Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase)
47,916 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The clinical utility of the indirect immunofluorescence (IF) and the alkaline phosphatase-anti-alkaline phosphatase (APAAP) techniques was compared in 103 newly diagnosed acute leukaemia patients immunophenotyped using a panel of 19 monoclonal antibodies (MoAb). In spite of slight variations in the percentages of cells reacting with particular MoAbs when comparing the two methods we found no discrepancies in the final classification of each case. In ANLL (n = 73) the best correlation between the two methods was found for CDw65 which is a good screening marker, and for CD15 having a prognostic significance. In ALL (n = 30) the best correlation was observed for CD19 and CD10, both of great diagnostic importance. The following antigens present both in membrane and in cytoplasm displayed higher positivity with the APAAP than in IF HLA-Dr, CD71 and CD11b in ANLL, CD22 and HLA-Dr in nonT-ALL and CD3 in T-ALL. The important advantages of the APAAP technique are: 1) its use with routinely performed bone marrow or peripheral blood films, which can be stored before staining, 2) the possibility of correlating morphology with immunological characterization and documentation of the results.
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PMID:[Comparison of clinical usefulness of immunophenotyping of leukemia using the immunofluorescence and immunoenzyme APAAP methods]. 148 65

Recently we reported that the expression of the enzyme alkaline phosphatase (APase) is a marker for B cell activation. Enzymatic activity was found only in activated B cells and not T cells. Using flow cytometry we showed that some of the APase was found on the cell membranes (mAPase) and by functional assays, some was spontaneously released into the tissue culture medium. In the present report the expression of mAPase on activated B lymphocytes is more fully characterized. Two mAb specific for rat APase were used to measure the kinetics of the membrane expression of mAPase. Within 48 h of activation, mAPase is detected by flow cytometry and increases coordinately with both the transferrin receptor and IL-2R. Maximal membrane expression of mAPase in terms of number of positive cells and mean fluorescent intensity, is detected by day 4 to 5 of culture. Using hydroxyurea and demecolcine to block cells at G1/S and G2/M, respectively, it appeared that the initial expression of mAPase occurred as cells progressed into S phase of the cell cycle. This was confirmed using two-color flow cytometric analysis with the Hoechst DNA stain 33342 and the FITC-labeled APase-specific mAb. Finally, using phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C we were able to show that 60 to 80% of the mAPase is linked to the membrane via a glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol linkage. From this we have concluded that mAPase can be added to a growing list of glycoproteins that are anchored to the membrane by the glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol linkage and are expressed on differentiating B cells. This list now includes Thy-1, BLAST-1, Jlld, and mAPase.
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PMID:Alkaline phosphatase on activated B cells characterization of the expression of alkaline phosphatase on activated B cells. Kinetics and membrane anchor. 165 49

We studied the sorting and surface delivery of three apical and three basolateral proteins in the polarized epithelial cell line Caco-2, using pulse-chase radiolabeling and surface domain-selective biotinylation (Le Bivic, A., F. X. Real, and E. Rodriguez-Boulan. 1989. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 86:9313-9317). While the basolateral proteins (antigen 525, HLA-I, and transferrin receptor) were targeted directly and efficiently to the basolateral membrane, the apical markers (sucrase-isomaltase [SI], aminopeptidase N [APN], and alkaline phosphatase [ALP]) reached the apical membrane by different routes. The large majority (80%) of newly synthesized ALP was directly targeted to the apical surface and the missorted basolateral pool was very inefficiently transcytosed. SI was more efficiently targeted to the apical membrane (greater than 90%) but, in contrast to ALP, the missorted basolateral pool was rapidly transcytosed. Surprisingly, a distinct peak of APN was detected on the basolateral domain before its accumulation in the apical membrane; this transient basolateral pool (at least 60-70% of the enzyme reaching the apical surface, as measured by continuous basal addition of antibodies) was efficiently transcytosed. In contrast with their transient basolateral expression, apical proteins were more stably localized on the apical surface, apparently because of their low endocytic capability in this membrane. Thus, compared with two other well-characterized epithelial models, MDCK cells and the hepatocyte, Caco-2 cells have an intermediate sorting phenotype, with apical proteins using both direct and indirect pathways, and basolateral proteins using only direct pathways, during biogenesis.
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PMID:Biogenetic pathways of plasma membrane proteins in Caco-2, a human intestinal epithelial cell line. 197 37

