Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

---

Query: EC:3.1.3.16 (calcineurin)
17,112 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A novel rice acidic pathogenesis-related (PR) class 1 cDNA (OsPR1a) was isolated from jasmonic acid (JA)-treated rice seedling leaf. The OsPR1a cDNA is 830 bp long and contains an open reading frame of 507 nucleotides encoding 168 amino acid residues with a predicted molecular mass of 17,560 and pI of 4.4. The deduced amino acid sequence of OsPR1a has a high level of identity with acidic and basic PR1 proteins from plants. Southern analysis revealed that OsPR1a is a member of a multigene family. The OsPR1a gene was found to be cut-inducible, whereas the phytohormones JA, salicylic acid (SA), 3-indoleacetic acid, gibberellin, and ethylene (using ethylene generator ethephon, ET) enhanced accumulation of OsPR1a transcript, as well as the protein phosphatase inhibitors cantharidin (CN) and endothall (EN). Induced expression of OsPR1a gene by JA, CN or EN, and ET was light/dark- and dose-dependent and was almost completely inhibited by cycloheximide. Dark downregulated CN-, EN-, and ET-induced OsPR1a gene expression, whereas it was further enhanced with JA. SA and abscisic acid blocked JA-induced OsPR1a transcript. Simultaneous application of staurosporine (ST) enhances CH- or EN-induced OsPR1a transcript, but not with JA. This is the first report on cloning of a rice acidic PR1 gene (OsPR1a), which is regulated by phytohormones, phosphorylation/dephosphorylation event(s), and light.
...
PMID:A novel rice (Oryza sativa L.) acidic PR1 gene highly responsive to cut, phytohormones, and protein phosphatase inhibitors. 1090 12

Strategies evolved by plants to counteract a variety of biotic/abiotic stresses include induction of genes encoding pathogenesis-related (PR) protein, in particular the PR class 1 (PR1) gene family, widely used in stress response studies. In spite of its immense importance as a PR family member, and an accepted gene marker in plant disease/defense in dicots, little is known about rice PR1 genes. Recently, we cloned and characterized the first OsPR1a (rice acidic PR1) gene (Agrawal et al. (2000) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 274, 157-165). Here, we report characterization of a rice basic PR1 (OsPR1b) gene, identified from screening a cDNA library prepared from jasmonic acid (JA)-treated rice seedling leaf, providing detailed and valuable insights into rice PR1 gene expression. The deduced amino acid sequence of OsPR1b reveals only 63.1% homology with the OsPR1a protein, whereas Southern blot analyses indicate that OsPR1b is a multigene family. The JA-inducible OsPR1b gene was also up-regulated by salicylic acid (SA), abscisic acid (ABA), and kinetin (KN). Furthermore, protein phosphatase inhibitors, cantharidin (CN) and endothall (EN) strongly induced the OsPR1b transcript. However, OsPR1b was not cut-responsive, diagrammatically opposite to cut inducibility of OsPR1a. This induction was light-, time-, and dose-dependent, as demonstrated by using, JA, CN, and EN, and completely inhibited by cycloheximide, but not by tetracycline. The simultaneous application of SA, and ABA, with JA, respectively, showed almost complete inhibition of the JA-induced OsPR1b transcript by 200 microM SA or ABA, but not by 100 microM concentrated solutions, suggesting a potential interaction among JA, SA, and ABA, whereas KN dramatically enhanced JA-induced OsPR1b transcript upon simultaneous application. Moreover, a simultaneous application of staurosporine enhances JA-, CN-, and EN-induced OsPR1b transcript, in particular with CN. Finally, a comparative analysis with the OsPR1a gene gives us insight into the differential regulation of the PR1 gene family, while proposing OsPR1 genes as important gene markers in rice, with potential use(s) in analyzing plant defense responses.
...
PMID:Rice (Oryza sativa L.) OsPR1b gene is phytohormonally regulated in close interaction with light signals. 1109 33

