Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.1.3.16 (calcineurin)
17,112 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The biochemical mechanisms involved in neurite outgrowth in response to nerve growth factor (NGF) have yet to be completely resolved. Several recent studies have demonstrated that protein kinase activity plays a critical role in neurite outgrowth. However, little information exists about the role of protein phosphatases in the process. In the present study, okadaic acid, a phosphatase inhibitor (specific for types 2A and 1) and tumor promoter, was used to investigate the role of protein phosphatases in neurite outgrowth in PC12 cells. PC12 cells cultured in the presence of 50 ng/ml of NGF started to extend neurites after 1 day. After 3 days, 20-25% of the cells had neurites. Okadaic acid inhibited the rate of neurite outgrowth elicited by NGF with an IC50 of approximately 7 nM. This inhibition was rapidly reversed after washout of okadaic acid. Okadaic acid also enhanced the neurite degeneration of NGF-primed PC12 cells, indicating that continual phosphatase activity is required to maintain neurites. Taken together, these results reveal the presence of an okadaic acid-sensitive pathway in neurite outgrowth and imply that protein phosphatase plays a positive role in regulating the neuritogenic effects of NGE.
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PMID:Okadaic acid, a protein phosphatase inhibitor, inhibits nerve growth factor-directed neurite outgrowth in PC12 cells. 132 35

A method has been developed for measuring specific protein phosphatase activity in biological samples using synthetic, phospho-Kemptide and phospho-GS-peptide. This method uses ion-exchange chromatography to determine phosphatase activity by quantifying the release of [32P]phosphate directly. The method was used to measure phosphatase activity of rat kidney, adrenals, heart, and liver cytosol and the activity of purified alkaline phosphatases, protein phosphatase 1, and protein phosphatase 2A. Ion-exchange chromatography was also used for the preparation of the radiolabeled phosphopeptide substrates. This method results in high recovery and specific activity of the labeled peptides. These techniques should be useful in isolating and characterizing specific protein phosphatases found in cells.
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PMID:Measurement of protein phosphatase activity in biological samples using synthetic phosphopeptides. 132 21

The catalytic subunits of bovine platelet protein phosphatases were separated into three distinct forms by chromatography on heparin-Sepharose. Each phosphatase was further purified to apparent homogeneity as judged in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel yielding single protein bands of 37, 41, and 36 kDa. The 37-kDa phosphatase was excluded from heparin-Sepharose and preferentially dephosphorylated the alpha-subunit of phosphorylase kinase. It was stimulated by polycations (polybrene or histone H1) and was inhibited by okadaic acid (IC50 = 0.3 nM), but its activity was not influenced by inhibitor-2 or heparin. The 41-kDa phosphatase was eluted from heparin-Sepharose by 0.20-0.25 M NaCl and preferentially dephosphorylated the beta-subunit of phosphorylase kinase. It was stimulated by polycations and inhibited by okadaic acid (IC50 = 2 nM), but its activity was not affected by inhibitor-2 or heparin. The 36-kDa phosphatase was eluted from heparin-Sepharose by 0.45-0.50 M NaCl and preferentially dephosphorylated the beta-subunit of phosphorylase kinase. It was inhibited by inhibitor-2, heparin, histone H1, and okadaic acid (IC50 = 70 nM). The 37- and 36-kDa phosphatases can be classified as type-2A and type-1 enzymes, respectively. The 41-kDa phosphatase does not precisely fit the criteria of either type, showing only partial similarities to both type-1 and type-2A enzymes and it may represent a novel type of protein phosphatase in bovine platelets.
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PMID:Purification and characterization of three distinct types of protein phosphatase catalytic subunits in bovine platelets. 132 65

As is often the case with tightly binding inhibitors, okadaic acid produces its inhibitory effect on type 2A protein phosphatase (PP2A) in a time-dependent manner. We measured the rate constants associated with the binding of okadaic acid to PP2A by analysing the time-course of the reduction of the p-nitrophenyl phosphate (pNPP) phosphatase activity of the enzyme after application of okadaic acid. The rate constants for dissociation of okadaic acid from PP2A were also estimated from the time-course of the recovery of the activity from inhibition by okadaic acid after addition of a mouse IgG1 monoclonal antibody raised against the inhibitor. Our results show that the rate constants for the binding of okadaic acid and PP2A are of the order of 10(7) M-1.s-1, a typical value for reactions involving relatively large molecules, whereas those for their dissociation are in the range 10(-4)-10(-3) s-1. The very low values of the latter seems to be the determining factor for the exceedingly high affinity of okadaic acid for PP2A. The dissociation constants for the interaction of okadaic acid with the free enzyme and the enzyme-substrate complex, estimated as the ratio of the rate constants, are both in the range 30-40 pM, in agreement with the results of previous dose-inhibition analyses.
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PMID:Estimation of the rate constants associated with the inhibitory effect of okadaic acid on type 2A protein phosphatase by time-course analysis. 132 23

