Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase)
47,916 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Suboptimal protein nutrition during lactation has a negative impact on the digestive function of the small intestine and trophic barrier functions of the large intestine, liver, and kidneys due to significant enzyme deficiency (disaccharidase, peptidase, alkaline phosphatase) in 6-month-old offspring. Changes in enzyme activity in digestive and nondigestive organs play an important role in metabolic disorders promoting the development of "risk diseases" and reducing lifespan.
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PMID:Delayed consequences of protein deficiency during lactation for the development of enzyme systems of digestive and nondigestive organs in offspring. 1212 33

Microvillous inclusion disease (MID) is a specific disorder of the intestinal brush border that leads to intractable secretory diarrhea in infants. At present, electron microscopic analysis is required for its definitive diagnosis. However, this technique is not always available or feasible, and the diagnostic microvillous inclusions may not be evident in all specimens. Accordingly, the availability of a panel of histochemical and immunohistochemical stains displaying a specific staining pattern for MID will allow pathologists to reach a definitive diagnosis of this disorder without recourse to electron microscopy. CD10 is a membrane-associated neutral peptidase, shown to have a linear brush-border staining pattern in normal small intestine. We studied the staining pattern of CD10 in small intestinal biopsies from six patients with MID and in 24 control cases (10 normal small intestine, 10 celiac disease, two autoimmune enteropathy, and two allergic enteropathy). All MID cases revealed prominent cytoplasmic CD10 immunoreactivity in surface enterocytes. In contrast, all control cases showed linear brush-border staining. Similar results were obtained with periodic acid-Schiff, polyclonal carcinoembryonic antigen, and alkaline phosphatase, three stains known to show cytoplasmic staining of surface enterocytes in MID. In conclusion, CD10 is a valuable tool for the diagnosis of MID. It may be used as part of a panel that includes other stains with a distinctive staining pattern in MID such as periodic acid-Schiff, polyclonal carcinoembryonic antigen, and alkaline phosphatase. We suggest that the definitive diagnosis of MID can be reached when small bowel biopsies from infants with intractable diarrhea display cytoplasmic staining of surface enterocytes with the above-mentioned stains.
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PMID:CD10: a valuable tool for the light microscopic diagnosis of microvillous inclusion disease (familial microvillous atrophy). 1213 Nov 57

This study compared and correlated the relationship and dependability of serum oxytocinase, leucine amino peptidase, and heat stable alkaline phosphatase levels as well as urinary estriol and pregnanediol excretion values as placental function tests. 2 groups were studied, those with normal (25 cases) and those with abnormal pregnancies (84 cases). There were 84 cases of pregnancy complications which were matched with control, uncomplicated pregnancies after determining the normal range of the factors under study. Of no significance in predicting fetal status at birth were serum heat stable alkaline phosphatase determinations. Serial assays of urinary estriol were useful predictors of fetal status at birth in 80% of complicated cases; 50% of complicated case outcomes were correctly predicted using the serum oxytocinase value. In complications of diabetes mellitus, the urinary estriol assays were sensitive and reliable indicators of the pregnancy state, whereas in preeclampsia complications, both the serum oxytocinase and urinary estriol assays were of prognostic value. However, serum leucine amino peptidase was of less prognostic significance than the oxytocinase determinations. Pregnanediol assays showed insignificant results as diagnostic aids. For assessing the status of the feto-placental unit, combined urinary estriol and serum oxytocinase assays are the most reliable prognostic indicators.
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PMID:Enzymatic and hormonal assessment of foetoplacental unit in normal and complicated pregnancies. 1227 63

A simple method for preparation of brush border membranes (BBM) from rat kidney using polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation has been described. This method avoids the use of cations for the preparation, which might alter membrane lipid composition. These preparations were assessed for enrichment of marker enzymes, contamination by subcellular structures, lipid composition and transport function. An enrichment of 11.8910-fold of alkaline phosphatase, 13.9500-fold of amino peptidase and 13.6500-fold of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase and an approximate yield of 60% were seen in the final membrane preparation as compared to the homogenate. There was very little contamination of basolateral membranes, peroxisomes, microsomes or lysosomes in the final membrane preparation. Analysis of sugars indicated high content of fucose and sailic acid as compared to hexoses. Isolated membranes appeared as vesicles as seen by electron microscopy. Lipid analysis indicated the presence of various neutral and phospholipids with a high content of sphingomyelin along with a cholesterol/phospholipid ratio of 0.4850. The isolated membrane vesicles were able to transport glucose. This study has shown a simple method of renal brush border membrane preparation, which is comparatively pure and functionally active.
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PMID:A simple method of rat renal brush border membrane preparation using polyethylene glycol precipitation. 1275 61

