Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.1.3.16 (calcineurin)
17,112 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The phosphoprotein phosphatase(s) acting on muscle phosphorylase a was purified from rabbit liver by acid precipitation, high speed centrifugation, chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex A-50, Sephadex G-75, and Sepharose-histone. Enzyme activity was recovered in the final step as two distinct peaks tentatively referred to as phosphoprotein phosphatases I and II. Each phosphatase showed a single broad band when examined by sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis; the molecular weights derived by this method were approximately 30,500 for phosphoprotein phosphatase I and 34,000 for phosphoprotein phosphatase II. The s20, w value for each enzyme was 3.40. Using this value and values for the Stokes radii, the molecular weight for each enzyme was calculated to be 34,500. Both phosphatases, in addition to catalyzing the conversion of phosphorylase a to b, also catalyzed the dephosphorylation of glycogen synthase D, activated phosphorylase kinase, phosphorylated histone, phosphorylated casein, and the phosphorylated inhibitory component of troponin (TN-I). The relative activities of the phosphatases with respect to phosphorylase a, glycogen synthase D, histone, and casein remained essentially constant throughout the purification. The activities of both phosphatases with different substrates decreased in parallel when they were denatured by incubation at 55 degrees and 65 degrees. The Km values of phosphoprotein phosphatase I for phosphorylase a, histone, and casein were lower than the values obtained for phosphoprotein phosphatase II. With glycogen synthase D as substrate, each enzyme gave essentially the same Km value. Utilizing either enzyme, it was found that activity toward a given substrate was inhibited competitively by each of the alternative substrates. The results suggest that phosphoprotein phosphatases I and II are each active toward all of the substrates tested.
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PMID:Purification, properties, and substrate specificities of phosphoprotein phosphatase(s) from rabbit liver. 0 49

A density gradient-purified microsomal membrane preparation from rabbit fundic gastric mucosa was used for a detailed study of the K+-stimulated ATPase and associated intermediate reactions. Membranes incubated with gamma-[32P]ATP show the rapid incorporation of 32P into phosphoprotein. Phosphoprotein levels were markedly reduced (1) when ATP hydrolysis went to completion or (2) upon addition of unlabeled ATP, thus suggesting the participation of a rapid turnover phosphorylated intermediate in the gastric microsomal ATPase. Addition of K+, Rb+ or Tl+ greatly reduced the level of the intermediate while stimulating ATPase activity; the observed affinities of these cations were similar for the effects on both ATPase and intermediate levels, with Tl+ greater than K+ greater than Rb+. Neither ATPase nor intermediate were stimulated by Na+, and ouabain was without effect on the reactions, thus differentiating this system from the (Na+ + K+)-ATPase. Addition of various inhibitors showed differential effects on the partial reactions of the gastric ATPase system. N-ethylmaleimide and Zn2+ showed characteristics of completely abolishing the K+-stimulated component of ATPase as well as the effects of K+ in reducing the level of intermediate, thus suggesting that these agents exert their inhibitory effect on a phosphoprotein phosphatase partial reaction. F- abolished the K+-stimulated ATPase, but its more complex effects on the intermediate suggested an additional reaction step within the domain of the phosphorylated intermediate. Results are consistent with a model system for the gastric microsomal ATPase involving a Mg2+-dependent protein kinase, a phosphorylated intermediate(s), and a K+-stimulated phosphoprotein phosphatase.
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PMID:Studies on the phosphorylated intermediates of a K+-stimulated ATPase from rabbit gastric mucosa. 0 43

