Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase)
 47,916 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In order to clarify the effects of androgens and insulin (Ins) on the growth and regeneration of bone in growing rats, and to examine the interaction of the two hormones on the bone growth and regeneration, I carried out both in vivo and in vitro experiments using male rats and clonal osteoblastic cells, respectively. In vivo: 1) Three week-old male rats were castrated, and one week after the castration two holes were drilled into their calvariae, followed by subcutaneous administration of 2 mg/kg of testosterone propionate (TP) and/or 20 mg/kg of cyproterone acetate (CPA). After the daily administration of the drugs for two weeks, the calvariae containing wound holes were isolated, and a soft X-ray photograph was taken. The area of the hole in the X-ray film was measured. The calcium (Ca) and the hydroxyproline (HP) contents and alkaline phosphatase (ALPase) activity in the wound and non-wound portions of the calvariae were also determined. 2) Streptozotocin (STZ, 80 mg/kg) was administered intravenously to immature male rats (25-day-old); and three days after the administration, wound holes were made in their calvariae. Ins (10 units/kg) and/or TP (2 mg/kg) were/was administered daily for two weeks starting two weeks after the operation. The length and weight of the femur, and the area of the hole of the calvariae seen in a soft X-ray photograph were measured. The Ca and HP contents in the wound portion, and serum Ca and phosphate (P) levels and ALPase activity were also determined. In vitro: Mouse clonal osteoblastic cells (MC3T3-E1) were incubated in alpha-MEM mudium containing 10% FBS or 0.1% BSA with or without 10(-9)-10(-6) M TP and/or 10(-9)-10(-6) M Ins, the number of cells was counted, and [3H] thymidine incorporation into the cells was assayed for assessment of DNA synthesis. ALPase activity of the cells was also assayed. The results obtained were as follows: 1. The reduction in the wound-hole area was significantly delayed after the castration and was accelerated by TP. This effect of TP was inhibited about 60% by the simultaneous administration of CPA, though this inhibition was not statistically significant. 2. The reduction in HP content of the wound portion by castration was inhibited by TP, and this effect was antagonized by CPA.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:[Role of testosterone propionate and insulin in the regeneration and growth of bone]. 215 2

The fertilized ascidian egg is thought to be comprised of distinct regions of tissue-specific cytoplasmic determinants. This idea was tested by bisecting fertilized eggs into egg fragments and culturing them until the unoperated controls developed into larvae. Fertilized eggs were bisected using a microsurgical method in which part of the uncleaved zygote was extruded through a hole made in the follicular envelope and the cytoplasmic bridge between the two egg regions was severed. One egg fragment contained all of the egg myoplasm (termed myoplasm-enriched or ME fragment), while the other fragment lacked myoplasm. ME fragments consisting of 40-50% of the total egg volume in many cases cleaved normally and developed into larvae. In a few cases, ME larvae initiated metamorphosis and developed into normal juveniles. Triton-extraction of ME embryos and larvae showed that the myoplasm was redistributed into nonmuscle lineage cells at each stage of development. Despite the redistribution of myoplasm into many of the endoderm cells situated in the head region of ME larvae, the expression of the muscle-specific enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AchE) and a muscle-specific antigen (Mu-2) was restricted to the tail muscle cells. The endoderm cells situated in the head region of ME larvae expressed an endoderm-specific enzyme alkaline phosphatase (AP) as in the controls. Furthermore, cleavage-arrested four- and eight-cell ME embryos expressed AchE activity in the expected number of blastomeres. When a greater quantity of myoplasm was redistributed into cells that normally do not express AchE activity by producing 10-30% ME embryos, in a few cases more than the expected number of blastomeres expressed AchE activity. In conclusion, the main finding of the present investigation, based on the development of ME fragments comprising 40-50% of the total egg volume, is that ascidian embryos are capable of regulative development.
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PMID:Development of myoplasm-enriched ascidian embryos. 341 Jan 60

The effect of cadmium (Cd) in drinking water on repair of bone at a site of hole injury to the tibia of young rats was followed using quantitative methods. The rats (3-4 wk old) were given 20 ppm and 200 ppm Cd for 5 wk and compared to a control group. A slight reduction (about 10%) in body weight and water and food consumption was observed in cadmium-exposed rats as compared to control rats. Clinical chemistry tests in the blood and histology of kidney, liver, and bone did not indicate changes related to Cd toxicity. A significant reduction (43%) in alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and tartarate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) (46%) enzymatic activity was observed at 4 and 7 d postinjury respectively, in the site of injury in the rats receiving 200 ppm Cd in drinking water as compared to control rats. Calcium accumulation in the newly formed repair tissue at the site of injury was also significantly reduced (53%) at 13 d postinjury in the Cd-treated (200 ppm) rats as compared to control rats. It is concluded that Cd probably exhibits an effect on the bone repair process as reflected by reduction in ALP activity (osteoblastic cells) and mineralization at the site of injury in the tibia of young rats.
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PMID:Effect of cadmium on bone repair in young rats. 760 1

