dry matter, ash weight and content, body-weight gain, feed intake and gain:feed. The Mg and Zn concentrations in the tibial ash were also increased (P < 0.001 and P < 0.09 respectively) by added phytase or nP; tibial P and Ca concentrations tended to be increased. Hypertrophy zone width of the tibial proximal end decreased (P < 0.001), while proliferating zone width, tibial length, and widths at the long and short axes increased (P < 0.003) as phytase and nP were added. The addition of phytase also tended to enlarge the cartilaginous zone width, which was linearly increased (P < 0.05) by added nP. Disorganization scores of the hypertrophy zone and trabecular bone were low, approaching normal (P < 0.05), for turkey poults fed on diets with phytase supplementation, and tibial abnormality scores were linearly decreased (P < 0.001) as nP levels increased (zero score is considered normal). Adding phytase and nP improved the orderliness of development, mineralization and arrangement of cartilage and bone cells, and alleviated the effects of P deficiency on the histological and gross structure of the tibias. Tibial shear stress increased (P < 0.04) as phytase and nP were added. In summary, similar improvements in bone characteristics were achieved for turkey poults fed on a P-deficient diet supplemented with either phytase or nP.
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PMID:Effects of supplemental phytase and phosphorus on histological, mechanical and chemical traits of tibia and performance of turkeys fed on soyabean-meal-based semi-purified diets high in phytate phosphorus. 881

Crossbred pigs (n = 96, BW = 7.5 kg) were used in a 5-wk trial to determine the effectiveness of supplemental Natuphos phytase in improving the bioavailabilities of P and other nutrients in a semipurified diet with soybean meal as the only P source in the basal diet. Two available P (aP) levels (.05 and .16%) and five phytase levels (0, 350, 700, 1,050, and 1,400 units/kg of diet) were used in a 2 x 5 factorial arrangement of treatments. In addition to the 10 diets, two extra diets were formulated to supply the recommended level of aP (.32%) with 0 and 1,400 units (U) of phytase/kg of diet. Graded levels of phytase resulted in linear increases in ADG (P < .02), ADFI (P < .01 at .16% aP only), and gain:feed ratio (P < .03). Effects of adding phytase to the diet with .32% aP were observed only in the first 14 d of the study with increases in ADG (P < .06) and gain:feed (P < .02) for added phytase. Apparent digestibility (or absorption) coefficients (ADC) of DM, P, Ca, and N were estimated using chromic oxide as an indicator during wk 4 and 5. When phytase and P were added to the low P diet, the ADC of P was increased (P < .01), but only small and variable changes in the ADC of DM, Ca, and N were observed. Fecal P excretion (grams per day) decreased as microbial phytase was added (P < .01) and increased with added P (P < .01). In comparison to the results with the .32% aP diet, fecal P excretion decreased 25 to 50% by the addition of phytase. The addition of phytase to the diet with .32% aP further improved (P < .01) the ADC of P (54.5 vs 61.8%) and decreased (P < .01) fecal P excretion (1.62 vs 1.38 g/d). Characteristics of 4th metacarpals and 10th ribs were consistently improved by increasing dietary levels of both phytase and P. On the basis of an assessment of R2 values from secondorder translog equations, ADG, ADFI, P apparent absorption, bone ash percentage, and bone shear force were sensitive indicators to evaluate phytase efficacy of P availability in diets. Phosphorus equivalency of microbial phytase was calculated by using response equations for ADG and apparent P absorption. The average function of the release of P (Y, grams per kilograms) by microbial phytase (X, units per kilogram of diet) was developed with aP levels of .05 and .16%: Y = 1.546-1.504e-.0015X. The replacement of 1 g of inorganic P would require about 676 U of microbial phytase. This represents 77% of released P from phytate.
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PMID:Effectiveness of Natuphos phytase in improving the bioavailabilities of phosphorus and other nutrients in soybean meal-based semipurified diets for young pigs. 881 5