1. Phosphoprotein phosphatase (phosphoprotein phosphohydrolase EC 3.1.3.16) in the soluble fraction of rabbit liver which catalyzes the dephosphorylation of muscle phosphorylase a and phosphohistone (P-histone) was resolved into three active fractions by NaCl gradient elution from a DEAE-cellulose column (Fraction I, 11 and III in order of elution). They have different relative reaction rates for the two substrates and different degrees of stimulation by Mn-2+. Apparent Km values of Fraction I, II and III were 15, 20 and 16 muM for phosphorylase a, and 6.9, 5.3 and 4.4 muM for P-histone, respectively (with Mn-2+ in the assay mixture). 2. On sucrose density gradient centrifugation Fraction I and II were revealed to contain a major peak (7.0 S and 7.8 S, respectively) and a minor peak (4.0 S) of activity, while Fraction III contained only one peak (5.8 S). Freezing and thawing in the presence of 0.2 M mercaptoethanol dissociated all three fractions into subunits of similar molecular size (3.4 S), with concomitant enhancement of phosphorylase phosphatase activity. The Km values all became essentially the same (20 muM for phosphorylase a and 16 muM for P-histone). 3. The phosphorylase phosphatase and P-histone phosphatase activities could not be separated with any of the procedures described. Competition between the two phosphoprotein substrates was observed with some of the fractions.?
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PMID:Multiple molecular forms of phosphoprotein phosphatase. III. Phosphorylase phosphatase and phosphohistone phosphatase of rabbit liver. 16 6

A protein whose endogenous phosphorylation and dephosphorylation are affected by cAMP has been found in the soluble and particulate fractions of all vertebrate tissues studied. This phosphoprotein, which contained a substantial proportion of the radioactive phosphate observed on SDS-polyacrylamide gels, was estimated to have an apparent molecular weight of 49,000. In the presence of Zn++, cAMP inhibited the endogenous phosphorylation of this protein (protein 49) in the cytosol and microsomal fractions. In the presence of Mg++, cAMP stimulated the phosphorylation of protein 49 in the cytosol fractions, but had only slight effects in the microsomal fractions. The dephosphorylation of protein 49 by an endogenous protein phosphatase was markedly stimulated by cAMP in the cytosol and microsomal fractions of all tissues studied. The binding of 8-azido-cAMP (a photoaffinity analog of cAMP, which reacts specifically with cAMP-binding sites) to subcellular fractions was also studied. This binding was principally to a protein of molecular weight 49,000. These and other data suggest that a cAMP-binding protein with a molecular weight of 49,000 capable of undergoing cAMP-dependent phosphorylation and dephosphorylation, occurs in a variety of tissues.
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PMID:Widespread occurrence of a specific protein in vertebrate tissues and regulation by cyclic AMP of its endogenous phosphorylation and dephosphorylation. 16 55

The present study demonstrated the presence within the myocardium of phosphoprotein phosphatase activity which can account for dephosphorylation of a 22,000 dalton phosphoprotein of cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum that has been associated with the stimulatory effects of adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate (cyclic AMP)-dependent protein kinase on calcium transport (Tada, M., Kirchberger, M. A., and Katz, A. M. (1975) J. Biol. Chem. 250:2640-2647). Dog cardiac microsomes, consisting mainly of fragmented sarcomplasmic reticulum, were phosphorylated by incubation with cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase and [gamma-32P]ATP, and subsequently washed with trichloroacetic acid or buffered KCl. Phosphorylated microsomes contained approximately 1 nmole of 32P bound per mg of microsomal protein, 32P labeling occurring almost exclusively at the 22,000 dalton component. Soluble phosphoprotein phosphatases, isolated from the cytosol, catalyzed dephosphorylation of 32P-labeled microsomes. The existence of a phosphoprotein phosphatase that is associated with the microsomes was demonstrated by the ability of the microsomes to dephosphorylate 32P-histone. This membrane-associated phosphatase activity can also account for a rapid decrease in the amount of 32P-labeling of the 22,000 dalton protein. The dephosphorylation of the phosphorylated 22,000 dalton protein by phosphoprotein phosphatase satisfies an important requirement for the phosphorylation of the 22,000 dalton protein to serve a physiological role, namely, its reversibility.
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PMID:Phosphoprotein phosphatase-catalyzed dephosphorylation of the 22,000 dalton phosphoprotein of cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum. 17 94