Bone sialoprotein (BSP) has an affinity to collagen fibrils [25]. A role of carbohydrate chains in the affinity was examined by removing sialic acids of BSP. Neuraminidase treatment of the BSP increased the binding to collagen. Binding sites of BSP on collagen were examined by biochemical and electron-microscopic methods. Purified bovine BSP was labeled with biotin. Collagen alpha chains or CNBr peptides were separated by electrophoresis and transfered to nitrocellulose membranes. The membranes were incubated with the biotin-labeled BSP, and the bound BSP was visualized with avidin conjugated with alkaline phosphatase. The labeled BSP was preferentially bound to the alpha 2 chain, and peptides derived from alpha 2 chain. In another experiment, the labeled BSP was incubated with reconstituted native collagen fibrils. The mixture was put on a copper grid, reacted with avidin conjugated with gold particles, and observed with an electron microscope. The gold particles were seen mainly within hole zones of the fibrils. BSP bound to the alpha 2 chain within the hole zones may regulate the onset of calcification at hole zones and the cell binding to collagen fibrils.
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PMID:Further characterization of interaction between bone sialoprotein (BSP) and collagen. 773 23

The effect of low-energy laser (He-Ne) irradiation on bone repair in the tibia of the rat after hole injury was investigated using biochemical and quantitative histomorphometrical methods. The activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) showed a sharp peak at 6 days post-injury and a lower peak at 12 days. The overall kinetics of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) activity coincided with that of ALP but with the higher peak at 12 days postoperatively. Calcium accumulated progressively at the site of injury, peaking at 11 days and then declining. The histological evaluation revealed filling of the intramedullary canal with woven bone at the site of injury at 6 days after surgery, and progressive filling of the hole-injury gap in the cortical bone by membranous ossification. Direct irradiation of the hole injury with He-Ne laser at 5 and 6 days after injury altered the osteoblast and osteoclast cell populations, as reflected by the significant 2.2-fold increase in ALP enzymatic activity over control, nonirradiated rats at 10 days post-injury, and a significant decrease of 40% in TRAP activity at 11 days. Histomorphometrical analysis revealed a more rapid accumulation of reparative new bone in the hole injury of the laser-irradiated rats. The volume fraction (percent of total volume of the injured zone) of the new reparative compact bone was 27 +/- 9%, 88 +/- 9%, and 94 +/- 6% at 10, 13, and 15 days after injury, respectively, in the laser-irradiated rats; respective control values were 9 +/- 7%, 44 +/- 9%, and 58 +/- 5% for the same time intervals.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Effect of low-energy laser (He-Ne) irradiation on the process of bone repair in the rat tibia. 774 82

The A7 cell line is an SV40 large T antigen-immortalized astrocyte cell line produced from the neonatal rat optic nerve. Previous studies have demonstrated that A7 cells provide a favorable environment for the survival and growth of cultured neurons and can also stimulate axonal growth after grafting into the rat striatum. The current study was designed to investigate whether A7 cells grafted into adult rat striatum can migrate away from the implantation site. A7 cells were labelled in culture by incorporation of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) or by expression of an alkaline phosphatase transgene. The labelled cells were then transplanted into the left striatum of normal adult rats by introducing a blunt-end 22 gauge needle through a trephine hole. The rats were euthanized at periods of up to 30 days after grafting. The A7 cells did not appear to alter the cytoarchitecture of the surrounding brain parenchyma. Labelled A7 cells were observed in both gray and white matter areas, and many were located in areas free of damage due to the implantation procedure. The migration of the BrdU-labelled A7 cells with respect to the implantation needle track was determined on coronal sections. The radial migration distance from the needle tract was similarly determined on horizontal sections. A7 cells migrated progressively longer distances with increasing survival time of the animals: The largest migration distance (1,125 +/- 52 microns) occurred at 30 days after grafting with an estimated migration rate of 31 microns per day. There was no significant directional polarity in the migration of these cells within the striatum. Some of the labelled A7 nuclear profiles were associated with blood vessels, some appeared to be associated with fiber bundles within the striatum, and some were found within the gray matter without apparent association with any anatomical structure. These results demonstrate that A7 immortalized astrocytic cells migrate away from a single implantation site following grafting into the adult rat striatum to populate a large area of the striatum.
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PMID:Migration of A7 immortalized astrocytic cells grafted into the adult rat striatum. 863 65