We describe the isolation of cDNA clones encoding type 1 serine/threonine protein phosphatase (PP1) from Brassica oleracea stigmas. We demonstrate that PP1 form a multigene family in Brassica. Within their most conserved domain, these phosphatases are 80-90% identical at the amino acid level. One cDNA (BoPP1) was found to encode a protein that shows 78-80% sequence identity to maize, rabbit, and yeast PP1. The accumulation of BoPP1 mRNA is developmentally regulated. Varying levels of BoPP1-homologous transcripts were detected in leaves, cotyledons, pistils, anthers and roots. In addition, distinct species of BoPP1 transcripts accumulated at different stages of Brassica microspore development, and mature trinucleate microspores contained a unique BoPP1 mRNA species not found at other stages of the plant's life cycle. Lastly, we show by genomic Southern blots that the Brassica genome might contain homologues of the mammalian PP1 inhibitor-1.
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PMID:Molecular characterization of type 1 serine/threonine phosphatases from Brassica oleracea. 133 67

The role of protein phosphatases in the regulation of insulin release from rat pancreatic islets was studied with protein phosphatase inhibitors, okadaic acid and calyculin A. Okadaic acid inhibited glucose- and glyceraldehyde-induced insulin release dose-dependently and also inhibited the potentiation of glucose-induced release either by adding forskolin, an activator of adenylate cyclase or by increasing K+ concentration to 25 mM. At a non-stimulatory concentration of 3 mM glucose, a high concentration (2 microM) of okadaic acid inhibited insulin release induced by high K+ or 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), an activator of protein kinase C, but a low concentration (1 microM) of okadaic acid did not significantly inhibit TPA-induced insulin release. Calyculin A also inhibited glucose-induced insulin release, and the effect was greater than that of okadaic acid. The data suggest that protein phosphatases may play an important role in the regulation of insulin release.
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PMID:Effects of the protein phosphatase inhibitors okadaic acid and calyculin A on insulin release from rat pancreatic islets. 133 May 3

Loci affecting the condensation state of interphase chromatin have been previously identified from analysis of suppression and enhancement of position effect variegation (PEV) in Drosophila. Here we show that Su-var(3)6 and an allelic mutant, e078, which both show suppression of PEV in the heterozygous state, have point mutations (Gly220-->Ser and Gly220-->Asp, respectively) in a protein phosphatase 1 catalytic subunit located at 87B (PP1 87B). The mutated glycine is conserved in all known protein serine/threonine phosphatases in the same gene family, and its substitution decreases PP1 activity. We conclude that protein dephosphorylation by PP1 87B regulates the condensation state of chromatin during interphase.
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PMID:Protein phosphorylation is involved in the regulation of chromatin condensation during interphase. 133 Jun 79

Genomic clones containing the full coding sequences of the two subunits of the Ca2+/calmodulin-stimulated protein phosphatase, calcineurin, were isolated from a Drosophila melanogaster genomic library using highly conserved human cDNA probes. Three clones encoded a 19.3-kDa protein whose sequence is 88% identical to that of human calcineurin B, the Ca(2+)-binding regulatory subunit of calcineurin. The coding sequences of the Drosophila and human calcineurin B genes are 69% identical. Drosophila calcineurin B is the product of a single intron-less gene located at position 4F on the X chromosome. Drosophila genomic clones encoding a highly conserved region of calcineurin A, the catalytic subunit of calcineurin, were used to locate the calcineurin A gene at position 21 EF on the second chromosome of Drosophila and to isolate calcineurin A cDNA clones from a Drosophila embryonic cDNA library. The structure of the calcineurin A gene was determined by comparison of the genomic and cDNA sequences. Twelve exons, spread over a total of 6.6 kilobases, were found to encode a 64.6-kDa protein 73% identical to either human calcineurin A alpha or beta. At the nucleotide level Drosophila calcineurin A cDNA is 67 and 65% identical to human calcineurin A alpha and beta cDNAs, respectively. Major differences between human and Drosophila calcineurins A are restricted to the amino and carboxyl termini, including two stretches of repetitive sequences in the carboxyl-terminal third of the Drosophila molecule. Motifs characteristic of the putative catalytic centers of protein phosphatase-1 and -2A and calcineurin are almost perfectly conserved. The calmodulin-binding and auto-inhibitory domains, characteristic of all mammalian calcineurins A, are also conserved. A remarkable feature of the calcineurin A gene is the location of the intron/exon junctions at the boundaries of the functional domains and the apparent conservation of the intron/exon junctions from Drosophila to man.
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PMID:Molecular cloning and characterization of the genes encoding the two subunits of Drosophila melanogaster calcineurin. 133 Oct 60