The effect of microbial phytase on N and amino acid (AA) digestibility and N retention was investigated in a 29-d trial using 480 Nicholas Large White Turkey female poults fed corn-soybean meal diets. A 2 x 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments was used with 0.45 and 0.60% nonphytate P (nP), 22.5 and 28.0% CP, and 0 and 750 U of microbial phytase/kg of diet. At 0.45% nP, adding phytase to either 22.5 or 28.0% CP diets increased BW gain (P < 0.01), and percentage (P < 0.01) and weight (P < 0.10) of toe ash; at 0.60% nP, the magnitude of the effect of phytase was less (P > 0.10) than observed for 0.45% nP and inconsistent. Apparent and true ileal digestibility of N and AA was estimated by using chromic oxide as an indicator at Day 24. At 0.45% nP, adding phytase to 22.5% CP diets tended to improve the apparent and true ileal digestibility of N and AA, except cysteine or methionine; adding phytase to 28.0% CP diets increased the digestibility of N and most of the AA (P < 0.001 to 0.10). At 0.60% nP, adding phytase to 22.5% CP diets increased the apparent and true ileal digestibility of N and all the AA (P < 0.001 to 0.10), but did not change digestibilities at 28.0% CP diets. Adding phytase also increased (P < 0.001 to 0.10) apparent ileal digestibility of DM and P at 0.45% nP for both CP diets, but only for 22.5% CP diets at 0.60% nP. The total excreta were collected at Day 27 to 29. Adding phytase to 0.45% nP diets increased apparent utilization of DM (P < 0.01 to 0.10) and retention of N (P < 0.05 to 0.10) at both CP levels; retention of P was only increased (P < 0.10) at 22.5% CP. At 0.60% nP, adding phytase increased utilization of DM (P < 0.05) and retention of N (P < 0.10) only at 22.5% CP; P retention was not affected. In summary, microbial phytase enhanced growth performance, toe ash, ileal N and AA digestibility, and apparent N and P retention.
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PMID:Effect of microbial phytase on nitrogen and amino acid digestibility and nitrogen retention of turkey poults fed corn-soybean meal diets. 882 30

Two experiments were conducted to determine the influence of dietary concentration of defatted rice bran (DRB) and phytase and fiber-degrading enzyme (FDE) supplementation of DRB-containing diets on performance, characteristics of selected parts of the gastrointestinal tract, and tibia ash of broiler chickens. In Experiment 1, four concentrations of DRB (0, 7.5, 15, and 22.5%) were tested in diets formulated to be isonitrogenous (22% CP) and isocaloric (3,000 kcal MEn/kg). Body weight and feed to gain ratio of broilers from 4 to 35 d of age were not affected by DRB concentration. A decrease in percentage tibia ash (P < 0.08) as dietary DRB increased was indicated. In Experiment 2, diets containing 22.5% DRB were supplemented with phytase (0 and 665 units/kg of diet) and FDE (equivalent to 0 and 1,000 units of xylanase/kg) in a complete factorial arrangement. A corn-soybean meal diet (CS) was included as a fifth treatment. No significant differences among dietary treatments were observed for weight gain and feed efficiency of broilers from 4 to 35 d of age. The MEn values of the DRB diets were greater (P < 0.01) than those of the CS diet, although phytase supplementation of the DRB diet, with or without FDE, reduced (P < 0.01) MEn. Phytase supplementation did not affect percentage tibia ash of chicks fed the DRB diet. The results show that up to 22.5% dietary DRB can be used successfully for broiler chickens when diets are supplemented with available P and fat.
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PMID:Utilization of defatted rice bran by broiler chickens. 882 34

Two experiments were conducted to determine the effectiveness of Natuphos phytase for improving P availability of soybean meal-based semipurified diets (SP, Experiments 1 and 2) and corn-soybean meal-based diets (CS, Experiment 2) fed to broilers (1 to 21 d). There were 360 and 288 birds fed the SP diets in Experiments 1 and 2, respectively, and 288 birds were fed the CS diets in Experiment 2. Phosphorus equivalency values for phytase were calculated. The basal diets were formulated to contain 0.27% nonphytate P (nP); the SP basal diet contained 0.45% total P (tP) that included 0.17% P as defluorinated phosphate; the CS basal diet contained 0.51% tP that contained 0.12% P as defluorinated phosphate. Both basal diets were supplemented with defluorinated phosphate to provide 0.36, 0.45, of 0.54% nP or with 350, 700, or 1,050 U of phytase/kg diets. Supplementing defluorinated phosphate and phytase linearly increased BW gain (P < 0.001), feed intake (P < 0.001), and percentage ash of dried toes (P < 0.01). Phytase addition increased apparent retention of P (P < 0.02), Ca (P < 0.005 in Experiment 2), and N (P <0.06 in Experiment 2 for CS), increased apparent digestibility of DM (P < 0.04), and linearly decreased (P <0.005) P excretion. In comparison to the 0.45% np diet, P excretion was reduced 42 to 51% by addition of phytase. The addition of defluorinated phosphate linearly decreased apparent retention of P (P < 0.02) and Ca (P < 0.005 in Experiment 2), and increased P excretion (P < 0.007). The average of released P by phytase calculated by solving nonlinear or linear response equations of P and phytase levels for SP diets in Experiments 1 and 2 gave a P equivalency value 1 g P = 1,146 U of phytase. The P equivalency value for CS diets fed only in Experiment 2 was 785 U of phytase = 1 g P as defluorinated phosphate. These studies show that microbial phytase is effective for improving P availability and for decreasing P excretion. Added phytase can also increase Ca and N retention.
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PMID:Improving phytate phosphorus availability in corn and soybean meal for broilers using microbial phytase and calculation of phosphorus equivalency values for phytase. 883 77

