Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase)
47,916 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The effects of total superior mesenteric and coeliac ganglionectomy on the thickness of the mucosa, the cell composition of the epithelium and the enzyme activity of the absorptive cells was studied in 10 Hanford mini pigs 3 weeks and 6 months after ganglionectomy. The mucosal thickness increased after ganglionectomy by 10-33% (P less than 0.02) mainly due to increase in the villus height. Differential cell counts showed a postganglionectomy decrease in percentage of goblet cells of 20-40%. Absorptive cell counts increased significantly (P less than 0.05). Enterochromaffin cells (stained with the Masson-Fontana method) and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)-immunoreactive cells did not change significantly in the small intestine. The activity of L-leucine-amino-peptidase, non-specific alkaline phosphatase, adenosintriphosphatase, non-specific acid phosphatase, non-specific esterase and succinate dehydrogenase, as assessed by absorption photometry, increased by 2-18% (P less than 0.01) after ganglionectomy. Total ganglionectomy thus results in a rise in villus height and in an increase in the number of absorptive cells which, by their enzymatic activity, appear to be fully mature.
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PMID:Effects of superior mesenteric and coeliac ganglionectomy on the small intestinal mucosa in the Hanford mini pig. I. Histological and enzyme-histochemical study. 265 30

The process of endochondral fracture healing is biochemically similar to growth plate calcification. Recent studies have identified potentially important roles for proteoglycan-degrading enzymes in the growth plate. The purpose of the study described herein was to identify, in healing fractures, neutral enzyme activities capable of degrading proteoglycans and other matrix proteins. Two sets of 60 male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent the production of closed femoral fractures. Calluses were retrieved at timed intervals, and cell and matrix vesicle fractions were prepared for electron microscopy, neutral peptidase, and alkaline phosphatase assays. In another group of 10 animals, fractions were prepared from 14-day calluses and examined for proteoglycanase activity. In the cell fractions, alkaline phosphatase, alanyl-beta-naphthylamidase, aminopeptidase, and endopeptidase activities showed somewhat parallel distributions peaking at approximately 14-17 days. In the matrix vesicle fractions, similar relative distributions were observed for alkaline phosphatase and endopeptidase. However, here the peak activities occurred up to 3 days later than they did in the cell fractions. Significant proteoglycanase activity was confirmed in both cell and matrix vesicle fractions. These findings are consistent with the hypotheses that (a) neutral peptidases, by virtue of their temporal expression in parallel with alkaline phosphatase, may be involved in preparing fracture callus matrix for calcification; and (b) matrix vesicles may convey certain of these enzymes to sites of both matrix degradation and calcification, since the same activities found in cells are found in matrix vesicles a few days later. The possibility that some of these enzymes are involved in growth factor activation remains to be investigated.
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PMID:Neutral protein-degrading enzymes in experimental fracture callus: a preliminary report. 267 85

The urinary enzymes alanine amino-peptidase, alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyltransferase and N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase and the two urine low-molecular mass proteins lysozyme and ribonuclease were measured in 30 healthy men and 36 insulin-dependent diabetics. 17 diabetics had "clinical proteinuria" (greater than 7.5 g/mol creatinine) and were defined as patients with manifest diabetic nephropathy. The remaining 19 diabetics were without proteinuria. The excretion rates of the two urine proteins and all enzymes except for gamma-glutamyltransferase were the highest in patients suffering from diabetic nephropathy. The excretion rates in both diabetic groups exceeded those of the control group. N-Acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase was more often increased than albumin in diabetics without manifest diabetic nephropathy. It is concluded that the tubular dysfunction is an early indicator of the incipient diabetic nephropathy. Thus, tubular parameters, especially the lysosomal enzyme N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase may be used in follow-up studies of diabetics.
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PMID:[Urine enzymes and low molecular weight proteins as indicators of diabetic nephropathy]. 273 55

