Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase)
 47,916 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Several monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) are now available for immunophenotyping non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHLs) in paraffin-embedded tissue sections. To determine the reliability of these reagents in predicting the genotype, 44 cases of NHL were studied with the alkaline phosphatase-anti-alkaline phosphatase technique with the use of the following MoAbs: leukocyte common antigen (CD45), Mac 387, L26, 4KB5, MB1, MB2, LN2, UCHL1, MT1, and MT2. The lineage of the neoplastic cells was determined in all cases by gene rearrangement studies for immunoglobulin heavy chain and for the T-cell receptor beta-chain. Genotypic results showed B-cell lineage in 33 cases (75%), T-cell lineage in 6 cases (14%), and mixed or undetermined lineage in 5 cases (11%). A concordance of lineage assignment by paraffin section immunophenotyping with gene rearrangement studies was observed in 37 of 39 (95%) lymphomas with an unequivocally defined genotype. MoAb L26 was the most sensitive in detecting B-cell genotype; MoAbs MT1 and UCHL1 were the most sensitive and specific, respectively, in detecting T-cell genotype. The authors conclude that lineage assignment of NHLs in paraffin sections is reflective of the corresponding genotype when an appropriate panel of MoAbs is used.
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PMID:Immunophenotyping of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas in paraffin-embedded tissue sections. A comparison with genotypic analysis. 184

Several immunohistochemical methods are now available for the staining of neoplastic cells in tissue sections. The authors have found that the alkaline phosphatase-anti-alkaline phosphatase (APAAP) method is sensitive and reliable. Murine monoclonal or nonmurine polyclonal antibodies can be used to label a variety of membranous and/or cellular constituents in tissues that have been routinely processed in a histopathology laboratory. The monoclonal antibody against leukocyte common antigen (CD45) can be used to differentiate hematologic from nonhematologic tumors. Monoclonal antibodies (L26, LN1, LN2, LN3, MB1, MB2) label B-cell lymphomas, whereas other monoclonal antibodies (UCHL1, MT1) more characteristically stain T-cell lymphomas. Polyclonal antibodies against CD3 specifically mark neoplastic cells from T-cell lymphomas and leukemias but as yet are not commercially available. Monoclonal antibodies Leu-M1 (CD15), Ber H2 (Ki-1; CD30), and LN2 label Reed-Sternberg cells from most cases of nodular sclerosis, mixed cellularity, and lymphocyte-depleted Hodgkin's disease. Monoclonal antibodies Mac 387, KP1 (CD68), and NP57 (antielastase), as well as polyclonal antibodies against lysozyme, help identify subtypes of acute myeloid leukemia and extramedullary myeloid cell tumors. Although there are now excellent reagents ready for use, there is still a significant need for more lineage-specific (particularly against CD epitopes) monoclonal antibodies capable of labeling neoplastic cells in paraffin-embedded tissue sections from patients with hematologic malignancies.
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PMID:Immunophenotyping of hematologic neoplasms in paraffin-embedded tissue sections. 218 Feb 77

The immunoprofiles of 121 germ cell and trophoblastic neoplasms were defined, using a battery of antibodies against cytokeratin (CK), vimentin (VIM), epithelial membrane antigen (EMA), placental alkaline phosphatase (PLAP), S-100 protein, leukocyte common antigen (LCA), UCHL-1, LN-2, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), neuron-specific enolase (NSE), chromogranin A, Leu-7, alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), alpha-1-antitrypsin (AAT), and the beta subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin (BHCG). In addition to 85 neoplasms of testicular origin, the cases included eight ovarian germ cell tumors and 28 extragonadal neoplasms. All tissues had been subjected to formalin fixation and paraffin embedding. Similar immunoreactivity patterns were seen in gonadal and extragonadal neoplasms, gestational and nongestational choriocarcinomas, components of mixed germ cell tumors and their pure counterparts, and metastatic and primary lesions. Placental alkaline phosphatase was a sensitive marker of germ cell differentiation, and expression of this marker in the absence of EMA appeared to be a staining pattern unique to germ cell tumors. Both LCA and S100 were absent in neoplastic germ cells, and thus were useful in differentiating these tumors from malignant lymphoma and malignant melanoma, respectively. Cytokeratin was helpful in distinguishing seminomas/dysgerminomas from nonseminomatous germ cell tumors, although 10% of seminomas showed focal or diffuse cytokeratin reactivity. Finally, 75% of all germ cell neoplasms displayed NSE, calling the specificity of this determinant into question.
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PMID:Immunohistochemistry of germ cell and trophoblastic neoplasms. 245 24