The Bowman-Birk (BB) family of proteinase inhibitors (PI), initially reported from legume seeds, and thereafter also from wounded alfalfa and maize leaves appear to be regulated in similar ways as the extensively characterized PI I and PI II family from dicots. Here, we report a first characterization of the expression profiles of a rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. Nipponbare) BBPI gene, OsBBPI, which is part of a multigene family as demonstrated by genomic Southern hybridization. OsBBPI was found to be rapidly induced in rice seedling leaf in response to cut, exogenous jasmonic acid (JA), and two potent protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) inhibitors, cantharidin (CN) and endothall (EN), in a light/dark-, time- and dose-dependent manner; this induction was completely inhibited by cycloheximide (CHX), indicating a requirement for de novo protein synthesis in its induction. Surprisingly, dark strongly up regulated cut-, JA-, CN-, and EN-induced OsBBPI expression, with the strongest enhancement observed with JA. A simultaneous application of a serine/threonine protein kinase inhibitor staurosporine (ST) did not affect significantly the JA-, CN-, and EN-induced OsBBPI transcript. Besides JA, it was found that the ethylene generator ethephon (ET) also had an enhancing effect on OsBBPI transcript, suggesting a direct effect of ethylene on OsBBPI expression. However, a simultaneous application of salicylic acid (SA) and abscisic acid (ABA), with JA, respectively, completely blocked OsBBPI gene expression, whereas kinetin (KN) was only partially effective. To the best of our knowledge, complete inhibition of JA-induced OsBBPI expression by SA is the first report in monocots, and with ABA in plants. Taken together, these results suggest that among the phytohormones tested here, JA and ethylene play important role(s) in regulating OsBBPI expression, with an intimate interaction with light signals. Finally, that the induced OsBBPI expression follows a kinase-signaling cascade is implied by the use of PP2A inhibitors.
...
PMID:Characterization of a rice (Oryza sativa L.) Bowman-Birk proteinase inhibitor: tightly light regulated induction in response to cut, jasmonic acid, ethylene and protein phosphatase 2A inhibitors. 1122 57

The Arabidopsis wall-associated receptor kinase, Wak1, is a member of the Wak family (Wak1-5) that links the plasma membrane to the extracellular matrix. By the yeast two-hybrid screen, we found that a glycine-rich extracellular protein, AtGRP-3, binds to the extracellular domain of Wak1. Further in vitro binding studies indicated that AtGRP-3 is the only isoform among the six tested AtGRPs that specifically interacts with Waks, and the cysteine-rich carboxyl terminus of AtGRP-3 is essential for its binding to Wak1. We also show that Wak1 and AtGRP-3 form a complex with a molecular size of approximately 500 kDa in vivo in conjunction with the kinase-associated protein phosphatase, KAPP, that has been shown to interact with a number of plant receptor-like kinases. Binding of AtGRP-3 to Wak1 is shown to be crucial for the integrity of the complex. Wak1 and AtGRP-3 are both induced by salicylic acid treatment. Moreover, exogenously added AtGRP-3 up-regulates the expression of Wak1, AtGRP-3, and PR-1 (for pathogenesis-related) in protoplasts. Taken together, our data suggest that AtGRP-3 regulates Wak1 function through binding to the cell wall domain of Wak1 and that the interaction of Wak1 with AtGRP-3 occurs in a pathogenesis-related process in planta.
...
PMID:Interaction of the Arabidopsis receptor protein kinase Wak1 with a glycine-rich protein, AtGRP-3. 1133 17

Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), a potent activator of protein kinases in animals, elicits the transient activation of a 45-kDa protein kinase in tobacco cell-suspension cultures. The 45-kDa protein kinase preferentially phosphorylates myelin basic protein (MBP), a general substrate for MAPK. Studies using cycloheximide indicated that protein synthesis is not required for the activation of the kinase. Treatment of tobacco cell extracts containing the activated kinase with either serine/threonine-specific or tyrosine-specific protein phosphatase abolished the kinase activity, which consequently appears to be regulated by phosphorylation. By using an immune complex kinase assay with antibodies specific for stress-responsive MAPKs, we show that the PMA-activated kinase is immunologically related to the wound-induced protein kinase (WIPK), and not to the salicylic acid-induced protein kinase (SIPK), two representative members of the tobacco MAPK family, known to be activated by extracellular stimuli. Furthermore, the activated kinase was recognized by phospho-specific MAPK antibodies. Collectively, these results indicate that phorbol ester promotes the activation of a 45-kDa protein kinase related to WIPK in tobacco cells. Activation of WIPK in response to PMA is associated with protein phosphorylation but not with an increase in protein level.
...
PMID:A 45-kDa protein kinase related to mitogen-activated protein kinase is activated in tobacco cells treated with a phorbol ester. 1185 45

With a specific focus on rice self-defense response(s), the effects of global signaling molecules, jasmonic acid (JA), salicylic acid (SA), abscisic acid (ABA), and ethylene (using the ethylene generator, ethephon), and protein phosphatase (PP) inhibitors, cantharidin and endothall on expression of a rice phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase (OsPHGPX) gene in rice seedling leaves were investigated. We provide first evidence for a potent up-regulation of the OsPHGPX mRNA accumulation by these signaling molecules and PP inhibitors that strongly suggest its potential role in defense/stress. The OsPHGPX gene also showed a weak constitutive expression and responsiveness to cut. These inductions were influenced by light signal(s), and did not show a requirement for de novo synthesized protein factor(s). A potential interaction amongst these signaling molecules, especially JA, SA, ABA and kinetin, in modulating the OsPHGPX expression was found. The blast pathogen, Magnaporthe grisea also elicited the accumulation of OsPHGPX mRNA in leaves. This is a first systematic report in rice (and in plants) demonstrating the inducible nature (and expression) of the OsPHGPX gene by a variety of defense/stress-related stimuli, and modulation by the PPs of the kinase-signaling cascade(s).
...
PMID:Effects of signaling molecules, protein phosphatase inhibitors and blast pathogen (Magnaporthe grisea) on the mRNA level of a rice (Oryza sativa L.) phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase (OsPHGPX) gene in seedling leaves. 1186 29

In search for components of MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) cascades in rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. Nipponbare), we identified a single copy gene called OsMSRMK2 from jasmonic acid (JA) treated rice seedling leaf cDNA library. This gene has a conserved protein kinase domain, including a MAPK family signature, and encodes a 369 amino acid polypeptide with a predicted molecular mass of 42995.43 and a pI of 5.48. OsMSRMK2 did not show constitutive expression in leaves and was induced within 15 min in response to wounding by cut. Using in vitro system, we show that the expression of OsMSRMK2 mRNA was potently enhanced within 15 min by signalling molecules, protein phosphatase inhibitors, ultraviolet irradiation, fungal elicitor, heavy metals, high salt and sucrose, and drought. OsMSRMK2 expression was further modulated by co-application of JA, salicylic acid, and ethylene and required de novo synthesized protein factor(s) in its transient regulation. Moreover, high (37 degrees C) and low temperatures (12 degrees C) and environmental pollutants-ozone and sulfur dioxide-differentially regulate the OsMSRMK2 mRNA accumulation in leaves of intact plants. Present results demonstrating dramatic transcriptional and transient regulation of the OsMSRMK2 expression by diverse biotic/abiotic stresses, a first report for any rice (or plant) MAPK to date, suggest a role for OsMSRMK2 in rice defense/stress response pathways.
...
PMID:Isolation of novel rice (Oryza sativa L.) multiple stress responsive MAP kinase gene, OsMSRMK2, whose mRNA accumulates rapidly in response to environmental cues. 1207 77