Okadaic acid (OA), a protein phosphatase inhibitor, was found to induce hyperphosphorylation and reorganization of vimentin intermediate filaments in 9L rat brain tumor cells. The process was dose dependent. Vimentin phosphorylation was initially enhanced by 400 nM OA in 30 min and reached maximal level (about 26-fold) when cells were treated with 400 nM OA for 90 min. Upon removal of OA, dephosphorylation of the hyperphosphorylated vimentin was observed and the levels of phosphorylation returned to that of the controls after the cells recovered under normal growing conditions for 11 h. The phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of vimentin induced by OA concomitantly resulted in reversible reorganization of vimentin filaments and alteration of cell morphology. Cells rounded up as they were entering mitosis in the presence of OA and returned to normal appearance after 11 h of recovery. Immuno-staining with anti-vimentin antibody revealed that vimentin filaments were disassembled and clustered around the nucleus when the cells were treated with OA but subsequently returned to the filamentous states when OA was removed. Two-dimensional electrophoresis analysis further revealed that hyperphosphorylation of vimentin generated at least seven isoforms having different isoelectric points. Furthermore, the enhanced vimentin phosphorylation was accompanied by changes in the detergent-solubility of the protein. In untreated cells, the detergent-soluble and -insoluble vimentins were of equal amounts but the solubility could be increased when vimentins were hyperphosphorylated in the presence of OA. Taken together, the results indicated that OA could be involved in reversible hyperphosphorylation and reorganization of vimentin intermediate filaments, which may play an important role in the structure-function regulation of cytoskeleton in the cell.
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PMID:Reversible hyperphosphorylation and reorganization of vimentin intermediate filaments by okadaic acid in 9L rat brain tumor cells. 133 Nov 24

Stamen hair cells from the spiderwort plant, Tradescantia virginiana, exhibit remarkably predictable metaphase transit times, making them uniquely suitable for temporal studies on mitotic regulation. In this study, we describe two kinds of experiments that test whether protein phosphatase activity is a necessary prerequisite for entry into anaphase in living, mitotic cells. We treated cells at specific points during prophase, prometaphase and metaphase with the broad-spectrum protein phosphatase inhibitor, alpha-naphthyl phosphate (administered by microinjection), or with the naturally occurring, potent phosphatase inhibitors okadaic acid, microcystin-LR or microcystin-RR (administered by perfusion), and we have observed changes in the metaphase transit time that are primarily dependent on the time of initial exposure to the inhibitor. Maximal extensions of the metaphase transit time result from alpha-naphthyl phosphate microinjections initiated in mid-metaphase, 10-20 min after nuclear envelope breakdown. Perfusions with okadaic acid started during a specific interval in mid-metaphase, 15-20 min after nuclear envelope breakdown, resulted in a statistically significant extension of the metaphase transit time. Perfusions with either microcystin-LR or microcystin-RR initiated 15-26 min after nuclear envelope breakdown extended the metaphase transit times significantly. Treatments of cells with okadaic acid or with either of the microcystins initiated outside this mid-metaphase interval either were without effect or, alternatively, resulted in a significant shortening of the metaphase transit time. In addition to their effects on the timing of anaphase onset, treatments with these protein phosphatase inhibitors also resulted in a remarkable change in the way in which these cells enter anaphase. Sister chromatid separation in stamen hair cells typically requires only 5 seconds, but after treatment with any of these inhibitors some, but not all, of the chromatids split apart at anaphase onset. Those that split begin to migrate toward the spindle pole regions, while those that fail to split remain at the metaphase plate. Later, more of the paired chromatids split apart and begin moving toward the spindle pole regions. Those that fail to separate remain at the metaphase plate. This process can be repeated several times before all of the chromatids have separated. Thus, entry into anaphase becomes extremely asynchronous, and as much as 30 min can transpire between the centromeric separation of the first and last chromosomes. Some of the chromosomes complete their anaphase movements before others have even split apart at the metaphase plate. Asynchronous separation did not result in a permanent segregation anomaly.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Changes in the metaphase transit times and the pattern of sister chromatid separation in stamen hair cells of Tradescantia after treatment with protein phosphatase inhibitors. 133 Nov 29


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