Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:3.1.3.16 (calcineurin)
 17,112 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The protein phosphatases which dephosphorylate native, sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)-associated phospholamban were studied in cardiac muscle extracts and in a Triton fraction prepared by detergent extraction of myofibrils, the latter fraction containing 70-80% of the SR-associated proteins present in the tissue. At physiological concentrations of free Mg2+ (1 mM), protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) accounted for approximately 70% of the total phospholamban phosphatase activity in these fractions towards either Ser-16 (the residue labelled by cAMP-dependent protein kinase, PK-A) or Thr-17 (the residue phosphorylated by an SR-associated Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase). Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) and protein phosphatase 2C (PP2C) accounted for the remainder of the activity. A major form of cardiac PP1, present in comparable amounts in both the extract and Triton fraction, was similar, if not identical, to skeletal muscle protein phosphatase 1G (PP1G), which is composed of the PP1 catalytic (C) subunit complexed to a G subunit of approximately 160 kDa, responsible for targeting PP1 to both the SR and glycogen particles of skeletal muscle. This conclusion was based on immunoblotting experiments using antibody to the G subunit, ability to bind to glycogen and the release of PP1 activity from glycogen upon incubation with PK-A and MgATP. PP1 accounted for approximately 90% of the phospholamban (Ser-16 or Thr-17) phosphatase activity in the material sedimented by centrifugation at 45,000 x g, a fraction prepared from cardiac extracts which is enriched in SR membranes. The G subunit in this fraction could be solubilised by Triton X-100, but not with 0.5 M NaCl or digestion with alpha-amylase, indicating that it is bound to membranes and not to glycogen. By analogy with the situation in skeletal muscle, the PK-A catalysed phosphorylation of the G subunit, with ensuing release of the C subunit from the SR, may prevent PP1 from dephosphorylating SR-bound substrates and represent one of the mechanisms by which adrenalin increases the phosphorylation of cardiac phospholamban (Ser-16 and Thr-17) in vivo. Hearts left in situ post mortem lose 85-95% of their PP1 activity within 20-30 min. This remarkable disappearance of PP1 may partly explain why the importance of this enzyme in cardiac muscle metabolism has not been recognized previously.
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PMID:Identification of the major protein phosphatases in mammalian cardiac muscle which dephosphorylate phospholamban. 184 81

The amount of protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) activity in rabbit skeletal muscle associated with membranes (predominantly sarcoplasmic reticulum) is similar to that bound to glycogen-protein particles. Membrane-vesicle-associated (sarcovesicular) PP1 can be solubilised with 0.5% Triton X-100 (but not 0.5M NaCl) and is complexed to a protein that is structurally and functionally very similar or identical to the G subunit which targets PP1 to glycogen-protein particles. This conclusion is based on immunoblotting and immunotitration experiments using two different preparations of G-subunit-specific antibodies, binding of Triton-solubilised sarcovesicular enzyme to glycogen, stimulation of phosphorylase phosphatase activity by glycogen, phosphorylation of the same tryptic peptides by cyclic-AMP-dependent protein kinase (A-kinase) and release of catalytic subunit following phosphorylation by A-kinase. Membrane-association is not mediated via glycogen because sarcovesicular PP1 is (1) not released by digestion with alpha-amylase or at dilutions which fully dissociate the glycogen-bound enzyme, and (2) is solubilised by Triton X-100 (whereas glycogen-associated PP1 is not). These findings demonstrate that sarcovesicular PP1 is highly homologous to, or the same as, glycogen-associated PP1G and raises the possibility that a common targetting subunit may direct PP1 to different subcellular locations.
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PMID:Targetting of protein phosphatase 1 to the sarcoplasmic reticulum of rabbit skeletal muscle by a protein that is very similar or identical to the G subunit that directs the enzyme to glycogen. 215 75

The localization of cGMP, cGMP-dependent protein kinase, calmodulin and the calmodulin-binding protein calcineurin in Paramecium tetrauelia cells has been examined with immunocytochemical methods. These molecules appeared to be localized to a large extent in the cilia of this protozoan. To ascertain that antibodies had access to all cellular compartments we have used three different preparations for immunocytochemistry: (i) with 'whole cell' preparations immunofluorescent staining for the four molecules was mainly visible in the cilia; (ii) in 'deciliated' Paramecium, staining for cGMP and calmodulin was found in regular patterns on the cell surface most likely representing kinetosomes; (iii) using 'sectioned cells', additional cytoplasmic calmodulin appeared to be associated with glycogen particles as evidenced by the disappearance of the granular staining pattern after preincubation with alpha-amylase. In contrast, cGMP, cGMP-dependent protein kinase and calcineurin fluorescence was only very weak and diffuse in cell bodies. No nuclear fluorescence was detectable after staining with any of the antibodies. Because of the colocalization of cGMP, cGMP-dependent protein kinase, a guanylate cyclase-calmodulin-complex, and calcineurin in cilia from Paramecium, an involvement of these components in the regulation of ciliary activity is discussed.
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PMID:Immunocytochemical localization of cyclic GMP, cGMP-dependent protein kinase, calmodulin and calcineurin in Paramecium tetraurelia. 632 Nov 86