To determine whether the mononuclear cells (MC) and multinucleated giant cells (GC) of giant cell tumor of tendon sheath (GCTTS) exhibit evidence of monocyte/macrophage lineage, we studied their antigenic features (seven cases, paraffin sections; two cases, frozen sections) and enzymatic features in situ (four cases, plastic sections). Both MC and GC expressed a monocyte/macrophage phenotype: HLA-A,B,C+, HLA-DR+, T200+ (leukocyte common antigen), Leu-M3+ and Leu-3+. MC and GC also expressed similar enzymatic phenotypes which resembled that of osteoclasts. Both were rich in acid phosphatase and contained smaller, variable amounts of ATPase, beta-glucuronidase, alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase, and 5'-nucleotidase. Both lacked alkaline phosphatase. Reactive osteoclasts in plastic and paraffin sections were also T200+, a finding strongly supporting their bone marrow derivation and leukocytic differentiation. In plastic sections, osteoclasts were additionally reactive with macrophage antigen EBM11. In aggregate, these data suggest that GCTTS is a true histiocytic lesion of monocyte/macrophage lineage composed of phenotypically similar MC and GC that most closely resemble osteoclasts. We found no evidence that GCTTS cells resemble osteoblasts, fibroblasts, or synovial sarcoma cells. Furthermore, expression of the Ki-67 nuclear antigen by 1-2% of MC but not by GC suggests that the proliferating cells in GCTTS are restricted to its MC component.
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PMID:The cells of giant cell tumor of tendon sheath resemble osteoclasts. 283 1

The malignant fibrous histiocytomas (MFHs) are a histologically heterogeneous group of sarcomas that have been postulated to be derived from, or have the capacity to differentiate into, histiocytes. To determine whether MFH tumor cells actually express the features of histiocytes, i.e., bone marrow-derived cells of monocyte-macrophage lineage, we studied the antigenic and enzymatic phenotype of 13 MFHs in situ using frozen and plastic sections, respectively. Five pleomorphic three fibrous, two myxoid, two giant cell, and one histiocytic MFH were studied. While tumor cells in 12 of 13 cases were positive for HLA-A,B,C, tumor cells in all cases failed to express antigens present on bone marrow-derived macrophages, i.e., leukocyte common antigen (L3B12), HLA-DR, Leu-M3, and Leu-3a. Interestingly 8 of 13 cases were positive for CALLA. Although nonspecific, this may prove useful in differential diagnosis. Enzyme histochemistry demonstrated that tumor cells in 9 of 13 cases were positive for membrane 5' nucleotidase (5'N+). Four of these were also alkaline phosphatase positive (ALKP+). All cases were either negative or weakly positive for acid phosphatase (ACIDP) and alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase (ANAE). Tumor cells were unreactive for alpha-naphthyl butyrate esterase (ANBE) and adenosine triphosphatase (ATP). These findings indicate that MFH tumor cells do not express the enzymatic profile of cells of monocyte/macrophage lineage which are membrane 5'N-/ALKP- and ACIDP+/ANAE+/ANBE+/ membrane ATP+. In fact, these data suggest a similarity to fibroblasts which are membrane 5'N+, variably ALKP+, weakly ACIDP+/ANAE+, and ANBE-/membrane ATP-. Osteoclast-like giant cells present in two cases did express a histiocytic phenotype, suggesting that they are reactive elements not derived from admixed tumor cells. These results suggest that MFHs are primitive mesenchymal neoplasms, most likely sarcomas composed of poorly differentiated fibroblasts, and are unrelated to true histiocytic neoplasms.
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PMID:Malignant fibrous histiocytoma tumor cells resemble fibroblasts. 301 Jul 48

Giant cell carcinoma of the vulva has been described as a distinctive primary tumor of the vulva associated with multinucleated tumor giant cells and nuclear pleomorphism. These tumors have been reported to have a poorer prognosis than does squamous cell carcinoma, to which they are thought to be related. Two women were treated for primary vulvar malignancies possessing the morphologic features of giant cell tumor. Electron microscopy was not beneficial in distinguishing the tumors. A panel of immunoperoxidase procedures, including AE 1/3, 35 beta H-11, carcinoembryonic antigen, epithelial membrane antigen, HMB-45, S-100, leukocyte common antigen, placentalike alkaline phosphatase, alpha-1-antichymotrypsin and vimentin made it possible to distinguish the two tumors and characterized one as a nodular amelanotic melanoma with multinucleate tumor giant cells and the second as a squamous cell carcinoma with tumor giant cells. The latter term should replace the term giant cell carcinoma. Histologic criteria can help define this tumor.
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PMID:Two distinct pathologic types of giant cell tumor of the vulva. A report of two cases. 340 13

Five chondroblastomas were examined for the presence of monocyte/macrophage-associated antigens by an alkaline phosphatase-anti-alkaline phosphatase immunohistochemical method. The tumor cell populations were analyzed with eight antibodies reacting with separate antigens on cells of monocyte/macrophage lineage and with antibodies directed against glycoprotein IIIa and factor VIII. The "chondroblastic" tumor cells did not stain with any of the macrophage-associated antibodies. Osteoclast-like giant cells stained with the macrophage-associated antigens EBM11, KB90, leukocyte common antigen, and with the megakaryocyte/platelet-associated antigen C17. Only endothelial cells were reactive with antibody to factor VIII. Our data do not support the postulated histiocytic origin of the neoplastic cells within chondroblastomas; the osteoclast-like giant cells present within these tumors are felt to be both reactive and of monocyte/macrophage lineage.
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PMID:Chondroblastoma: an immunohistochemical study. 341 89