For the investigation of the possibility of its being a marker enzyme for tumor cells, the activity of dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP) IV (EC 3.4.14.5), a membrane-bound enzyme, in cultured human carcinoma cells was examined. The homogenates of three carcinoma cell lines (HeLa, KB, and K-44) contained lower glycylprolyl methylcoumarinamide (Gly-Pro-MCA) hydrolase activities at pH 8.7 (assumed to be DPP IV) and higher activities of alkaline phosphatase and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, which are also membrane-bound enzymes, than those of normal human fibroblasts (HF). Examination of carcinoma cells for the subcellular localization and pH optimum of Gly-Pro-MCA hydrolase activity revealed that the activity of a lysosomal enzyme that hydrolyzes Gly-Pro-MCA at pH 6.4 was markedly increased in carcinoma cells, but not in normal cells. The separation and characterization of Gly-Pro-MCA hydrolases by gel filtration, affinity chromatography, and substrate specificity demonstrated that HF have three peaks indicating DPP IV, DPP II, and an unknown enzyme, whereas the three carcinoma cell lines gave a prominent peak indicating DPP II and a trace of DPP IV. The DPP II activity was 6- to 24-fold higher in carcinoma cell lines than in HF, and it also was 2.85- to 4.13-fold higher than the DPP IV activity in carcinoma cell lines but was 10-fold lower in HF. These clear enzymatic differences between carcinoma cells and normal HF may be useful as a marker of malignancy.
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PMID:Alteration in dipeptidyl peptidase activities in cultured human carcinoma cells. 288 39

The influence of soft contact lenses (SCL) with low (37%, L) and high (65%, H) water content on rabbit corneas was investigated. The lenses were worn continuously for 1, 2, 4, 7, 10, 14, 21 or 28 days. The changes in corneal transparency, hydration and enzyme activities were studied. A slight change in corneal transparency due to higher hydration caused by a decreased activity of Na+-K+-dependent adenosine triphosphatase (Na+-K+-ATPase) in the corneal endothelium is followed by a decrease in the activity of gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT). Slight morphological disturbances appear within 4 days in animals wearing SCL (L). SCL (H) produce similar changes one week later. Subsequently, the corneal epithelium becomes thinner and changes in the size of corneal endothelial cells are obvious. Disturbances of enzyme activities in cells of all corneal layers are present. In the epithelium highly increased activities of acid glycosidases, acid phosphatase, and dipeptidyl peptidase I and II, in keratocytes decreased activities of alkaline phosphatase and GGT, and in the endothelium decreased activity of Na+-K+-ATPase and GGT were found. These changes are more severe after SCL (L). In this case, inflammatory cells displaying high activities of lysosomal hydrolases appear in the anterior part of the stroma during the 3rd and 4th weeks and local degradation of glycosaminoglycans and proteins takes place. In contrast, after SCL (H) a remarkable thinning of the corneas was observed during extended wear, accompanied by decreased stainability of stromal glycosaminoglycans and highly decreased enzyme activities in keratocytes. The histochemical methods proved very useful in the assessment of lesions caused by a continuous wear of SCL.
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PMID:Disturbances in the rabbit cornea after short-term and long-term wear of hydrogel contact lenses. Usefulness of histochemical methods. 289 48

We have established reference ranges for three microvillar intestinal enzymes--alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1), gamma-glutamyltransferase (EC 2.3.2.1), and leucine aminopeptidase (EC 3.4.1.1)--measured in amniotic fluid in a reference population of 1875 women presenting for routine amniocentesis. These data were derived for use in prenatal diagnostic studies in a population at risk (1:4) for cystic fibrosis. False-positive or indeterminate results were noted for fewer than 3.5% of all low-risk cases for each enzyme evaluated. Total alkaline phosphatase and its isoenzymes and leucine amino-peptidase and gamma-glutamyltransferase were measured in amniotic fluid sampled between the 15th and 19th weeks of gestation. Restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of DNA was also performed when possible. In 52 cases examined for cystic fibrosis thus far, 46 were diagnosed on the basis of DNA analysis and (or) by sweat testing; for the other six cases, only abnormal enzyme results were obtained before termination of pregnancy. Predictions based on microvillar enzyme results were falsely negative in three cases. In only one case was there a discrepancy between enzyme results and DNA analysis. Diagnostic accuracy was highest during the 17th and 18th week of gestation. Preliminary results suggest the false-negative rate of this diagnostic strategy may be greater than or equal to 10%.
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PMID:Prenatal diagnosis of cystic fibrosis: microvillar enzymes and DNA analysis compared. 289 57

