Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.1.3.16 (calcineurin)
17,112 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Thick filaments are stable assemblies of myosin that are characteristic of specific muscle types from both vertebrates and invertebrates. In general, their structure and assembly require remarkably precise determination of lengths and diameters, structural differentiation and nonequivalence of myosins, a high degree of inelasticity and rigidity, and dynamic regulation of assembly and disassembly in response to both extracellular and intracellular signals. Directed assembly of myosin in which additional proteins function in key roles, therefore, is more likely to be significant than the simple self assembly of myosin into thick filaments. The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans permits a wide spectrum of biochemical, genetic, molecular and structural approaches to be applied to the experimental testing of this hypothesis. Biochemical analysis of C. elegans thick filaments reveals that paramyosin, a homologue of the myosin rod that is the unique product of a single genetic locus, exists as two populations which differ by post-translational modification. The major paramyosin species interacts with the two genetically specified myosin heavy chain isoforms. The minor paramyosin species is organized within the cores of the thick filaments, where it is associated stoichiometrically with three recently identified proteins P20, P28 and P30. These proteins have now been characterized molecularly and contain unique, novel amino acid sequences. Structural analysis of the core shows that seven paramyosin subfilaments are crosslinked by additional internal proteins into a highly rigid tubule. P20, P28 and P30 are proposed to couple the paramyosin subfilaments together into the core tubule during filament assembly. Mutants that affect paramyosin assembly are being characterized for alterations in the core proteins. A fourth protein has been identified recently as the product of the unc-45 gene. Computational analysis of this gene's DNA suggests that the predicted protein may exhibit protein phosphatase and chaperone activities. Genetic analysis shows that three classes of specific unc-45 mutant proteins differentially interact with the two myosins during thick filament assembly. The unc-45 protein is proposed to be a myosin assemblase, a protein catalyst of thick filament assembly.
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PMID:Assemblases and coupling proteins in thick filament assembly. 911 2

The diverse forms of protein phosphatase 1 in vivo result from the association of its catalytic subunit (PP1c) with different regulatory subunits, one of which is the G-subunit (G(M)) that targets PP1c to glycogen particles in muscle. Here we report the structure, at 3.0 A resolution, of PP1c in complex with a 13 residue peptide (G(M[63-75])) of G(M). The residues in G(M[63-75]) that interact with PP1c are those in the Arg/Lys-Val/Ile-Xaa-Phe motif that is present in almost every other identified mammalian PP1-binding subunit. Disrupting this motif in the G(M[63-75]) peptide and the M(110[1-38]) peptide (which mimics the myofibrillar targeting M110 subunit in stimulating the dephosphorylation of myosin) prevents these peptides from interacting with PP1. A short peptide from the PP1-binding protein p53BP2 that contains the RVXF motif also interacts with PP1c. These findings identify a recognition site on PP1c, invariant from yeast to humans, for a critical structural motif on regulatory subunits. This explains why the binding of PP1 to its regulatory subunits is mutually exclusive, and suggests a novel approach for identifying the functions of PP1-binding proteins whose roles are unknown.
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PMID:Structural basis for the recognition of regulatory subunits by the catalytic subunit of protein phosphatase 1. 915 14

The flux of multisized fluorescein-isothiocyanate-labeled hydroxy ethyl starch (FITC-HES) macromolecules was used to assess changes in barrier function of rat pulmonary microvascular endothelial cell (RPMVEC) monolayers exposed to protein phosphatase (PP) inhibitors or cGMP analogs and atriopeptin (ANF). Two potent PP inhibitors, calyculin A (CalA) and okadaic acid (OA), increased RPMVEC permeability in a dose- and time-dependent manner, and CalA had a higher intrinsic activity than OA. In contrast, ANF and potent cGMP analogs had no effect on basal RPMVEC permeability. The phosphohistone PP activity contained in RPMVEC sonicates was inhibited by OA with an inhibition profile that suggested at least two components were present, with PP2A accounting for approximately 70% of the OA-inhibitable phosphohistone phosphatase activity. Following separation with heparin-Sepharose chromatography, PP activity exhibited equipotent inhibition by CalA and differential inhibition by OA. Differential inhibition of PP1 and PP2A by OA suggested that PP1 is involved in regulating RPMVEC barrier function. Permeabilized RPMVEC showed increased phosphorylation of several proteins in the presence of phosphatase inhibitors. Treatment with KT 5926, a myosin light chain (MLC) kinase (MLCK) inhibitor, or rolipram, a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, decreased 32P incorporation into immunoprecipitated MLC by CalA and OA. However, this effect did not abolish either the CalA- or OA-induced decrease in the RPMVEC barrier function. Localization of filamentous (F) actin was at the periphery as well as in the cytoplasm and perinuclear region, whereas nonmuscle myosin was seen in the perinuclear region. Neither of these patterns was changed in the presence of CalA. Thus, cGMP does not alter RPMVEC permeability, but inhibition of PP activity results in loss of barrier function by a mechanism independent from MLC phosphorylation.
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PMID:Inhibition of serine-threonine protein phosphatases decreases barrier function of rat pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells. 918 Aug 95

