Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase)
 47,916 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Monolayer and suspension cell cultures prepared from Hodgkin's disease tumors in the spleen were examined microscopically and by cytogenetics, tested for lymphocyte and monocyte cell surface properties, and assayed for enzymes by histochemical and spectrophotometric techniques. Hodgkin's disease monolayer cultures were composed of rapidly proliferating round and polygonal cells that were capable of propagation in vitro for an indefinite period of time. Abnormal aneuploid chromosomes were found in short-term Hodgkin's disease monolayers that had been passaged 16-20 times, and in established cell lines carried in culture longer than 3 yr and passaged more than 200 times. Cells fromHodgkin's disease monolayers contained lysozyme (muramidase), fluoride-resistant alpha naphthol acetate esterase, acid and alkaline phosphatase, and chymotrypsin-like activity. The monolayers did not exhibit specific cell surface markers or phagocytosis. Suspension cultures derived from Hodgkin's disease monolayers were composed of cells with aneuploid karyotypes and similar enzymes. The Hodgkin's disease suspension culture cells had surface receptors for complement and IgGFc, lacked surface or cytoplasmic immunoglobulin, and did not form Erosettes, react with an antithymocyte serum, nor exhibit phagocytosis. Normal monolayer culture cells, derived from adult spleen and human fetal spleen and thymus, were composed of spindle cells with a diploid number of chromosomes that could be carried for only a finite period of time in vitro. Normal cultured cells contained similar esterases and phosphatases, but were devoid of lysozyme and chymotrypsin-like activity. The morphologic, cytogenetic, cell surface, and enzymatic findings indicate that our Hodgkin's disease monolayer and suspension cultures are composed of cells with many properties suggesting an origin from monocytes (macrophages) rather than lymphocytes or fibroblasts. The presence of aneuploid karyotypes is consistent with a neoplastic origin and derivation from a malignant cell of Hodgkin's disease.
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PMID:Tissue culture studies in Hodgkin's disease: Morphologic, cytogenetic, cell surface, and enzymatic properties of cultures derived from splenic tumors. 6 93

Human blood eosinophils obtained from untreated patients with large numbers of circulating eosinophils were purified and lysed. An eosinophil contains 2.65 times as much peroxidase, 2.44 times as much beta-glucuronidase, approximately two times as much acid beta-glycerophosphatase, and 1.2 times as much protein as a neutrophil. Lysate filtration allowed isolation of eosinophil granules by isopycnic ultracentrifugation in sucrose. The granules had a mean density of rho 1.24 g/ml, and contained peroxidase, beta-glucuronidase, and acid beta-glycerophosphatase. They totally lacked muramidase and alkaline phosphatase. Electron micrography confirmed the isolation.
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PMID:Isolation and partial characterization of human eosinophil granules. Comparison to neutrophils. 121 24

Probenecid in doses of 640 mg/kg was administered to rats by the oral route, and the changes in five important enzymatic activities of urine were recorded thereafter for two days. The resluts exclude that probenecid impairs tubular reabsorption of low molecular weight protein, as urinary muramidase activity was not found increased. On the other hand, increased activities were encountered in those enzymatic activities in urine which derive from the renal tubular cells (ALD, G-6-PDH, LDH). These observations point towards a nephrotoxic effect of probenecid, which, however, is only of very low degree, as other "standard" enzymatic activities of urine, such as alkaline phosphatase, remained unchanged.
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PMID:Probenecid and the rat kidney: investigations by renal enzyme excretion technique. 125 75

1. The sequence of renal cellular membrane damage induced by gentamicin was studied in the rat by using the release of alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase, muramidase and protein from renal cells as indices of renal damage. 2. The protective effect of a combination of vitamin E and selenium against renal damage was also investigated. 3. Gentamicin (60 mg kg-1 body weight) was nephrotoxic within 12 h of the first dose. 4. The plasma membrane of the renal tubules is damaged before the lysosomal membrane is affected. 5. A combination of vitamin E (1 mg g-1 body weight) and selenium (4 x 10(-3) mg g-1 body weight) attenuates the renal damage induced by gentamicin. Results suggest synergism between vitamin E and selenium in attenuating the renal damage. The possible mechanism of attenuation is discussed. 6. Vitamin E and selenium may have anti-diuretic potential.
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PMID:Vitamin E and selenium in gentamicin nephrotoxicity. 226 Dec 41