Thirty-one urease-positive thermophilic Campylobacter (UPTC) isolates, including three reference strains (NCTC12892, NCTC12895 and NCTC12896), and three Campylobacter lari isolates, which were isolated from several countries and sources, were compared genotypically by using multilocus enzyme electrophoresis (MLEE). We examined allelic variation around seven enzyme loci, including the adenylate kinase, alkaline phosphatase, catalase, fumarase, malic enzyme, malate dehydrogenase, and L-phenylalanyl-L-leucine peptidase loci. MLEE typing revealed the presence of 23 different electrophoretic types (ETs) among the 31 UPTC isolates, and 14 isolates shared six electrophoretic profiles. Three different ETs were identified for the three C. lari isolates examined, and no ETs were shared by UPTC and C. lari isolates. Quantitative analyses were subsequently performed by using allelic variation data, and the results demonstrated that the mean genetic diversity was 0.655. In conclusion, MLEE demonstrated that the UPTC isolates examined are genetically hypervariable and form a cluster separate from the C. lari cluster.
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PMID:Characterization of urease-positive thermophilic Campylobacter subspecies by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis typing. 1278 30

It is well known that adrenalectomy (ADX) reverses the eating and energy balance disturbances in a variety of models of obesity associated with elevated food intake. We have previously demonstrated enhanced functional activity in the small intestine of neonatally monosodium glutamate-treated (MSG) obese rats despite the absence of overeating and we concluded that these changes might also contribute to the development of MSG obesity. The objective of the present experiments was to investigate whether ADX would affect the small intestinal functions and whether their changes would counteract attenuation or prevention of obesity development in MSG rats. Therefore the investigation was carried out in MSG-obese Wistar male rats and untreated intact rats adrenalectomized on day 40, as well as in lean littermates of MSG rats and intact rats subjected to Sham-ADX surgery. All animals had free access to a standard pellet diet after weaning. At the age of 80 days, body mass, body fat content and food consumption as well as changes of the brush-border-bound duodenal and jejunal alkaline phosphatase (AP), the dipeptidyl(amino)peptidase IV (DPP IV) and maltase activity were measured. During the postoperative period, ADX resulted in a significant decrease of mass gain in both MSG and control rats (P<0.05). ADX fully prevented the development of obesity in MSG rats (significantly decreased epididymal+retroperitoneal fat pad mass, P<0.05) and increased mean daily food intake (P<0.001). These effects were only minimal in the ADX controls suggesting that enhanced adrenal secretion is involved in the expression of MSG obesity and its complications. The AP activity in obese MSG rats was increased by about 21 % (P<0.01) in both intestinal segments when compared to the lean controls, whereas no parallel variations in the activities of DPP IV and maltase were observed in the intestinal parts mentioned. In MSG rats, ADX significantly reduced the AP activity in the duodenum and jejunum (P<0.01). A similar tendency was also seen in the DPP IV activity of adrenalectomized MSG rats as well as in lean control rats. Nevertheless, no significant effect of adrenal withdrawal on maltase activity was found. These results indicate that the decrease of enzyme activities in the small intestine and the different effectiveness of nutrient absorption might be a significant factor preventing the development of excess adiposity in glutamate-treated rats. This information contributes to a better understanding of the importance of small intestinal function for the development of obesity and its maintenance in later life.
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PMID:Effect of adrenalectomy on the activity of small intestine enzymes in monosodium glutamate obese rats. 1531 1

Butyrate induces differentiation and alters cell proliferation in intestinal-epithelial cells by modulation of the expression of several genes. Annexins are a superfamily of ubiquitous proteins characterized by their calcium-dependent ability to bind to biological membranes; their involvement in several physiological processes, such as membrane trafficking, calcium signaling, cell motility, proliferation, and differentiation has been proposed. Thus, we have analyzed changes in annexin A1 (AnxA1), annexin A2 (AnxA2), and annexin A5 (AnxA5) levels and localization in human colon adenocarcinoma cells differentiated by butyrate treatment or by culture in glucose-free inosine-containing medium. The acquired differentiated phenotype increased dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) expression and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, two well known brush border markers. Butyrate induces cell differentiation and growth arrest in BCS-TC2, BCS-TC2.2, HT-29, and Caco-2 cells, increasing the levels of AnxA1 and AnxA5, whereas AnxA2 decreases except in Caco-2 cells. Inosine-differentiated cells present increased amounts of the three studied annexins, as occurs in spontaneously differentiated Caco-2 cells. AnxA2 down-regulation is not due to proteasome activation and seems to be related to the butyrate-induced cell proliferation arrest; AnxA1 and AnxA5 expression is growth-state independent. AnxA1 and AnxA5 are mainly found in the cytoplasm while AnxA2 is localized underneath the plasma membrane in cell-to-cell contacts. Butyrate induces changes in subcellular localization towards a vesicle-associated pattern. Human colon adenocarcinoma cell differentiation is associated with an up-regulation of AnxA1, AnxA2, and AnxA5 and with a subcellular relocation of these proteins. No correlation between annexin levels and tumorigenicity was found. Up-regulation of AnxA1 could contribute to the reported anti-inflammatory effects of butyrate in colon inflammatory diseases.
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PMID:Differentiation of human colon adenocarcinoma cells alters the expression and intracellular localization of annexins A1, A2, and A5. 1552 83