The effect of low energy laser (He-Ne) irradiation on bone repair in the cortical part of the tibia of the rat was investigated using biochemical and radioactive labeling methods. A fixed round hole was created in the lateral aspect of the tibia and the newly formed tissue was collected from the gap in the cortical bone. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and calcium progressively accumulated at the site of injury, peaking at 9 and 13 days postinjury, respectively. Direct irradiation of the hole injury with He-Ne laser on days 5 and 6 postinjury altered osteoblastic activity at the injured site as reflected by alkaline phosphatase activity. The laser irradiation also caused a significant increase ( approximately 2-fold) in calcium accumulation at the site of injury for 9-18 days postinjury. The rate of calcium deposition, measured by radioactive calcium, was significantly higher (approximately 2-fold) in the laser-irradiated rats as compared with controls. It is concluded that the process of bone repair in a hole created in the rat tibia is markedly enhanced by direct He-Ne laser irradiation of the injured site at the optimal energy level and time postinjury.
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PMID:Promotion of bone repair in the cortical bone of the tibia in rats by low energy laser (He-Ne) irradiation. 878 Oct 55

To investigate the relationship between angiogenic growth factors and endothelial enzyme activity in capillaries after injury of rat cardiomyocytes caused by X irradiation, 7-week-old male Wistar rats were anesthetized with pentobarbitone and their hearts irradiated (X rays, 20 Gy) through a hole in the lead casing in which they were enclosed. The hearts were excised at 1 h, 1 week and 3 weeks after irradiation. Left ventricular cross sections were stained for capillary enzymes by double staining for two endothelial enzymes, alkaline phosphatase (AP) and dipeptidylpeptidase IV (DPP), immunohistochemically stained for basic fibroblast growth factor (Fgf, also known as bFgf) and vascular endothelial growth factor (Vegf), and stained for nick end-labeling of DNA by the TUNEL method. Staining for distribution of AP in the arteriolar portion was reduced at both 1 and 3 weeks after irradiation with 20 Gy, but staining for DPP in the venular portion was unchanged, suggesting a close relationship between growth factors and injury of the arteriolar capillary portion. Fgf and Vegf proteins were present within the cytoplasm of the cardiomyocytes, or around capillaries, 1 h, 1 week and 3 weeks after irradiation. Many TUNEL-stained cardiomyocyte nuclei were observed at 1 h, but they had decreased markedly at 1 week and had almost disappeared by 3 weeks after irradiation. Thus Fgf and Vegf were induced concomitantly with the decrease in the staining for endothelial AP by 20 Gy X irradiation, which also caused microeffects as indicated by TUNEL staining of many nuclei at 1 h postirradiation.
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PMID:Induction of growth factors in rat cardiac tissue by X irradiation. 1079 Feb 75

Osteogenesis was evaluated in the mandibular bone by combinations of various dosages of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2, atelopeptide Type I collagen, and porous hydroxyapatite (four groups: Group I, 2 micrograms recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2, atelopeptide Type I collagen, and porous hydroxyapatite; Group II, 10 micrograms recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2, atelopeptide Type I collagen, and porous hydroxyapatite; Group III, 50 micrograms recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2, atelopeptide Type I collagen, and porous hydroxyapatite; Control Group, only atelopeptide Type I collagen and porous hydroxyapatite). The prepared materials were implanted in the mandibular bone hole (7 mm in diameter, 2 mm deep). Three weeks later, the alkaline phosphatase activity in the implanted region was determined, and the histologic features of the excised tissue were examined. There were significant differences in histologic and biochemical findings among the four groups. In the recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 implanted groups, osteogenesis increased with the dosage of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2, as assessed by alkaline phosphatase activity and histologic findings. The results suggest that atelopeptide Type I collagen is an effective carrier for recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 and that porous hydroxyapatite would be advantageous for clinical application as a material to maintain its original form after implantation.
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PMID:Osteogenesis by recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 at skeletal sites. 1085 81

We investigated the expression of activin betaA on osteoprogenitor cells in the regenerating bone and bone marrow of the rat femur after drill-hole injury, by immunocytochemistry and in situ hybridization. The periosteum and endosteum adjacent to the wound region showed marked thickening at day 3 and abundant osteoprogenitor cells, which were immunoreactive for proliferating cell nuclear antigen and showed positive reactions for alkaline phosphatase activity, and existed in the inner layer of the periosteum as well as in the endosteum. During the same period, these osteoprogenitor cells began to exhibit activin betaA immunoreactivity and mRNA expression. However, the latter expression gradually reduced the intensity as the cells started to express osteocalcin mRNA during their differentiation to osteoblasts participating in the periosteal and medullary bone formation from day 5. Immunoreactivity for activin type IB and II receptors was also found on activin betaA-immunoreactive cells between days 3 and 7. The above findings suggest that proliferating osteoprogenitor cells, before their transformation to osteoblasts, transiently produce and release activin A, which may play crucial roles in bone and bone marrow regeneration in a receptor-mediated, autocrine and paracrine fashion.
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PMID:Transient expression of activin betaA mRNA on osteoprogenitor cells in rat bone regeneration after drill-hole injury. 1086 13


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