Protein phosphatase was partially purified from myofibrils of bovine heart by sequential column chromatographies. The purified protein phosphatase was immunologically identified as a delta isoform of PP1 (PP1delta). The myosin-binding subunit (MBS) of myosin-binding phosphatase (MBP) in smooth muscle was co-purified with PP1delta at each step of the sequential column chromatographies. The immunoprecipitation experiment using the polyclonal antibody to MBS showed that PP1delta associates with MBS in the purified phosphatase. In addition, the myosin-binding assay showed that the purified phosphatase has the characteristics of binding to cardiac myosin. These data strongly suggest that MBP, the holoenzyme composed of PP1delta and MBS, is expressed in heart myofibrils.
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PMID:Evidence for myosin-binding phosphatase in heart myofibrils. 924 90

Human platelets were found to contain myosin phosphatase consisting of a 38-kD catalytic subunit of protein phosphatase type 1delta, a 130-kD myosin-binding subunit (MBS) and a 20-kD subunit, all of which cross-reacted with antibodies against these subunits of smooth muscle myosin phosphatase. Anti-MBS antibody coimmunoprecipitated RhoA and Rho-kinase of human platelets. Platelets MBS is a substrate for Rho-kinase and phosphorylation of MBS decreases the activity of myosin phosphatase. Treatment of intact platelets with 9, 11-epithio-11,12-methano-thromboxane A2 led to a dramatic increase in phosphorylation of MBS and a significant decrease in the activity of myosin phosphatase. These findings suggest a putative mechanism for agonist-induced regulation of myosin phosphatase activity in platelets.
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PMID:Regulation of myosin phosphatase through phosphorylation of the myosin-binding subunit in platelet activation. 935 61

Most enzymes involved in cell signaling, such as protein kinases, protein phosphatases, GTPases, and nucleotide cyclases catalyze nucleophilic substitutions at phosphorus. When possible, the mechanisms of such enzymes are most clearly described quantitatively in terms of how associative or dissociative they are. The mechanisms of cell signaling enzymes range from < or = 8% associative (cAMP-dependent protein kinase) to approximately 50% associative (G protein Gi alpha 1). Their catalytic powers range from 10(5.7) (p21ras) to 10(11.7) (lambda Ser-Thr protein phosphatase), usually comparable in magnitude with those of nonsignaling enzymes of the same mechanistic class. Exceptions are G proteins, which are 10(3)- to 10(5)-fold poorer catalysts than F1 and myosin ATPases. The lower catalytic powers of G proteins may be ascribed to the absence of general base catalysis, and additionally in the case of p21ras, to the absence of a catalytic Arg residue, which interacts with the transition state. From kinetic studies of mutant and metal ion substituted enzymes, the catalytic powers of cell signaling and related enzymes can be rationalized quantitatively by factors contributed by metal ion catalysis (> or = 10(5), general acid catalysis (approximately 10(3 +/- 1)), general base catalysis (approximately 10(3 +/- 1)), and transition-state stabilization by cationic and hydrogen bond donating residues (approximately 10(3 +/- 1)).
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PMID:Mechanisms of signaling and related enzymes. 940 38

1. The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanism(s) of the vasoconstrictor effect of cantharidin in bovine preparations. 2. Catalytic subunits of protein phosphatase type 1 (PP 1) and type 2A (PP 2A) were immunologically identified in coronary arteries, isolated smooth muscle cells and ventricular myocardium. 3. The mRNAs coding for catalytic subunits of PP 1alpha, PP 1beta and PP 2Aalpha were identified by hybridization with specific cDNA-probes in total RNA from coronary arteries, isolated smooth muscle cells and ventricles. 4. The activities of catalytic subunits of PP 1 and PP 2A separated by column chromatography from coronary arteries, isolated smooth muscle cells and ventricles were inhibited by cantharidin in a concentration-dependent manner. 5. Cantharidin increased the phosphorylation state of smooth muscle proteins including the regulatory light chains of myosin in 32P-labelled intact smooth muscle cells in a concentration-dependent manner. 6. Cantharidin did not affect cytosolic calcium concentrations in aortic smooth muscle cells. 7. It is suggested that cantharidin contracts smooth muscle preparations by increasing the phosphorylation state of regulatory proteins due to inhibition of phosphatase activities. Thus, cantharidin might be a useful tool to study the function of phosphatases in smooth muscle.
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PMID:The mechanism of action of cantharidin in smooth muscle. 953 20