Cellular expression of the transferrin receptor is determined by the proliferative state and iron requirements of the cell. Previous immunohistochemical studies using a number of anti-(transferrin receptor) monoclonal antibodies confirmed the biochemical evidence that hepatocytes express the receptor, although the distribution shown was patchy with only a small number of cells showing positive staining. In the present study, a number of techniques have been compared to optimize detection of the immunohistochemical signal from the transferrin receptor in human liver tissue. Using an alkaline phosphatase detection system, widespread expression of this receptor with both cytoplasmic and membrane staining was found in all parenchymal and non-parenchymal cells.
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PMID:Optimizing the immunohistochemical signal from the transferrin receptor in liver tissue. 250 53

When transferrin receptors of human erythroleukemic cells were pulse-labeled with [35S]methionine and then chased in the absence of radioactive precursor, the first detectable immunoprecipitable form of the receptor had a molecular mass of 85 kDa. This form of the receptor was converted to the mature form of 93 kDa with a half-time of about 40-60 min. Both the immature (85 kDa) and mature (93 kDa) receptors associated as dimers, the native form of the receptor. The 85-kDa, as well as the 93-kDa, receptors bound to a monoclonal antibody raised against the transferrin receptor or to transferrin-Sepharose. In order to determine whether glycosylation was necessary for ligand binding, purified receptors were isolated from cells grown in the presence of tunicamycin. When K562 cells were grown in the presence of tunicamycin, an 80-kDa nonglycosylated form of the receptor was synthesized. This nonglycosylated receptor was also capable of dimer formation; however, much less of it reached the cell surface than the fully glycosylated form, although both untreated and tunicamycin-grown cells appeared to synthesize transferrin receptors at similar rates. Although the number of receptor molecules/cell was similar in control and tunicamycin-treated cells, the nonglycosylated receptors exhibited a much lower affinity for transferrin than those of untreated cells; in contrast, when receptors were purified by immunoprecipitation and digested with bacterial alkaline phosphatase, no difference was observed between the affinity of these receptors and undigested immunoprecipitated receptors. These results suggest that glycosylation is not necessary for specific binding of transferrin to its receptor, but the affinity of this binding can be influenced greatly by the presence or absence of carbohydrate residues.
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PMID:Changes in glycosylation alter the affinity of the human transferrin receptor for its ligand. 272 54

NKH-1 is a monoclonal antibody that reacts with human natural killer (NK) cells and neural tissue. Because other monoclonal antibodies reacting with NK cells have been found on small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC), frozen tissue sections of 22 lung tumors including nine SCLC, two bronchial carcinoids, and 11 non-SCLC were tested for the presence of NKH-1 antigen by a sensitive alkaline phosphatase/anti-alkaline phosphatase technique. The labeling reactions of NKH-1 in frozen tissue sections were compared with reactions of a panel of 21 other monoclonal antibodies against NK cells, leukocyte antigens, cytokeratins, or nonlineage specific antigens. The antibody NKH-1 reacted strongly and diffusely with all of the SCLC and bronchial carcinoids but with none of the non-SCLC. NKH-1 also strongly labeled peripheral nerves in tissues adjacent to tumor. Two antibodies to cytokeratins reacted with all of the tumors and outlined tumor cells well, distinguishing them from surrounding stromal cells and leukocytes. OKT9, an antibody against transferrin receptor labeled all SCLC and eight of 11 non-SCLC but did not react with bronchial carcinoid. The antibodies Leu-M1, OKT10, Leu-7, and My4 reacted with 67%, 33%, 22%, and 11%, respectively, of the SCLC tested. The remaining 14 antibodies, including several with leukocyte specificity, labeled neither SCLC nor bronchial carcinoid. Thus, SCLC has a distinct immunophenotype (NKH-1 positive, keratin positive, and transferrin receptor positive), which may be helpful distinguishing this tumor from other tumors of lung including non-SCLC. SCLC infrequently expresses other leukocyte-associated antigens.
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PMID:Immunophenotype of small cell lung carcinoma. Expression of NKH-1 and transferrin receptor and absence of most myeloid antigens. 284 86

