Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase)
47,916 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Eight cases of acute myelogenous leukemia with (8; 21) translocation were reported. As recently reported, they showed following features: M2 morphology in FAB classification (all 8 patients), abnormal granulocyte maturation, i.e. large granules and pseudo Pelger-Huet forms (5), Auer rods (8), occasional eosinophilia (2), frequent loss of one sex chromosome (5), the low neutrophil alkaline phosphatase activity (5), and tumor formation (one). Both CD13 and CD33 antigens were expressed on smaller number of leukemic cells than the other AML (M2) cells, whereas CD34 and HLA-DR antigens were expressed on higher number of cells. Interestingly CD19 antigen was detected on a small to large population of tumor cells from four out of six patients. Despite the high remission rate, many of them relapsed within one year. More intensive postinduction and maintenance therapy should be considered for those patients.
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PMID:[Clinical and cytological features of acute myelogenous leukemia with 8; 21 chromosome translocation]. 192 Aug 38

In an attempt to detect residual leukemic cells during complete remission (CR), we used 4 monoclonal antibodies detecting markers at different stages of myeloid maturation. Bone marrow cells of AML patients at diagnosis/relapse or in CR were compared with normal controls at day 0 and 7, after incubation with colony stimulating factors, by the alkaline phosphatase/antialkaline phosphatase method. In AML patients at diagnosis/relapse, the expression of the early differentiation markers (CD34, HLA DR) was significantly increased and that of the late marker CD15 significantly decreased at day 0. After day 7 liquid cultures, the markers HLA DR and CD13 were significantly increased and CD15 significantly decreased. During CR a significant increase in day 7 liquid cultures of the markers HLA DR and CD13 was found compared to normal controls. These results may reflect the proliferation in culture of residual leukemic cells in CR patients.
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PMID:[Differentiation antigens on normal bone marrow cells and following culture with growth factors in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML)]. 194 59

In a study of 55 patients with either acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL; 25 cases) or acute myeloid leukemia (AML; 30 cases), paraffin-embedded bone marrow particle sections were examined with a panel of monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies reactive toward lymphoid and myeloid-associated antigens, using the alkaline phosphatase-anti-alkaline phosphatase (APAAP) technique. All cases were previously classified according to the French-American-British (FAB) Co-operative Group, and cases of ALL were immunophenotyped by flow cytometry. Results indicated that myeloid-associated antibodies (Mac 387, KP 1 [CD68], antielastase, antilactoferrin, and antilysozyme) did not react with any case of ALL, M1-AML, or M6-AML, whereas at least one of these antibodies reacted with 20 of 21 (95%) cases of M2, M3, M4, and M5-AML. Anti-glycophorin C marked cases of M6-AML, whereas anti-CD3 labeled T-cell ALL. None of the antibodies tested specifically identified cases of B-cell ALL. The authors conclude that use of a selected panel of antibodies on paraffin-embedded bone marrow particle sections may be of value in the diagnosis and immunophenotypic classification of many cases of acute leukemias.
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PMID:Immunophenotyping of acute leukemias using paraffin-embedded tissue sections. 232 81

A panel of 14 monoclonal antibodies (McAb) against hematopoietic cell surface antigens was applied on mononuclear blood or bone marrow cells from 40 cases of acute leukemia in order to compare immunoenzymatic staining (IE) (alkaline phosphatase) of fixed cells with immunofluorescence staining (IF) of unfixed suspended cells. According to the immunological results, 25 cases were phenotyped as ALL and 15 cases as AML. Cases with blast crisis secondary to chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML-BC) were not represented in this series. In all ALL cases the two methods gave an identical antigenic distribution. In 20 our of 21 cases of non-T-cell ALL, a B-cell progenitor origin was demonstrated by a positive staining reaction with the anti-CD19 McAb AB1 or HD37, and in 10 cases additionally with the anti-CD20 McAb B1 or 1F5. In contrast to the results obtained with IF, IE revealed a poor preservation of the AB1 epitope on CD19, whereas the HD37 epitope was equally well demonstrated by both methods. In 15 cases of AML the distribution of positive versus negative cells with IE or IF was identical for all McAb except J5 (anti-CALLA) (CD10) and B1 (CD20). Thus, 10/15 AML cases expressed CALLA with IE compared to 2/15 with IF. The corresponding figures for B1 were 5/15 and 0/15, respectively. Accordingly, normal myeloid precursor cells were CALLA-positive with IE but negative with IF. The discrepancy probably reflects the fact that, whereas both intracytoplasmatic and membrane-bound antigens are exposed in IE, only the latter are in IF. If the alteration of antigenic accessibility after fixation is considered, IE can safely be used for immunophenotyping of acute leukemia.
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PMID:Immunological typing of acute leukemias: immunoenzymatic staining of fixed cells compared with immunofluorescence staining of unfixed cells in suspension. 245 10