The effect of repeated administration of berenil, a trypanocide, on urinary excretion of some enzyme activities in rat and their corresponding levels in the kidney and serum was investigated. Daily administration of this drug to rats resulted in increased urinary volume, excretion of protein, alkaline phosphatase and lactate dehydrogenase activities. However, the level of acid phosphatase activity was not significantly increased while muramidase activity disappeared completely during the period of drug administration. In the kidney tissue, there was a significant loss of lactate dehydrogenase activity immediately after the first dose and this trend continued until the end of drug administration. In the same tissue, there was an increase in alkaline phosphatase activity while the lysosomal enzymes were not significantly affected. In the serum, except for the increase in alkaline phosphatase activity, all other enzymes were not significantly affected. All these results indicate that there is cellular damage to rat kidney as a result of repeated berenil administration, and that the plasma membrane and the soluble portion of the cytoplasm are the primary site of injury to the cells. They also suggest that urinary enzyme excretion could be useful in determining the site of cellular damage by chemical agents in kidneys.
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PMID:Effect of repeated administration of berenil on urinary enzyme excretion with corresponding tissue pattern in rats. 272 90

The presence of proliferating cells has been sought in the synovium of rheumatoid arthritic (RA) and osteoarthritic (OA) joints using the monoclonal antibody Ki67, which marks a nuclear antigen present in all stages of the cell cycle apart from Go. Synovia were studied from 21 RA and 14 OA cases using the indirect immunoperoxidase technique. Double-staining was performed on 18 RA and 17 OA synovia with the simultaneous labelling of lysozyme (muramidase) by the immuno-alkaline phosphatase method and with Ki67 by the indirect immunoperoxidase method. Most of the RA and OA synovia showed an absence of Ki67-positive cells in the intimal cell layer. Three RA and four OA synovia showed no more than ten proliferating cells in the whole of the intimal layer examined. Similar results were obtained when double-labelling was performed. Eight RA and six OA synovia showed the presence of occasional Ki67-positive cells in the intimal layer. The total number of intimal cells was measured for each histological section, and the proliferation index calculated as the percentage of total cells in the intimal layer showing Ki67-positive staining. This varied between 0.03% and 0.0033% (between 1:2800 and 1:30,000 cells). In contrast, there were plentiful Ki67-positive cells present in the lymphocytic infiltrate and around blood vessels in the RA synovia and in the synovial infiltrate, where present, in the OA cases.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Proliferative activity of cells in the synovium as demonstrated by a monoclonal antibody, Ki67. 332 79

Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML) is a rare leukemia, which is now included in myelodysplastic syndromes. In a small number of patients with CMML, problems in the diagnosis have been reported, especially when atypical morphological features in both monocytic and granulocytic cells due to dysmyelopoiesis are prominent, or when cytochemical characteristics are lost in the leukemic cells. The case history of a sixty-seven year-old male patient with CMML is described. The diagnosis of CMML in the patient was supported by the following evidence: chronic course of his disease; increased monocyte-like cells without other cause; normocytic anemia; immature granulocytic cells with hypogranular feature and giant platelets were observed in the peripheral blood. The bone marrow showed myeloid hyperplasia. Serum muramidase and vitamin B12 levels were increased, while neutrophil alkaline phosphatase score was low in the peripheral blood. Ph' chromosome was negative. The monocyte-like cells completely lacked nonspecific esterase. However the cells were confirmed as monocytic cells by flow cytometry using monoclonal antibodies to monocytes (OKM5).
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PMID:Report of a case with chronic myelomonocytic leukemia: demonstration of leukemic monocytes lacking nonspecific esterase by flow cytometry using monoclonal antibodies. 350 52