The formation of hepatic bile requires that water be transported across liver epithelia. Rat hepatocytes express three aquaporins (AQPs): AQP8, AQP9, and AQP0. Recognizing that cholesterol and sphingolipids are thought to promote the assembly of proteins into specialized membrane microdomains, we hypothesized that canalicular bile secretion involves the trafficking of vesicles to and from localized lipid-enriched microdomains in the canalicular plasma membrane. Hepatocyte plasma membranes were sonicated in Triton and centrifuged overnight on a sucrose gradient to yield a Triton-soluble pellet and a Triton-insoluble, sphingolipid-enriched microdomain fraction at the 5%/30% sucrose interface. The detergent-insoluble portion of the hepatocyte plasma membrane was enriched in alkaline phosphatase (a microdomain-positive marker) and devoid of amino-peptidase N (a microdomain-negative marker), enriched in caveolin, both AQP8 and AQP9, but negative for clathrin. The microdomain fractions contained chloride-bicarbonate anion exchanger isoform 2 and multidrug resistance-associated protein 2. Exposure of isolated hepatocytes to glucagon increased the expression of AQP8 but not AQP9 in the microdomain fractions. Sphingolipid analysis of the insoluble fraction showed the predominant species to be sphingomyelin. These data support the presence of sphingolipid-enriched microdomains of the hepatocyte membrane that represent potential localized target areas for the clustering of AQPs and functionally related proteins involved in canalicular bile secretion.
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PMID:Membrane microdomains in hepatocytes: potential target areas for proteins involved in canalicular bile secretion. 1583 30

Canalicular bile is formed by the osmotic filtration of water in response to osmotic gradients generated by active transport at the apical and basolateral plasma membrane domains of hepatocytes. We recently demonstrated that mixed plasma membrane fractions isolated from rat hepatocyte couplets contain lipid microdomains ("rafts") enriched in cholesterol and sphingolipids and AQP8 and 9. We isolated lipid microdomains from hepatocyte apical and basolateral plasma membrane domains using Triton X-100 as detergent, and characterized their lipid and protein composition. A Triton-insoluble band ("raft fraction") at the 5%/30% sucrose interface in both apical and basolateral fractions was enriched for alkaline phosphatase (apical) and Na/K ATPase (basolateral) and was negative for amino peptidase-N. This detergent-insoluble band was also positive for caveolin-1 (a "raft" associated protein) and negative for clathrin (a "raft" negative protein). Lipid analysis showed that, the Triton-insoluble fraction was highly enriched in cholesterol and sphingolipids. Immunofluorescence staining on hepatocyte couplets for both caveolin-1 and cholera toxin B showed a punctate distribution on both the apical and basolateral plasma membranes, consistent with localized membrane microdomains. Dot blot analysis showed that the "raft" associated ganglioside GM1 was enriched in the detergent-insoluble fraction both domains. Furthermore, exposure of isolated hepatocytes to glucagon, a choleretic agonist, significantly increased the expression of AQP8 associated with the apical microdomain fractions but had no effect on AQP9 expression in the basolateral microdomain fractions. In conclusion, "rafts" represent target microdomains for exocytic insertion and retrieval of "flux proteins", including AQPs, involved in canalicular bile secretion.
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PMID:Isolation and characterization of lipid microdomains from apical and basolateral plasma membranes of rat hepatocytes. 1644 Mar 38

The effect of feeding nickel (50 mg kg(-1) body weight) daily for 7 days was studied on the development of various brush border enzymes across the crypt-villus axis. The activities of brush border maltase (P < 0.05), lactase (P < 0.05), alkaline phosphatase (P < 0.05) and leucine amino peptidase (P < 0.05) were augmented in purified brush borders, whereas sucrase, trehlase (P < 0.01) and glutamyl transpeptidase (P < 0.05) were reduced in nickel fed animals compared with controls. Kinetic and heat inactivation studies with brush border sucrase and alkaline phosphatase confirmed these findings. Western blot analysis of alkaline phosphatase showed a strong signal for the enzyme protein but a reduced level of sucrase antigen in nickel fed rat intestine compared with the controls. These findings suggest that the expression of various brush border enzymes along the crypt-villus axis is modulated in rat intestine exposed to nickel, which may disrupt the digestive functions of the intestinal tissue.
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PMID:Alterations in the expression of intestinal enzymes in rats exposed to nickel. 1681 62


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