Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase)
 47,916 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A reversible sterilization of male monkeys by intratesticular administration of alpha-chlorohydrin have been studied. 2 - A single injection of alpha-chlorohydrin (100 mg/testis intratesticular) caused degenerative changes in the seminiferous tubules. Extensive necrosis and exfoliation of the seminiferous elements were consistently observed even after 45 days of treatment. Tubular and Leydig cell nuclear shrinkage was noticed. The lumen of the epididymides and vas-deferens were devoid of spermatozoa. 3 - Normal spermatogenesis was restored after 100 days of alpha-chlorohydrin administration. 4 - Liver function test were performed to ascertain whether any distrubance is caused. Serum-aminotransferases, alkaline phosphatase, plasma cholesterol, haemoglobin and hematocrit levels remained within normal limits. 5 - In conclusion, a reversible male sterilization in langurs is of particular importanze with normal liver functions. It would seem plausible to translate these observations in terms of reversible fertility control in man.
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PMID:A reversible chemical sterilization of male langurs (Presbytisentellus entellus Dufresne): a single intratesticular injection of alpha-chlorohydrin. 82 53

1. Danazol, a synthetic (2,3-isoxazole) derivative of 17 alpha-ethinyl testosterone has been studied in rabbits to support our earlier findings in dog, whether Danazol can be developed as an effective means for male contraception. 2. Chronic administration of Danazol resulted in a mass atrophy of the spermatogenic elements. Seminiferous tubule and Leydig cell nuclear dimensions were reduced. The lumen of epididymides and vas deferens were devoid of spermatozoa. These effects were reversible following a period of 60 days of recovery. 3. Hepatic function was followed with determination of SGOT, SGPT, alkaline phosphatase, cholesterol and blood sugar. Serum-amino-transferases were elevated during the period of administration but returned to normal after cessation of drug administration. 4. In conclusion, Danazol can be used as an effective means for male contraception in rabbit. The effects are reversible. Normal spermatogenesis occurs following a period of sixty days of recovery.
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PMID:Chemical sterilization: effects of danazol administration on the testes and epididymides of male rabbit. 87 47

1. Light deprivation either by enucleation or darkness resulted in a wide-spread testicular damage. The changes consisted of loss of type A spermatogonia, spermatocytes, spermatids and spermatozoa. 2. The atrophic testes of eyeless gerbils regenerated after 20 weeks and were indistinguishable from those of untreated, continuous light exposed animals. The reversible effects were not seen in continuous dark exposure. 3. Light deprivation (enucleation/continuous darkness) inhibits the synthesis of RNA, protein and sialic acid in the testes, epididymides and seminal vesicles. The testicular cholesterol and alkaline phosphatase activity was increased. 4. Haemoglobulin, haematrocrit and serum-transaminase levels were all the time within normal limits. Histological preparations of the liver showed normal architecture. 5. Reduced androgen production following a long term light deprivation was reflected in low levels of RNA and sialic acid in the testes and epididymides and shrunken Leydig cell nuclei. 6. In conclusion, light deprivation caused damage to the male genital tract of gerbils.
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PMID:The effects of light deprivation/blindness on testicular function of gerbil (Meriones hurrianae Jerdon). 92 25

1. Changes in the histological structure and biochemical composition have been studied in the testes and epididymis of dog after unilateral and bilateral vasectomies. 2. Testes and epididymis weight did not change after 30 days of unilateral vasectomy. Whereas a significant decrease was observed after 60 and 120 days of unilateral and bilateral vasectomy. Tests and epididymis weights returned to normal after 180 days of bilateral vasectomy. 3. Histologically testes and epididymis were normal after 30 days of vasectomy. After 60 and 120 days of unilateral and bilateral vasectomy. Testes and generative changes. Seminiferous tubule and Leydig cell nuclear diameter reduced. Sixty to seventy percent tubules recover after 180 days of bilateral vasectomy. 4. Decrease in RNA, protein, sialic acid contents and increase in alkaline phosphatase activity, total lipids, cholesterol coincided with the absence of spermatozoa and atrophic changes in the testes. 5. The early degenerative changes were caused due to back pressure of testicular fluid (Vare et al, 1973).
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PMID:Biochemical and histological changes in testes and epididymis of dog after vasectomy. 121 52