The plant mitochondrial electron transport chain is branched such that electrons at ubiquinol can be diverted to oxygen via the alternative oxidase (AOX). This pathway does not contribute to ATP synthesis but can dampen the mitochondrial generation of reactive oxygen species. Here, we establish that transgenic tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L. cv Petit Havana SR1) cells lacking AOX (AS8 cells) show increased susceptibility to three different death-inducing compounds (H(2)O(2), salicylic acid [SA], and the protein phosphatase inhibitor cantharidin) in comparison with wild-type cells. The timing and extent of AS8 cell death are very similar among the three treatments and, in each case, are accompanied by the accumulation of oligonucleosomal fragments of DNA, indicative of programmed cell death. Death induced by H(2)O(2) or SA occurs by a mitochondria-dependent pathway characterized by cytochrome c release from the mitochondrion. Conversely, death induced by cantharidin occurs by a pathway without any obvious mitochondrial involvement. The ability of AOX to attenuate these death pathways may relate to its ability to maintain mitochondrial function after insult with a death-inducing compound or may relate to its ability to prevent chronic oxidative stress within the mitochondrion. In support of the latter, long-term treatment of AS8 cells with an antioxidant compound increased the resistance of AS8 cells to SA- or cantharidin-induced death. The results indicate that plants maintain both mitochondria-dependent and -independent pathways of programmed cell death and that AOX may act as an important mitochondrial "survival protein" against such death.
...
PMID:Transgenic plant cells lacking mitochondrial alternative oxidase have increased susceptibility to mitochondria-dependent and -independent pathways of programmed cell death. 1217 5

In our search to identify gene(s) involved in the rice self-defense responses, we cloned a novel rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. Nipponbare) gene, OsATX, a single copy gene, from the JA treated rice seedling leaves cDNA library. This gene encodes a 69 amino acid polypeptide with a predicted molecular mass of 7649.7 and a pI of 5.6. OsATX was responsive to cutting (wounding by cutting the excised leaf), over its weak constitutive expression in the healthy leaves. The critical signalling molecules, jasmonic acid (JA), salicylic acid (SA), abscisic acid (ABA), and hydrogen peroxide, together with protein phosphatase inhibitors, effectively up-regulated the OsATX expression with time, over the excised leaf cut control, whereas ethylene had no affect. Furthermore, copper, a heavy metal, also up-regulated OsATX expression. Moreover, induced expression of OsATX mRNA was influenced by light signal(s), and showed a requirement for de novo synthesized protein factors. Additionally, co-application of either JA or ABA with SA drastically suppressed the induced OsATX mRNA level. Finally, the blast pathogen, Magnaporthe grisea, triggered OsATX mRNA accumulation. These results strongly suggest a function/role(s) for OsATX in defense/stress responses in rice.
...
PMID:Characterization of a novel rice gene OsATX and modulation of its expression by components of the stress signalling pathways. 1220 66

Three genes (i.e., a zinc finger protein, a lectin-like protein, and AtMPK3), previously shown to respond to chitin elicitation in microarray experiments, were used to examine the response of Arabidopsis spp. to chitin addition. Maximum induction for all three genes was found upon addition of crab-shell chitin at 100 mg per liter. Threefold induction was found with a chitin concentration as low as 10(-4) mg per liter. The specificity of this response was examined using purified chitin oligomers (degree of polymerization = 2 to 8). The larger chitin oligomers (hexamer to octamer), were most effective in inducing expression of the three genes assayed. Gene induction was observed after the addition of 1 nM chitin octamer. The protein kinase inhibitors staurosporine and K252a effectively suppressed chitin-induced gene expression, while the protein phosphatase inhibitors calyculin A and okadaic acid induced the accumulation of mRNA in the absence of chitin. The phosphorylation event necessary for transmission of the chitin signal was completed within the first 20 min of chitin addition. The level of chitin-induced gene expression of the lectin-like protein and AtMPK3 was not significantly changed in mutants blocked in the jasmonic acid (JA, jar1)-, ethylene (ein2)-, or salicylic acid (SA, pad4, npr1, and eds5)-dependent pathway. In contrast, expression of mRNA for the zinc finger protein was reduced in the mutants affected in the JA- or SA-dependent pathway.
...
PMID:Characterization of early, chitin-induced gene expression in Arabidopsis. 1223 3


1 2 3 Next >>

---