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a Mr 17,000 cytokine produced by macrophages. We have recently demonstrated that TNF is also produced by transformed human epithelial cells. The present studies have examined TNF expression in human myeloid leukemic cells. We have monitored TNF expression at a cellular level using alkaline phosphatase detection of a biotinylated TNF cDNA probe in situ. Using this approach, TNF transcripts were detectable in HL-60 cells induced along the monocytic lineage by phorbol ester but not in uninduced cells. The specific detection of TNF RNA at a cellular level was supported by the absence of histochemical staining in RNase-treated cells and when using biotinylated pBR322 plasmid without insert. These studies were extended to preparations of purified acute myeloblastic leukemia cells. The results demonstrate that TNF is expressed in myeloblasts in eight of nine patients with AML. In each preparation of myeloblasts with detectable TNF RNA, transcripts were present at 89-98% of the cells. The identification of TNF RNA in situ was also associated with the detection of TNF protein in leukemic blasts by indirect immunofluorescence. Moreover, the detection of TNF protein in these preparations of myeloblasts was confirmed by immunoblotting. However, using this approach to examine AML cells before and after purification indicated that TNF expression is induced as a result of the enrichment procedures. Thus, certain populations of purified myeloid leukemic cells are capable of expressing TNF at both the RNA and protein levels.
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PMID:Detection of tumor necrosis factor gene expression at a cellular level in human acute myeloid leukemias. 264 77

Tellurite (TeO3(2-)) is highly toxic toward Escherichia coli (MIC, approximately 1 microgram ml-1). Mutants (Tel) that were resistant to low levels of TeO3(2-) (MIC, approximately 10 micrograms ml-1) and collaterally resistant to arsenate were isolated. These Tel mutants were unable to grow on media containing low levels of Pi, which supported growth of the parent strain. When grown at much higher Pi levels they exhibited depressed levels of the outer membrane phoE protein and the periplasmic phoS protein, as well as several other proteins indicative of Pi starvation. Tel mutants were markedly defective in 32Pi transport, and TeO3(2-) was shown to be a potent competitive inhibitor of 32Pi transport in the parent strain. The Tel phenotype could be complemented by an F' plasmid harboring the phoR, phoB, and phoA loci, and curing of the F' plasmid completely restored TeO3(2-) resistance. Of a variety of well-characterized Pi transport mutants, only phoB mutants were equally resistant to TeO3(2-), and susceptibility could also be restored in strains carrying an F' plasmid for the phoB region and lost once more after F' curing. The tel and phoB loci were equally cotransducible with lac. Tel mutants still synthesized alkaline phosphatase, the phoA gene product, after Pi starvation, suggesting that the phoB locus per se was not involved because phoB is a positive regulatory gene for phoA expression. The results indicate that TeO3(2-) is transported into E. coli by a phosphate transport system and that resistance to TeO3(2-) specifically selects for as yet uncharacterized mutants in the phoB-phoA region of the chromosome.
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PMID:Tellurite susceptibility and non-plasmid-mediated resistance in Escherichia coli. 294 76

Cytogenetic studies were made on 160 patients with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL) between 1963 and 1979, of whom 115 had acute myelocytic leukemia with 67 patients showing aneuploidy (58.3%). Among these, 24 patients were found to have similar chromosome alterations that appeared to involve specifically chromosomes 8 and 21. Banding studies on at least 7 of these patients confirmed the presence of a translocation between these two chromosomes. Of 160 ANLL patients, 142 were scored for neutrophil alkaline phosphatase (neutrophil AP) at the time of diagnosis. Fifty-nine patients showed a low neutrophil AP score, 42 a normal value, and 41 a high value. All patients with 8;21 (or C/G) translocation had a low neutrophil AP score and leukemic cells with maturation (M2 of FAB classification) in the bone marrow. In vitro liquid culture for 2 wk of 8;21 translocated leukemic cells revealed no increase of neutrophil AP activity nor increase of mature granulocytes, whereas 9;22 translocated chronic myelocytic leukemia cells with a low neutrophil AP score did so. Neutrophil AP score at the time of diagnosis in acute myelocytic leukemia is very useful for detecting 8;21 translocation AML and for studying the pathophysiology and genetic alterations of the characteristic subgroup of AML with 8'21 translocation.
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PMID:In vivo and in vitro activity of neutrophil alkaline phosphatase in acute myelocytic leukemia with 8;21 translocation. 694 48