The blood-brain barrier is a specific property of differentiated brain endothelium. To study the differentiation of blood vessels in the brain, we have correlated the expression of a number of proteins in brain endothelial cells with the development of the blood-brain barrier in mouse, quail, and chick embryos. Using histochemical methods, alkaline phosphatase activity was found to be present in all species and appeared around embryonic Days 17 (mouse), 14 (quail), and 12 (chick). Butyrylcholinesterase activity was found in the mouse and quail but not the chick brain vasculature, and appeared around Days 17 (mouse) and 15 (quail). gamma-Glutamyltranspeptidase activity was demonstrated histochemically in mouse but not in chick and quail brain capillaries, beginning at Day 15. Transferrin receptor was localized on brain endothelium in all species by immunofluorescence methods using monoclonal antibodies. It appeared at Days 15 and 11 in mouse and chick embryonic brain, respectively. The staining of all markers in embryonic brain was compared with adult brain endothelium and the leptomeningeal blood vessels. The expression of these proteins was correlated with the development of the blood-brain barrier by studying the permeability of brain endothelium for the protein horseradish peroxidase during mouse embryogenesis. Vessels in the telencephalon were found to become impermeable around Day 16 of development. Taken together the results of previous investigations and those presented here, we conclude that a number of proteins are sequentially expressed in brain endothelial cells correlating in time with the formation of the blood-brain barrier in different species.
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PMID:Differentiation-dependent expression of proteins in brain endothelium during development of the blood-brain barrier. 287 8

Using in-situ immuno- and enzymehistochemical techniques, the phenotype of the neoplastic cells in seven cases of mantle zone lymphoma (MZL) was compared to that in seven cases of nodular poorly-differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma (NPDLL). The neoplastic nodules in MZL consisted of medium-sized lymphoid cells with slightly irregular nuclei and finely dispersed chromatin, expressing monoclonal surface IgM or IgM plus IgD, and displaying membranous alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity. These cells proliferated around follicular centers that demonstrated a polyclonal pattern of reactivity for both types of light chains and a distorted meshwork of dendritic reticulum cells. The neoplastic nodules in NPDLL consisted of small lymphoid cells with markedly irregular nuclei and coarsely granulated chromatin, expressing monoclonal surface IgM and lacking ALP-activity. These tumor cells also frequently expressed transferrin receptor and common acute lymphoblastic leukemia-antigen (CALLA). The neoplastic nodules showed an undistorted meshwork of dendritic reticulum cells, and were occasionally bordered by remnants of polyclonal lymphocytic coronas. These results confirm the previous suggestion that NPDLL arises from a cell type that is a normal constituent of follicular centers, whereas MZL arises from the lymphocytic corona. The morphological, enzyme- and immunohistochemical features of MZL cells strongly suggest that MZL arises from marginal zone lymphocytes, a subset of corona lymphocytes that expresses ALP-activity, high IgM and low IgD-levels.
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PMID:Mantle zone lymphoma. Immuno- and enzymehistochemical studies on the cell of origin. 294 46

The immunological phenotypes of the lymphoid cells in 39 cutaneous malignant melanomas have been investigated by staining cryostat sections with a panel of 20 monoclonal antibodies against lymphoid cells and their subsets. Staining was performed by the alkaline phosphatase: anti-alkaline phosphatase (APAAP) method in which the substrate label (red) is easily distinguishable from melanin. The lymphoid infiltrates had an essentially identical composition in all cases, consisting of T-lymphocytes associated with both Langerhans cells and HLA-DR-positive tissue macrophages. B-lymphocytes and natural killer cells were either absent or only present in low numbers. The ratio between T8 (suppressor/cytotoxic) and T4 (helper/inducer) lymphocytes varied and showed no correlation with melanoma subtype, level of invasion or magnitude of lymphocytic response. Examination for markers associated with T-cell activation and/or with cell proliferation revealed that all lesions contained HLA-DR-positive T-lymphocytes, whereas expression of the transferrin receptor and the interleukin-2 receptor (Tac-antigen) occurred mainly in melanomas with a significant inflammatory infiltrate. These data support the concept that malignant melanomas are capable of evoking autologous T-cell immune reactions.
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PMID:Immunohistological analysis of the lymphoid infiltrate in cutaneous malignant melanomas. 310 Dec 84

The expression of the transferrin receptor (TfR) was studied in the acute leukaemias and lymphoproliferative disorders by means of indirect immunofluorescence and/or the enhanced alkaline phosphatase anti-alkaline phosphatase (APAAP) techniques using monoclonal antibodies to the receptor. A total of 174 cases of acute leukaemia and lymphoproliferative disorder were studied. The results indicate that the receptor is expressed with increased density in the majority of positive cases of acute leukaemia. The lymphoproliferative disorders, however, only expressed the receptor in a minority of cases and did so with weak density. It is proposed that this weak expression in the lymphoproliferative disorders may be of use as an indicator of an increase in cell activity.
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PMID:Transferrin receptor expression in the leukaemias and lymphoproliferative disorders. 344 72


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