Human blood neutrophilic leukocytes were separated and purified by modifications of the Hypaque/Ficoll and dextran separation methods, resulting in a suspension which was greater than 96% neutrophils. Neutrophils were prepared in 0.34 M sucrose containing heparin and were clarified of nongranular debris by sequential passage through polycarbonate filters of pore size 5 mu and 2 mu. Isopycnic sucrose gradients of such filtrates revealed three major bands. The gradient separated fractions were studied by electron microscopy including peroxidase cytochemistry and by enzyme assay for myeloperoxidase (MPO), beta-glucuronidase, muramidase alkaline phosphatase and acid phosphatase utilizing both p-nitrophenylphosphate (pnp) and beta-glycerophosphate as substrates. Peroxidase-positive granules were observed at both density 1.22 (band A) and density 1.20 (band B). Three peroxidase-negative granules were identified: the round or oval peroxidase-negative granule of density 1.22 (band A) and two smaller granules, distinguishable by size and shape at density 1.18 (band C). Band C granules contain crystalloid inclusions. Peaks of muramidase activity coincided with bands A and C, suggesting the presence of muramidase in the peroxidase-negative granules of density 1.22 and in one or both of the peroxidase-negative granules at density 1.18. beta-Glucuronidase was distributed like MPO, with a major peak in band B and a minor peak in band A. Acid beta-glycerophosphatase was largely in band A. Acid pnp phosphatase was nonspecifically associated with soluble nongranular protein which always remained at the origin of sucrose gradients. Alkaline phosphatase was not granule associated and sedimented alone to density 1.145, which is highly suggestive of a cytoplasmic membrane localization for this enzyme.
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PMID:Separation and characterization of human neutrophil granules. 444 23

Immunochemical techniques with enzymes as the antigen have grown in frequency during the last few years. These techniques have allowed evaluation of enzymes in the presence of endogenous inhibitors. Among those enzymes measured by immunochemical techniques and which have found diagnostic application, mention will be made of alkaline phosphatase (with particular reference to the intestinal, placental, and Regan isoenzymes), lactate dehydrogenase (in which renewed interest has developed due to techniques for specifically measuring the LD-1 isoenzyme), aspartate aminotransferase (of which the cytosolic and mitochondrial forms can now be independently measured by immunochemical techniques), acid phosphatase (for which a specific immunochemical assay for the prostatic enzyme has been widely introduced in diagnostic laboratories), and creatine kinase (for which a variety of immunochemical techniques to measure the M- and B-subunits are now part of standard laboratory assays). Other enzymes which will be discussed in this review include phosphohexose isomerase, amylase, ribonuclease, and lysozyme (muramidase). Finally, the use of enzymes, particularly asparaginase, in the chemotherapy of cancer will be outlined.
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PMID:Immunoassay of enzymes--an overview. 634 26

The urinary excretion of four enzymes (alkaline phosphatase: AP, leucine aminopeptidase: LAP, lactate dehydrogenase: LDH, muramidase: M) was measured in unanesthetized adult male Wistar rats within 48 h after either a single injection of mercuric chloride (HgCl2) (0.5-1.0 mg x kg-1), or of gentamicin (2.5-25 mg x kg-1), or of tobramoycin (2.5-25 mg x kg-1), or after 30 min of clamping of both renal arteries. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR), TmPAH, plasma urea, urinary protein and sodium excretion were measured simultaneously. The excretion of AP, LAP and LDH, but not that of M, increased significantly above control levels after renal ischemia or the nephrotoxic agents; the increase was dose-related after HgCl2. GFR was not depressed, but TmPAH decreased after the higher doses of the toxic agents. Though more sensitive for detecting minor grades of acute renal damage than function tests, measurements of urinary enzyme excretion were fraught with large inter-individual variation, and variable time-course of changes in different types of renal damage. Short-term exposure (3 months) to phenylmercuric acetate was associated with a significant decrease of the urinary excretion of AP, and of LAP, and of AP activity measured histochemically in proximal tubular cells.
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PMID:Urinary enzyme excretion and changes in renal functions induced by toxic substances or by renal ischemia in rats. 693 3


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