We report the immortalization, using the SV40 large T antigen, of all the cell types contributing to a developing seminiferous tubule in the mouse testis. Sixteen peritubular, 22 Leydig, 8 Sertoli, and 1 germ cell line have been established and cultured successfully for 90 generations in a period of 2.5 years. Immortalized peritubular cells were identified by their spindle-like appearance, their high expression of alkaline phosphatase, and their expression of the intermediary filament desmin. They also produce high amounts of collagen. Immortalized Leydig cells are easily identifiable by the accumulation of lipid droplets in their cytoplasm and the production of the enzyme 3-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. Some Leydig cell lines also express LH receptors. The immortalized Sertoli cells are able to adopt their typical in vivo columnar appearance when cultured at high density. They exhibit a typical indented nucleus and cytoplasmic phagosomes. Some Sertoli cell lines also express FSH receptors. A germ cell line (GC-1spg) was established that corresponds to a stage between spermatogonia type B and primary spermatocyte, based on its characteristics in phase contrast and electron microscopy. This cell line expresses the testicular cytochrome ct and lactate dehydrogenase-C4 isozyme. These four immortalized cell types, when plated together, are able to reaggregate and form structures resembling two-dimensional spermatogenic tubules in vitro. When only the immortalized somatic cells are cocultured, the peritubular and Sertoli cells form cord-like structures in the presence of Leydig cells. Fresh pachytene spermatocytes cocultured with the immortalized somatic cells integrate within the cords and are able to survive for at least 7 days. The ability to perform coculture experiments with immortalized testicular cell lines represents an important advancement in our ability to study the nature of cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions during spermatogenesis and testis morphogenesis.
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PMID:Immortalization of germ cells and somatic testicular cells using the SV40 large T antigen. 132 17

Malvidin chloride (MC) a colouring agent from flowers of Malvaviscus conzattii Greenum was studied for male anti-fertility effects in adult langur monkeys (Presbytis entellus entellus Dufresne). When fed 50 mg MC kg-1 for a period of 60 days, inhibition of spermatogenesis resulted. The weights of testes and epididymides were reduced and there was atrophy of the Leydig cells. In the epididymis, epithelial cell heights were reduced after MC-treatment. Conspicuous shrinkage of seminiferous tubules and Leydig cell nuclei were evident. Depletion of total proteins, RNA, sialic acid, alkaline/acid phosphatase activity in testes and epididymides with the elevation of testicular levels of cholesterol and glycogen also occurred. Blood/serum analysis and haematology of MC-treated langur monkeys revealed that all of the clinically important parameters were well within the normal range. The slightly increased bilirubin concentration and alkaline phosphatase activity returned to normal range within 30 days of the last dose of MC. The anti-spermatogenic activity of MC in langur monkeys is discussed.
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PMID:Anti-spermatogenic activity of malvidin chloride in langur monkeys (Presbytis entellus entellus Dufresne). 238 40

We present the case of a 39-year-old man with Klinefelter's syndrome and a metastatic Leydig cell carcinoma in whom autonomous cortisol production induced by the interstitial cell tumor was found. Apart from the Cushing's syndrome the endocrine activity of the tumor was demonstrated by the secretion of estradiol, estrone, alkaline phosphatase, and testosterone. This is, to our knowledge, the first description of a Cushing's syndrome not caused via ACTH production but directly induced by ectopic steroid production. While being resistent to chemotherapy and radiation, the tumor responded favorably to treatment with o,p'-DDD. The reduction of tumor size was accompanied by a continuous decrease of serum markers. The etiology of the tumor is discussed in the light of the hormonal derangement caused by the genetic abnormality of Klinefelter's syndrome.
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PMID:Autonomous cortisol secretion by a metastatic Leydig cell carcinoma associated with Klinefelter's syndrome. 701 88

Chronic administration of solasodine (20 mg/kg alt. day for 30 days) caused testicular lesions resulting in a severe impairment of spermatogenic elements. The epididymides were devoid of spermatozoa. Total protein, sialic acid and glycogen contents of the testis and epididymis were reduced significantly whereas the testicular cholesterol was elevated. Acid Phosphatase enzyme activity of the testes was low after solasodine treatment. Serum enzymes (SGPT, alkaline phosphatase) serum protein, triglycerides, non esterified fatty acid levels were in normal range when compared with their own controls. Cholesterol and phospholipid levels were elevated after solasodine treatment to intact dogs. Reduced androgen production was reflected in low levels of sialic acid in the testes and epididymides and reduced Leydig cell nuclei. Castration alone brought about reduction in size of the epididymis. Castration followed by solasodine treatment caused epididymal degeneration. Simultaneous administration of TP to solasodine treated castrated dogs failed to stimulate the epididymal growth. Antispermatogenic/antiandrogenic activity of the compound solasodine is discussed. Solasodine administration in dogs definitely rendered the male infertile as evidenced by the absence of sperms in the cauda epididymis and ductus deferens.
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PMID:Antispermatogenic/antiandrogenic properties of solasodine (C27H43O2N) obtained from solanum xanthocarpum berries on the male genital tract of dog (Canis-familiaris). A histophysiological approach. 711 68

