Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase)
47,916 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A human colon cancer cell line CaCo-2 differentiates spontaneously by expressing enterocytic phenotypes after the confluence of the culture. The authors examined a production of secretory components (SC) by CaCo-2 in relation to its differentiation. The SC production showed an increase immediately after the cells came to confluence, and reached its peak production during the 6th to the 9th day after confluence of the culture. SC production decreased remarkably after the 10th day. On the other hand, the activity of alkaline phosphatase of CaCo-2 showed a gradual increase up to the 18th day after confluence. The production of SC was not affected by the presence of dimeric IgA in the culture. Interferon-gamma enhanced SC production of CaCo-2 with dose-dependent manner. These observations indicate that capability of SC production of CaCo-2 is enhanced in the early stage of differentiation but is reduced in the late stage. Moreover, CaCo-2 provides a useful model for studying the regulation of SC production in enterocytic differentiation.
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PMID:The human colon cancer cell line CaCo-2 produces secretory components during enterocytic differentiation. 837 26

One hundred and one patients were included in a double-blind controlled trial to determine whether malotilate (diisopropyl 1,3-dithiol-2-ylidene malonate) is therapeutically effective in primary biliary cirrhosis. Fifty-two patients received malotilate (500 mg three times a day) and 49 patients placebo. The mean follow-up time was 28 months (range 6-46 months). The large majority of patients did not have advanced liver disease since only ten patients were in Child-Pugh class B and none in class C, and the median bilirubin and albumin at entry were normal. Malotilate had no clear effect on pruritus. In malotilate recipients the following statistically significant biochemical changes occurred: alkaline phosphatase decreased 21%, AST 20%, ALT 40%, IgA 12% and IgM 26%. In the placebo group no significant changes occurred. Evaluation of entry and 2-year liver biopsies indicated that malotilate diminished plasma cell and lymphocytic infiltrate and piece-meal necrosis, but had no effect on liver fibrosis. There was no difference in survival or in disease progression according to Child-Pugh criteria. In six patients receiving malotilate, but in none on placebo, treatment was discontinued due to suspected side effects. All patients recovered completely. We conclude that malotilate has an immune-modulating, anti-inflammatory but not anti-fibrotic effect in primary biliary cirrhosis. The clinical relevance of the observed benefits, however, appears too slight to recommend malotilate as single drug therapy in primary biliary cirrhosis.
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PMID:The results of a randomized double blind controlled trial evaluating malotilate in primary biliary cirrhosis. A European multicentre study group. 844 37

Fifteen sural nerve biopsies of vasculitic neuropathies have been compared with 11 cases of different non-vasculitic neuropathies and normal nerves from brain-dead organ donors. The APAAP (alkaline phosphatase monoclonal anti-alkaline phosphatase) immunostaining method was applied to cryostat sections from unfixed snap-frozen tissue samples. Immunoglobulins IgG, IgM, IgA, complement factors and light chains were reactive in biopsies of normal nerves as well as of vasculitic and nonvasculitic neuropathies. A strong reaction against IgE in the epineurial vessel walls was only seen in cases of Churg-Strauss-vasculitis. Antibodies against MHC class II (HLA DR) were positive in most of vasculitic infiltrates. Vascular endothelial cells were positive with anti MHC class I in all biopsies. A typical finding in all vasculitic neuropathies was the infiltration of epineurial vessels with CD4 positive and, to a lesser extent, CD8 positive lymphocytes. CD22 positive lymphocytes (B cells) have only been seen in about one third of vasculitic neuropathies. CD16 positive cells (NK-cells or neutrophils) could be demonstrated only in two biopsies. CD68 positive cells (macrophages) are frequently seen in most cases of neuropathy regardless of their etiology. The results support the concept of a primary T-cell mediated process against epineurial vessels as the most important mechanism in the pathogenesis of vasculitic neuropathies. In some cases with small epineurial infiltrates the vasculitic process can only be recognized with antibodies against CD4 or CD8. Therefore, the immunohistochemical evaluation of sural nerve biopsies may be helpful for identifying cases with microvasculitis.
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PMID:Immunohistochemical findings in vasculitic neuropathies. 850 63

Until recently the investigation of serological responses to mycobacteria in patients with Crohn's disease has been hindered by the considerable degree of cross-reactivity between antigens of M. paratuberculosis, and other mycobacterial subspecies. We evaluated the serological response of Crohn's disease patients to a recently identified species-specific 18 kDa protease-resistant antigen corresponding to M. paratuberculosis bacterioferritin. The 18 kDa antigen was purified from M. paratuberculosis as previously described. Serum was obtained from 40 patients with Crohn's disease, 15 with ulcerative colitis, 25 coeliac patients, and 21 normal blood donors. Antibody levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), with anti-human IgA and IgG alkaline phosphatase conjugate. Antibody titres were expressed as the dilution giving 1/3 of the plateau binding value of a standard positive serum (MT/3). Disease activity of the Crohn's disease cases was assessed using the Harvey-Bradshaw index. There was no statistically significant elevation of the mean IgG or IgA MT/3 titres of Crohn's disease patients over controls. No patients had antibody titres greater than two standard deviations above the mean control MT/3 titres, and there was no significant correlation between Crohn's disease activity and level of antibody titres. These findings make it unlikely that M. paratuberculosis is of primary pathogenic importance in Crohn's disease.
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PMID:Antibodies against Mycobacterium paratuberculosis in Crohn's disease. 873 66