Ninety-six crossbred young pigs (body weight 7.8 kg) were used in a 5-week trial to determine the effectiveness of microbial phytase (EC 3.1.3 26) in improving the bioavailabilities of P and other nutrients in maize-soyabean-meal diets and, thus, replacing inorganic P with phytase. A 2 x 5 factorial arrangement of treatments was employed with two available P (aP) levels (0.7 and 1.6 g/kg) and five phytase levels (0, 350, 700, 1050, 1400 U (the quantity of enzyme that liberates 1 mumol inorganic phosphate/min from 5.1 mm-sodium phytate at pH 5.5 and 37 degrees)/kg diet). In addition, two extra diets were formulated to supply the National Research Council (1988) recommended level of aP (3.2 g/kg) with 0 or 1400 U phytase. The addition of graded levels of phytase resulted in linear increases in average daily weight gain, average daily feed intake and weight gain:feed intake for pigs fed on diets containing 0.7 or 1.6 g aP/kg (P < 0.04). Also, the addition of phytase linearly increased apparent digestibilities of P and Ca (P < 0.01), whereas faecal P excretion was linearly decreased (P < 0.01). Linear increases in shear force, shear energy and ash content of both the metacarpal and tenth rib, and shear stress of the metacarpal were found to respond to added phytase (P < 0.01). These improvements in performance, apparent P absorption and bone measurements by phytase were also observed by increasing dietary aP levels for most measurements. Adding 1400 U phytase to the 3.2 g aP/kg diet further increased average daily weight gain, average daily feed intake, apparent absorption of P, Ca and N and metatarsal shear force and ash content (P < 0.01 to 0.05). Generally, maximum responses occurred at a phytase level of 1050 U/kg diet for the 0.7 g aP/kg diets and 700 U for the 1.6 g aP/kg diets. Based on non-linear and linear response equations generated for the phytase and aP levels, the average function of the equivalency of P (Y, g/kg) v. microbial phytase (X, U/kg) was developed across aP levels of 0.7 and 1.6 g/kg for average daily weight gain and apparent digestibility of P: Y = 2.622-2.559e 0.00185X. The replacement of 1 g inorganic P as defluorinated phosphate would require about 246 U microbial phytase. This represents 41% of released P from phytate.
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PMID:Replacement of inorganic phosphorus by microbial phytase for young pigs fed on a maize-soyabean-meal diet. 894 63

Young pigs (5 wk of age and 8 kg) were used to test the efficacy of 1 alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol (1 alpha-OH D3) and microbial phytase for improving the utilization of phytate phosphorus (P) and amino acids present in corn-soybean meal (SBM) diets. Phytase supplementation (1,200 units/kg) to a vitamin D3-adequate, P-deficient corn-SBM diet elicited a marked response (P < .05) in weight gain and ash content of fibula, scapula, and metatarsal bones, but dietary addition of 1 alpha-OH D3 (20 micrograms/kg) was without effect. A P- and vitamin D3-adequate, amino acid-deficient corn-SBM diet (15.5% CP) also was supplemented with 1,200 units/kg of phytase to evaluate the efficacy of phytase in improving amino acid utilization. Pigs gained faster (P < .05) and more efficiently (P < .05) when this diet was supplemented with limiting amino acids, and phytase addition also increased (P < .05) weight gain, regardless of whether the diet was deficient or adequate in amino acids. Feed efficiency was improved (P < .05) by phytase addition to the amino acid-deficient diet but not to the amino acid-adequate diet. Pigs fed the low-CP, amino acid-fortified diet gained as fast and as efficiently as those fed a 19.5% CP (1.19% lysine) positive-control diet.
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PMID:Efficacy of supplemental 1 alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol and microbial phytase for young pigs fed phosphorus- or amino acid-deficient corn-soybean meal diets. 899 10


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