Expression of P-glycoprotein (PGP), the product of the multi-drug resistance mdr1 gene was studied by immunocytochemistry on bone marrow slides using JSB1 monoclonal antibody and the alkaline phosphatase-antialkaline phosphatase (APAAP) and avidin-biotin-peroxidase (ABC) techniques in 82 cases of untreated myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), of whom ten had evolved to AML (MDS-AML). The relationship between PGP expression, myeloperoxidase activity and immunophenotype of blast cells, karyotype and outcome was also analyzed. PGP expression was found in the blasts of 34 of the 82 patients (41%), the majority of blasts being stained in positive cases. PGP positivity was rare in 'low risk' MDS (RA and RARS: 2/12 cases) as opposed to 'high risk' MDS (RAEB, RAEB-T, CMML: 25/60 cases) and MDS-AML (7/10 cases) (p = 0.04). PGP expression was positively correlated to the presence of myeloperoxidase activity in less than 3% of blasts (p = 0.025), and CD34 antigen expression (p = 0.04), whereas CD33 antigen expression had borderline significance (p = 0.07), demonstrating that PGP expression predominated in blasts with an immature phenotype. An abnormal karyotype, and especially the presence of monosomy 7, was not correlated to a higher incidence of PGP expression, however. There was a trend for more frequent progression to AML and for shorter survival in PGP-positive cases, but differences with PGP-negative cases were not significant. Twenty patients received intensive anthracycline-Ara-C chemotherapy and ten (50%) achieved complete response, including 9/13 (69%) PGP-negative cases and 1/7 (14%) PGP-positive cases (p = 0.03). Twenty other patients were treated with low-dose Ara-C and ten (50%) responded (complete or partial response). PGP-positivity did not negatively affect response to low-dose Ara-C: 4/11 responses in PGP-negative, and 6/9 responses in PGP-positive patients (p = 0.18). Because the treatment choice in advanced MDS (especially between anthracycline-Ara-C or low-dose Ara-C, chemotherapy) is difficult, our preliminary therapeutic results suggest that the analysis of PGP expression could have practical importance in MDS. These findings however, will have to be confirmed on larger numbers of patients. Clinical trials using drugs potentially reverting mdr, activity could also be warranted in MDS.
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PMID:Expression of the multidrug resistance P-glycoprotein and its relationship to hematological characteristics and response to treatment in myelodysplastic syndromes. 751 32

We have adapted the alkaline phosphatase-anti alkaline phosphatase (APAAP) technique to demonstrate cell antigen distributions in intact agar culture. The method facilitates batch processing and is no less convenient to perform than standard APAAP procedures. Myeloid and lymphoid antigens generally demonstrated strong staining intensity. However, staining at day 0 consistently produced no antigen expression for two monoclonals (CD11c and CD34) in contrast to positivity in parallel cytospins. CD11c showed rapidly increasing antigen expression over subsequent days of culture whereas the expression of CD34 could not be shown in conventional agar culture at any time from day 0 to day 14. Positivity was only restored in CD34-positive leukaemic cells using a modified culture technique in which cells were cultured as pre-formed small aggregates. Assessment of these aggregates extended to cell cycle analysis using anti-bromodeoxyuridine. CD71 positivity in normal culture samples correlated with colony configuration (whether clones were 'spread' or 'tight' in appearance). CD38 staining of normal bone marrow culture at day 7 showed asymmetrical staining of cells in a small number of micro-groups. The clonal detection of aberrant antigens (CD7, CD2) for assessment of minimal residual disease in AML was a disappointment due to the relative frequency of positive clones in normal culture.
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PMID:Immunostaining of whole agar cultures by APAAP. 762 32

Here we report a case of acute myelogenous leukemia (M2, FAB classification) presenting with cytogenetic abnormalities of ins(21;8), +del(8) without t(8;21). A 8;21 chromosome translocation is frequently found in acute myelogenous leukemia, especially in the M2 subtype. The translocation results in a fusion transcript between AML1 and MTG8 (ETO), assigned on chromosomes 21 and 8, respectively. Among patients with a t(8;21) abnormality, solid leukemic tumor deposits outside the marrow or good response to chemotherapy are observed frequently. Decrease in neutrophil alkaline phosphatase score and positive rate, and eosinophilia in bone marrow or the blast cells with Auer rods expressing CD19, CD56 antigens occur at a relatively high rate. Although our case lacked these clinical, cytological and cytochemical features, expression of chimeric AML1-MTG8 mRNA was detected. AML1-MTG8 fusion transcript may play a critical role in leukemogenesis of AML M2. Studies on this case may help to reveal the oncogenic function of the AML1-MTG8 fusion gene in AML M2.
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PMID:[Acute myelogenous leukemia with ins(21;8) expressing AML-1-MTG8 fusion transcript]. 896 Jun 65


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