1. Various proteins isolated from bovine tracheal smooth muscle were examined as phosphate acceptor substrates for a cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase isolated from the same tissue. A fraction prepared in a manner similar to that of skeletal muscle troponin was the best substrate of the presumptive contractile proteins isolate. Actomyosin and tropomyosin were relatively poor substrates. 2. An assay was developed for the rapid detection in a large number of samples of the muscle specific substrate for the protein kinase on which we reported previously. 3. Using this assay, the muscle specific substrate found in bovine tracheal smooth muscle was partially purified resulting in a preparation which when resolved by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed a single peak of 32P incorporated, and which could be further characterized. 4. Our findings suggest that the substrate contains a protein subunit of molecular weight 19 000, which can be phosphorylated at serine and threonine residues, in the presence of cyclic AMP and protein kinase. The phosphate is in a covalent ester linkage with these residues. 5. A phosphoprotein phosphatase was isolated from the bovine tracheal smooth muscle. 6. Bovine tracheal smooth muscle contains cyclic AMP dependent protein kinase and phosphoprotein phospahatase activity as well as the muscle specific substrate, suggesting that these elements may be part of a mechanism which regulates smooth muscle tone.
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PMID:Cyclic AMP-stimulated phosphorylation of bovine tracheal smooth muscle contractile and non-contractile proteins. 18 31

Phosphoprotein phosphatase activity is found in preparations of sarcoplasmic reticulum isolated from canine heart when assayed with either phosphate or phosphorylated sarcoplasmic reticulum as substrate. Phosphoprotein phosphatase-catalyzed dephosphorylation of the 22,000 dalton phosphoprotein of cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum is stimulated markedly by MnCl2 (5 mM) and to a lesser extent by MgCl2 (5 mM); inorganic phosphate (50 mM) and NaF (25 mM) are inhibitory. Dephosphorylation of this 22,000 dalton phosphoprotein is correlated with a decreased initial rate of calcium transport. The close structural and functional relationship of phosphoprotein phosphatase to the cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum suggests a possible role of this enzyme in reversing the relaxation-promoting effects of catecholamines on the intact heart.
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PMID:Decrease in calcium transport associated with phosphoprotein phosphatase-catalyzed dephosphorylation of cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum. 19 77

Muscle extracts were subjected to fractionation with ethanol, chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, precipitation with (NH4)2SO4 and gel filtration on Sephadex G-200. These fractions were assayed for protein phosphatase activities by using the following seven phosphoprotein substrates: phosphorylase a, glycogen synthase b1, glycogen synthase b2, phosphorylase kinase (phosphorylated in either the alpha-subunit or the beta-subunit), histone H1 and histone H2B. Three protein phosphatases with distinctive specificities were resolved by the final gel-filtration step and were termed I, II and III. Protein phosphatase-I, apparent mol.wt. 300000, was an active histone phosphatase, but it accounted for only 10-15% of the glycogen synthase phosphatase-1 and glycogen synthase phosphatase-2 activities and 2-3% of the phosphorylase kinase phosphatase and phosphorylase phosphatase activity recovered from the Sephadex G-200 column. Protein phosphatase-II, apparent mol.wt. 170000, possessed histone phosphatase activity similar to that of protein phosphatase-I. It possessed more than 95% of the activity towards the alpha-subunit of phosphorylase kinase that was recovered from Sephadex G-200. It accounted for 10-15% of the glycogen synthase phosphatase-1 and glycogen synthase phosphatase-2 activity, but less than 5% of the activity against the beta-subunit of phosphorylase kinase and 1-2% of the phosphorylase phosphatase activity recovered from Sephadex G-200. Protein phosphatase-III was the most active histone phosphatase. It possessed 95% of the phosphorylase phosphatase and beta-phosphorylase kinase phosphatase activities, and 75% of the glycogen synthase phosphatase-1 and glycogen synthase phosphatase-2 activities recovered from Sephadex G-200. It accounted for less than 5% of the alpha-phosphorylase kinase phosphatase activity. Protein phosphatase-III was sometimes eluted from Sephadex-G-200 as a species of apparent mol.wt. 75000(termed IIIA), sometimes as a species of mol.wt. 46000(termed IIIB) and sometimes as a mixture of both components. The substrate specificities of protein phosphatases-IIA and -IIB were identical. These findings, taken with the observation that phosphorylase phosphatase, beta-phosphorylase kinase phosphatase, glycogen synthase phosphatase-1 and glycogen synthase phosphatase-2 activities co-purified up to the Sephadex G-200 step, suggest that a single protein phosphatase (protein phosphatase-III) catalyses each of the dephosphorylation reactions that inhibit glycogenolysis or stimulate glycogen synthesis. This contention is further supported by results presented in the following paper [Cohen, P., Nimmo, G.A. & Antoniw, J.F. (1977) Biochem. J. 1628 435-444] which describes a heat-stable protein that is a specific inhibitor of protein phosphatase-III.
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PMID:Comparison of the substrate specificities of protein phosphatases involved in the regulation of glycogen metabolism in rabbit skeletal muscle. 19 24