The cereal aleurone functions during germination by secreting hydrolases, mainly alpha-amylase, into the starchy endosperm. Multiple signal transduction pathways exist in cereal aleurone cells that enable them to modulate hydrolase production in response to both hormonal and environmental stimuli. Gibberellic acid (GA) promotes hydrolase production, whereas abscisic acid (ABA), hypoxia, and osmotic stress reduce amylase production. In an effort to identify the components of transduction pathways in aleurone cells, we have investigated the effect of okadaic acid (OA), a protein phosphatase inhibitor, on stimulus-response coupling for GA, ABA, and hypoxia. We found that OA (100 nM) completely inhibited all the GA responses that we measured, from rapid changes in cytosolic Ca2+ through changes in gene expression and accelerated cell death. OA (100 nM) partially inhibited ABA responses, as measured by changes in the level of PHAV1, a cDNA for an ABA-induced mRNA in barley. In contrast, OA had no effect on the response to hypoxia, as measured by changes in cytosolic Ca2+ and by changes in enzyme activity and RNA levels of alcohol dehydrogenase. Our data indicate that OA-sensitive protein phosphatases act early in the transduction pathway of GA but are not involved in the response to hypoxia. These data provide a basis for a model of multiple transduction pathways in which the level of cytosolic Ca2+ is a key point of convergence controlling changes in stimulus-response coupling.
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PMID:Okadaic acid, a protein phosphatase inhibitor, blocks calcium changes, gene expression, and cell death induced by gibberellin in wheat aleurone cells. 874 11

To understand the molecular mechanism of gibberellin-dependent gene regulation, the effect of three phosphatase inhibitors on the germination of rice seeds and the expression of a target gene, the alpha-amylase gene, Osamy-c, were measured. We found that okadaic acid, microcystin-LR, and calyculin A, which are known to specifically inhibit Ser/Thr phosphatases 1 and 2A, strongly inhibit the expression of the Osamy-c and may be involved in the germination of rice seeds. The protein phosphatase enzyme activity assays showed that there is no obvious effect of GA3 on total PP1/PP2A activities. To further understand the possible role of protein phosphatases 1 and 2A in the GA-dependent expression of Osamy-c, we isolated cDNA clones encoding protein phosphatase 1 and protein phosphatase 2A from a rice aleurone cDNA library. These were designated OsPP1c and OsPP2Ac, respectively. Comparison of the deduced amino acid sequences of OsPP1c and OsPP2Ac with the catalytic subunits of PP1 or PP2A of rabbit skeletal muscle, Arabidopsis thaliana, maize and Brassica napus showed that the catalytic subunit sequences of PP1 or PP2A among these organisms are highly conserved (73% to 90% similarity). Genomic Southern blot analysis indicated that there are only one or two copies of OsPP1c genes and more than two copies of OsPP2Ac genes in the rice genome. Northern blot analysis showed that OsPP1c and OsPP2Ac genes are expressed in several organs of rice, including seed, shoot and root. We also showed by using 3' gene-specific probes of OsPP1c and OsPP2Ac cDNA, that the expression of neither gene is regulated by GA. Taken together, our results suggest that protein phosphatases PP1 or PP2A are involved in the GA-dependent expression of the rice Osamy-c gene, though the PP1 or/and PP2A enzymatic activities as well as mRNA levels do not increase upon GA3 treatment.
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PMID:Molecular characterization of catalytic-subunit cDNA sequences encoding protein phosphatases 1 and 2A and study of their roles in the gibberellin-dependent Osamy-c expression in rice. 1008 Jul 13

DELLA proteins are nuclear repressors of plant gibberellin (GA) responses. Here, we investigate the properties of SLN1, a DELLA protein from barley that is destabilized by GA treatment. Using specific inhibitors of proteasome function, we show that proteasome-mediated protein degradation is necessary for GA-mediated destabilization of SLN1. We also show that GA responses, such as the aleurone alpha-amylase response and seedling leaf extension growth, require proteasome-dependent GA-mediated SLN1 destabilization. In further experiments with protein kinase and protein phosphatase inhibitors, we identify two additional signaling steps that are necessary for GA response and for GA-mediated destabilization of SLN1. Thus, GA signaling involves protein phosphorylation and dephosphorylation steps and promotes the derepression of GA responses via proteasome-dependent destabilization of DELLA repressors.
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PMID:Gibberellin-mediated proteasome-dependent degradation of the barley DELLA protein SLN1 repressor. 1246 36

Starch is the major storage carbohydrate in plants. It is comprised of glucans that form semicrystalline granules. Glucan phosphorylation is a prerequisite for normal starch breakdown, but phosphoglucan metabolism is not understood. A putative protein phosphatase encoded at the Starch Excess 4 (SEX4) locus of Arabidopsis thaliana was recently shown to be required for normal starch breakdown. Here, we show that SEX4 is a phosphoglucan phosphatase in vivo and define its role within the starch degradation pathway. SEX4 dephosphorylates both the starch granule surface and soluble phosphoglucans in vitro, and sex4 null mutants accumulate phosphorylated intermediates of starch breakdown. These compounds are linear alpha-1,4-glucans esterified with one or two phosphate groups. They are released from starch granules by the glucan hydrolases alpha-amylase and isoamylase. In vitro experiments show that the rate of starch granule degradation is increased upon simultaneous phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of starch. We propose that glucan phosphorylating enzymes and phosphoglucan phosphatases work in synergy with glucan hydrolases to mediate efficient starch catabolism.
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PMID:STARCH-EXCESS4 is a laforin-like Phosphoglucan phosphatase required for starch degradation in Arabidopsis thaliana. 1914 7