Testicular peritubular and prostatic stromal cells produce extracellular matrix elements and paracrine factors that modulate the cytodifferentiation and function of the corresponding epithelial cells. The present paper describes the establishment and characterization of five rat testicular cell lines with peritubular characteristics and one prostatic stromal cell line. Four peritubular cell lines were isolated after transfection of a mixed peritubular-Sertoli cell culture with a v-myc-containing plasmid. The same immortalization procedure applied to prostatic stromal cells yielded one cell line. An additional testicular cell line arose by spontaneous immortalization during serial subculture. Except for one testicular cell line (RTC-8T1), the morphology of all of the immortalized cell lines strongly resembled that of primary cultures of peritubular and stromal cells. Flow cytometric analysis demonstrated that all cell lines scored positive for alpha-smooth muscle isoactin and negative for cytokeratins, confirming their myofibroblast-like nature. None of the cell lines, however, stained positive for alkaline phosphatase, and androgen receptor expression was also lost. Typical Leydig cell characteristics, such as steroidogenesis, and Sertoli cell markers, such as transferrin secretion, were absent. Coculture of the cell lines with Sertoli cells resulted in the formation of tubular structures. A cell attachment assay and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for fibronectin confirmed the production of extracellular matrix elements by all of the established cell lines. Media conditioned by the cell lines stimulated Sertoli cell transferrin production. The active principle was partially purified and resembled the P-MOD-S-like factors produced by primary cultures of peritubular and stromal cells. It is concluded that the immortalized cell lines have retained several of the characteristics of primary cultures of peritubular and stromal cells and may be useful for further studies on mesenchymal-epithelial interactions in testis and prostate.
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PMID:Characterization of newly established testicular peritubular and prostatic stromal cell lines: potential use in the study of mesenchymal-epithelial interactions. 778 11

Feeding lactose or other slowly digestible carbohydrates to adult mammals may induce a variety of effects including hyperplasia and neoplasia. The most fundamental effect probably is the increased production in the large intestine of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) resulting from increased fermentation of carbohydrate residues. To find out whether the increased production of these acidic compounds is involved in the induction of certain alterations caused by low-digestibility carbohydrates, the modifying effects of an acidifying (NH4Cl) or an alkalizing (KHCO3) diet supplement on lactose-induced changes in rats were studied. Three groups of 50 rats per sex were fed a 20% lactose diet unsupplemented or supplemented with 1% NH4Cl or 2% KHCO3, for at most 2.5 yr. One control group was fed the basal diet which contained wheat starch instead of lactose. Feeding lactose resulted in wet faecal pellets, reduced pH of the faeces, higher intake of food and water, lower body weights, increased caecal weights and fewer deaths. These effects were not significantly modified by NH4Cl or KHCO3. Feeding lactose increased urinary calcium levels, the effect being enhanced by NH4Cl and reduced by KHCO3. Lactose also tended to increase blood values of alkaline phosphatase and to decrease those for bicarbonate and base excess. These tendencies were generally more marked with NH4Cl, and less marked or absent with KHCO3. In addition, rats fed lactose showed decreased severity of nephrosis, increased mineralization and hyperplasia of the renal pelvic epithelium, and relatively high incidences of Leydig cell hyperplasia and neoplasia. NH4Cl supplementation was associated with a relatively small number of single and multiple tumours, with decreased incidences of hyperplasia and mineralization of the renal pelvis epithelium and with a markedly reduced incidence of proliferative changes in the adrenal medulla. With the KHCO3 supplement the incidences of Leydig cell proliferation and of bladder tumours were relatively high. These findings, in particular the differences between the diet groups in urinary calcium levels and possibly also the variations in blood levels of alkaline phosphatase, bicarbonate and base excess, suggest that the acidic end products of carbohydrate fermentation (SCFA) act as an acid load on the body.
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PMID:Effects of a dietary load of acid or base on changes induced by lactose in rats. 782 70


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