The behaviour of several enzymes is described of the fetal chick duodenum in tissue culture in a defined medium free of serum and hormones. During culture the activity of sucrase, maltase, alanine aminopeptidase, and gamma-glutamyltransferase is raised in tissue explants, whereas the activity of other enzymes (dipeptidyl peptidase IV, leucine amino-peptidase, alkaline phosphatase) remains constant. After culture, depending on the enzyme, a varying amount of activity is found in the medium, a part of which can be sedimented by ultracentrifugation. Sucrase is subject to the strongest increase in activity during culture and thus should represent a sensitive marker for investigating maturation processes in the fetal intestine and their disturbances.
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PMID:Behaviour of several enzymes of fetal chick intestine in tissue culture. 290 97

Alkaline phosphatase is anchored to the plasma membrane by a carboxyl-terminal phosphatidylinositol glycan moiety. To investigate the biosynthesis of mature alkaline phosphatase, nascent human placental alkaline phosphatase was expressed in a cell-free system and used as substrate for in vitro processing by microsomal extracts. By monitoring the processed product with three site-directed antibodies, it was shown that microsomal extracts from CHO cells that contain other recognized processing activities also remove the carboxyl-terminal signal peptide from the preproenzyme in an apparently selective manner. This peptidase-like cleavage may be brought about by the action of a specific transamidase acting on the nascent protein in the absence of an appropriate phosphatidylinositol glycan cosubstrate.
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PMID:Processing at the carboxyl terminus of nascent placental alkaline phosphatase in a cell-free system: evidence for specific cleavage of a signal peptide. 291 71

Effects of non lethal concentrations of hexavalent chromium on intestinal enzymology of Salmo gairdneri and Dicentrarchus labrax (Pisces). The effects of an exposure to potassium dichromate on intestinal enzyme activities (Alkaline phosphatase, maltase, leucine amino peptidase and ATPases) have been studied on a fresh water fish (Salmo gairdneri) and a salt water fish (Dicentrarchus labrax). Fish were exposed at seasonal temperatures (13 or 21 degrees C) to toxic concentrations equal to 1/10 of the 24 h-LC 50 (i.e. 18 mg/l Cr for trout and 5 mg/l Cr for bass) during respectively 13 and 21 days. Intoxicated trout stopped feeding and showed a decrease in their intestinal weight at the end of the experiments. A decrease of brush border membrane activities (Alkaline phosphatase, maltase and leucine amino peptidase) were also observed. These alterations have been interpreted as the consequence of the chromium induces fasting. Intoxicated bass showed no alterations of their feeding habits. Two specific effects of chromium on enzyme activities have been found: a severe decrease of the alkaline phosphatase activity and an increase of the Na/K ATPase activity. These enzyme activities could be useful indicators of chromium intoxication in marine fish.
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PMID:[Effects of hexavalent chromium at non-lethal concentrations on the enzymology of the intestine of Salmo gairdneri and Dicentrarchus labrax (Pisces)]. 297 85

This study identifies the in vitro differences (markers) between virulent and attenuated transmissible gastroenteritis (TGE) viruses. Exposure of virulent Miller strain and attenuated Purdue strain TGE viruses to a spectrum of acidities indicated that the Miller strain was more stable at pH 2. Acidities at or above pH 3 did not reduce viral infectivity of either strain. When virulent and attenuated viruses were exposed to gastric fluids of either fed or fasted swine, there was a similar degree of sensitivity. Carboxypeptidase B, alpha-amylase, and alkaline phosphatase present in porcine small intestinal fluids did not cause a significant difference in sensitivity between virulent and attenuated virus isolates. The digestive enzymes: trypsin, alpha-chymotrypsin, pancreatin, peptidase, and carboxypeptidase A did not (or only slightly) inactivate virulent Miller strain TGE virus, but greatly reduced infectivity of attenuated viruses (Purdue strain and TGE vaccine virus isolates). The attenuated strains were significantly more sensitive to small intestinal fluids from both fasted and fed adult swine. Differential sensitivities between virulent and attenuated TGE viruses to digestive fluids from stomach and small intestine further substantiate the notion of differential susceptibility to small intestinal proteases as a correlate of viral virulence.
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PMID:Enzymatic and acidic sensitivity profiles of selected virulent and attenuated transmissible gastroenteritis viruses of swine. 298 96


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