Myosin is dephosphorylated by distinct forms of protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) in smooth muscle and skeletal muscle that are composed of PP1 complexed to different regulatory subunits. The smooth muscle myosin phosphatase (smPP1M) has been characterised previously and is composed of PP1beta complexed to M110 and M21 subunits that enhance the dephosphorylation of smooth muscle myosin, but not skeletal muscle myosin. In contrast, the regulatory subunit(s) of skeletal muscle myosin phosphatase (skPP1M) greatly enhance(s) the dephosphorylation of skeletal muscle myosin. Here we identify a regulatory subunit of skPP1M as the product of the MYPT2 gene, a protein whose sequence is 61% identical to the M110 subunit of smPP1M. Surprisingly, the M21 subunit of smPP1M appears to be produced from the same gene that encodes MYPT2.
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PMID:The major myosin phosphatase in skeletal muscle is a complex between the beta-isoform of protein phosphatase 1 and the MYPT2 gene product. 982 34

CPI17, a phosphorylation-dependent inhibitory protein of protein phosphatase-1 (PP1), is dominantly expressed in smooth muscle, and the inhibitory activity is potentiated by protein kinase C and its related enzymes [Eto, M. et al. (1997) FEBS Lett. 410, 356-360]. In order to identify its physiological target in smooth muscle, the myofibrillar extract from porcine aorta media was analyzed by affinity chromatography on CPI17-conjugated Sepharose. The binding of phosphatases to the resin depended on thiophosphorylation of CPI17, and about 90% of the phosphatase activities toward phosphorylated myosin (p-myosin) and phosphorylase-a were bound to the resin and could be eluted with 0.5 M NaCl. The IC50 values of thiophosphorylated CPI17 toward phosphatases bound to the resin were in the range of 0.5-3 nM, as expected for the PP1 holoenzymes sensitive to CPI17. The CPI17-sensitive fraction was further separated into several peaks of phosphatase activity by column chromatography on Mono Q, which suggested multiple functions of CPI17 as a mediator of the protein kinase C-related signal transduction pathway in aorta smooth muscle. The major activity toward p-myosin was identified as the myofibril-bound PP1 (PP1M), and its subunit composition (140, 37, and 20 kDa) was consistent with that of PP1M from chicken gizzard and porcine bladder. The purified PP1M was completely inhibited by phosphorylated and thiophosphorylated CPI17. Kinetic analysis showed mixed inhibition of PP1M by CPI17 (Ki = 1.9 nM and Ki' = 5.1 nM). The concentration of CPI17 in aorta smooth muscle cells was estimated to be at least 0. 3 microM from the result of Western analysis. This concentration appears to be sufficient to suppress the in situ PP1M in aorta smooth muscle, and PP1M is thus identified as a target of CPI17 in vascular smooth muscle.
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PMID:Identification of trimeric myosin phosphatase (PP1M) as a target for a novel PKC-potentiated protein phosphatase-1 inhibitory protein (CPI17) in porcine aorta smooth muscle. 999 Jan 34

We report a selective, differential stimulus-dependent enrichment of the actin-associated protein alpha-actinin and of isoforms of the signaling enzyme protein kinase C (PKC) in the neutrophil cytoskeleton. Chemotactic peptide, activators of PKC, and cell adhesion all induce a significant increase in the amount of cytoskeletal alpha-actinin and actin. Increased association of PKCbetaI and betaII with the cytoskeletal fraction of stimulated cells was also observed, with phorbol ester being more effective than chemotactic peptide. A fraction of phosphatase 2A was constitutively associated with the cytoskeleton independent of cell activation. None of the stimuli promoted association of vinculin or myosin II with the cytoskeleton. Phosphatase inhibitors okadaic acid and calyculin A prevented increases in cytoskeletal actin, alpha-actinin, and PKCbetaII induced by phorbol ester, suggesting the requirement for phosphatase activity in these events. Increases in cytoskeletal alpha-actinin and PKCbetaII showed differing sensitivity to agents that prevent actin polymerization (cytochalasin D, latrunculin A). Latrunculin A (1 microM) completely blocked PMA-induced increases in cytoskeletal alpha-actinin but reduced cytoskeletal recruitment of PKCbetaII only by 16%. Higher concentrations of latrunculin A (4 microM), which almost abolished the cytoskeletal actin pool, reduced cytoskeletal PKCbetaII by 43%. In conclusion, a selective enrichment of cytoskeletal and signaling proteins in the cytoskeleton of human neutrophils is induced by specific stimuli.
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PMID:Stimulus-induced selective association of actin-associated proteins (alpha-actinin) and protein kinase C isoforms with the cytoskeleton of human neutrophils. 1041 8


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