A phosphoprotein phosphatase that catalyzes the dephosphorylation of cyclic adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent protein kinase from bovine cardiac muscle has been purified to homogeneity by a modification of the procedure of Brandt et al. (Brandt, H., Capulong, Z.L., and Lee, E. Y. C. (1975) J. Biol. Chem. 250, 8038-8044). Treatment of the enzyme preparation with ethanol during the early stages of purification results in activation concomitant with reduction in molecular weight to 30,000. The purified activated enzyme has a Km for phospho-protein kinase in the presence or absence of 1.2 mM Mn2+ of 5 and 22 micronM, respectively. Phosphatase activity on phospho-protein kinase but not on other phosphoprotein substrates was cAMP-dependent. This selective activation by cAMP reflects the preference of the phosphatase for the free, phosphorylated cAMP-binding protein rather than the phosphoholoenzyme.
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PMID:Purification of phosphoprotein phosphatase from bovine cardiac muscle that catalyzes dephosphorylation of cyclic AMP-binding protein component of protein kinase. 19 23

The activity of two purified homogeneous phosphoprotein phosphatases types P I and P II) (phosphoprotein phosphohydrolase, EC 3.1.3.16) from rabbit liver (Khandelwal, R.L., Vandenheede, J.R., and Krebs, E.G. (1976) J. Biol. Chem. 251, 4850-4858) were examined in the presence of divalent cations, Pi, PPi, nucleotides, glycolytic intermediates and a number of other compounds using phosphorylase a, glycogen synthase D and phosphorylated histone as substrates. Enzyme activities were usually inhibited by divalent cations with all substrates; the inhibition being more pronounced with phosphorylase a. Zn2+ was the most potent inhibitor among the divalent cations tested. The enzyme was competitively inhibited by PPi (Ki = 0.1 mM for P I and 0.3 mM for PII), Pi (Ki = 15 mM for P I and 19.8 mM for P II) and p-nitrophenyl phosphate (Ki = 1 mM and 1.4 mM for P I and P II, respectively) employing phosphorylase a as the substrate. The compounds along with a number of others (Na2SO4, citrate, NaF and EDTA) also inhibited the enzyme activity with the other two substrates. Severe inhibition of the enzyme was also observed in the presence of the adenine and uridine nucleotides; monophosphate nucleotides being more inhibitory with phosphorylase a, whereas the di- and triphosphate nucleotides showed more inhibition with glycogen synthase D and phosphorylated histone. Cyclic AMP had no significant effect on enzyme activity with all the substrates tested. Phosphorylated metabolites did not show any marked effect on the enzyme activity with phosphorylase a as the substrate.
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PMID:Some properties of purified phosphoprotein phosphatases from rabbit liver. 20 Feb 72


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