During a systematic cell surface antigen expression profile analysis of 76 primary childhood brain tumors (34 medulloblastomas/primitive neuroectodermal tumors and 42 astrocytomas), we employed the following library of monoclonal antibodies (MoABs): anti-Leu-2/a; anti-Leu-3/a; anti-Leu-M5; anti-Leu-11b; anti-HLA-A, -B, -C; anti-HLA-DR; anti-HLe-1 (leukocyte common antigen); and UJ 308. The MoABs identified the expression of various leukocyte-associated, lymphocyte cell line differentiated, cell surface antigens in childhood brain tumors. The antigens were detected with an indirect, biotin-streptavidin-conjugated alkaline phosphatase (AP) immunocytochemical technique. Leu-2/a+ cells comprise the significant CD8+ cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) population of the tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. CTLs are major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I restricted, tumor-associated antigen-specific, cytotoxic cells and were identified in 58 of 76 (76.32%) brain tumors. CTLs usually represented 1-10% of all cells, but in some cases 30-44% of the cells were CD8+. CD4+, MHC class II restricted helper lymphocytes, detected with MoAB anti-Leu-3/a, were present in 65 of 76 (85.53%) brain tumors. Usually 1-10% of the observed cells reacted with MoAB anti-Leu 3/a. Macrophages (Leu-M5 antigen-positive cells) were expressed in 74 of 76 (97.37%) brain tumors. Their number also represented 1-10% of all observed cells in the frozen brain tumor sections. All 76 (100%) brain tumors contained cells that reacted positively with MoABs anti-HLA-A, -B, -C and anti-HLA-DR, demonstrating a strong MHC class I restriction of the tumor cell population and an overall leukocyte antigen expression.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Immunophenotypic characterization of infiltrating polynuclear and mononuclear cells in childhood brain tumors. 761 61

Bone marrow stromal cells comprise a heterogeneous population including fibroblastic, adipocytic, hemopoietic, and osteogenic cells. Although the conditions under which different lineages are regulated have not been fully elucidated, dexamethasone clearly stimulates osteogenic expression in stromal cultures. The purpose of this study was to begin to elucidate and quantify some of the subpopulations present when rat bone marrow stromal cells are grown with or without dexamethasone under conditions favoring bone formation. Bone marrow stromal cells from young adult rats were cultured with ascorbic acid, beta-glycerophosphate, and with or without dexamethasone for various periods of time. Culture dishes were then analyzed for cell counts, or stained with either histochemical or immunohistochemical stains, and colony types were quantitated, or cells were processed for flow cytometry. Dexamethasone significantly increased the number of alkaline phosphatase (AP) positive colonies, von Kossa positive bone nodules, alpha-naphthylbutyrate esterase positive colonies, and ED2 positive (macrophage) colonies. The number of adipocytic foci was largely unaffected in these experiments. Flow cytometry confirmed colony counts and showed stimulation by dexamethasone of AP positive cells and macrophages, and in addition, the reduction of hemopoietic cells expressing leukocyte common antigen. These data show conclusively that when rat bone marrow stromal populations are grown under conditions stimulating osteoprogenitor differentiation and bone formation, the stromal subpopulation make-up, including expression of hemopoietic lineages, is markedly altered.
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PMID:Dexamethasone alters the subpopulation make-up of rat bone marrow stromal cell cultures. 775 9

Four examples of spermatocytic seminoma with a predominant anaplastic component occurred in men 33 to 43 years of age, without histories of cyptorchidism. The seminomas presented with painless testicular masses recognized 3 to 18 months before orchiectomy. Preoperative serum measurements of human chorionic gonadotropin and alpha-fetoprotein were negative. All tumors contained areas (10% to 30% of the tumor) in which the three cell types characteristic of conventional spermatocytic seminoma could be identified under light microscopy. The predominant anaplastic component also contained the three cell types, but the nuclei had prominent nucleoli with granular and filamentous chromatin. In addition, sheets of cells with vesicular nuclei and prominent nucleoli superficially resembling embryonal carcinoma were found. There were numerous large mononuclear and multinucleated giant cells with bizarre nuclei and prominent nucleoli, but no sarcomatous elements. Many normal and abnormal mitotic figures were present. Tunical and vascular invasion and extensive necrosis were constant features. Immunohistochemistry documented p53 protein overexpression in two tumors, but neoplastic cells were negative with immunostains for placenta-like alkaline phosphatase, leukocyte common antigen, neuron-specific enolase, alpha-fetoprotein, human chorionic gonadotropin, vimentin, and cytokeratins. Ultrastructural examination of the anaplastic component showed large rope-like nucleoli, but the cytoplasmic features were similar to those of conventional spermatocytic seminoma. Despite the presence of a major anaplastic component, no patient has developed metastasis. Larger series and longer follow-up are needed to understand the natural history of these neoplasms.
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PMID:Anaplastic variant of spermatocytic seminoma. 869 7


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