We report the case of a young HIV seropositive patient with severe hemophilia A who presented rapid liver failure related to his chronic C hepatitis. The patient had been receiving factor VIII:C clotting factor concentrates (mean 60,000 U/year) since 1975. In 1984 alanine aminotransferase presented abnormal levels. The CD4 lymphocyte count in 1991 was normal and ultrasonographic scan showed normal liver morphology. In 1991 the patient were found to be seropositive for HCV antibodies as detected by the ELISA method and confirmed by the RIBA method. One year later, a progressive increase in policlonal gamma-globulin and a decrease in the CD4+ lymphocyte count to below 500/muL were detected in concomitance with ultrasonographic evidence of a progressive increase in the longitudinal diameters of the liver and spleen and signs of liver inhomogeneity. A significant inverse correlation was observed between the increase in the longitudinal diameter of the liver and the decline in albumin levels, and between the increase in the longitudinal diameter of the liver and the drop in platelet count. Elevated levels of ammonemia, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, alkaline phosphatase and IgA were detected. Moreover, decreased levels of the C4 and C3 complement fractions were documented. At this time (1994), esophagogram and esophagogastroscopy evidenced varicosities in the lower esophageal section (stage F1). The patient died in 1995 March at the age of 29 years of sudden septic shock related to Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection.
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PMID:Rapid liver failure related to chronic C hepatitis in an HIV seropositive hemophilic patient with severe immunodepression. 887 Mar 78

The detection of antimitochondrial antibodies (AMAs) is an important criterion for the diagnosis of primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC). During the last decade, the mitochondrial autoantigens have been cloned, sequenced, and identified as members of the 2-oxo-acid dehydrogenase pathway, including the E2 subunits of pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDC-E2), branched-chain 2-oxo-acid dehydrogenase (BCOADC-E2), and 2-oxo-glutarate dehydrogenase (OGDC-E2). We have developed a rapid and sensitive diagnostic test for use in PBC based on a triple hybrid recombinant molecule (r-MIT3) that contains the autoepitopes of PDC-E2, BCOADC-E2, and OGDC-E2. To help understand the frequency and antigen specificity of AMAs in an asymptomatic population and to identify patients with early disease, we investigated the prevalence of AMA, by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), in a cohort of 1,530 people from northern Italy. Positive sera were further analyzed for immunoglobulin (Ig) isotypes, subclasses, and epitopes of AMA by a combination of ELISA and immunoblotting. In this cohort of 1,530 people, 9 (0.5%) reacted to r-MIT3 by ELISA. Of the 9 reactive sera, 2 recognized PDC-E2, 2 of 9 recognized BCOADC-E2, 1 of 9 recognized OGDC-E2, 2 of 9 recognized both PDC-E2 and BCOADC-E2, and 1 of 9 recognized PDC-E2 and OGDC-E2. AMA reactivity was primarily IgM and IgA. Epitope mapping revealed an AMA pattern of reactivity to PDC-E2 that differed from that found in patients with histologically proven PBC in most of the sera. However, 1 sera of a 72-year-old female with a normal alkaline phosphatase had an AMA profile identical to typical PBC. After a variable follow-up period (8-14 months), sera from 8 of 9 of these people were re-obtained for AMA and relative epitope mapping. Interestingly, the reactivity had a wider AMA pattern than before.
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PMID:Characterization of antimitochondrial antibodies in health adults. 950 Jun 90

Humoral immune responses are implicated in the pathogenesis of human dental periapical lesions. To elucidate whether IgA-associated immune systems play a role in the lesions, the in situ hybridization technique was used to detect J chain mRNA expression, which is correlated with the secretion of dimeric IgA. In addition, IgA subclass mRNA-expressing cells were also investigated by double target in situ hybridization (ISH) methodology using digoxigenin- and biotin-labeled IgA subclass specific oligonucleotide probes. This double target ISH technique involved immunochemical detection with an alkaline phosphatase-conjugated antibody and a peroxidase conjugated avidin-biotin complex system to detect IgA subclass mRNA in the formalin-fixed, paraffin wax embedded periapical tissue sections. Twenty-four biopsy samples (16 periapical granulomas and 8 radicular cysts) were examined. IgA subclass mRNA positive plasma cells were detected in all samples. IgA1 mRNA-expressing cells were predominant both in granulomas and cysts (mean = 75.3 +/- 11.2%, 64.8 +/- 21.3%, respectively), and the IgA1 proportion was higher in granulomas than in cysts, although no significant difference was seen between the two lesions (p = 0.132). J chain mRNA positive cells were very sparsely detected in 21/24 cases. The median percentages of J chain mRNA positive cells/IgA mRNA positive plasma cells (4.7%, range 0.3-13.6%) in cysts were significantly higher than in granulomas (1.3%, range 0-7.7%; p = 0.03). This result supports the hypothesis that dimeric IgA may be more actively produced in radicular cysts than in granulomas. These features are thought to reflect the local activation of the periapical immune system in response to environmental factors and indicate that secretory IgA mediated immune defense systems appear to play little role in these lesions. Our results indicate that the IgA-associated immune response in periapical lesions is more similar to serum or systemic IgA responses than to mucosa-associated immune responses where dimeric IgA predominates.
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PMID:Detection of IgA subclasses and J chain mRNA bearing plasma cells in human dental periapical lesions by in situ hybridization. 958 22

Acremonium coenophialum produces ergopeptide alkaloids in tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.). These ergot alkaloids decrease serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, serum cholesterol and prolactin concentrations, as well as average daily gains (ADG) in cattle. The objective of this study was to evaluate the protection of anti-ergotamine antibodies induced by either oral or parenteral vaccination with protein-ergotamine conjugates or passive vaccination with anti-ergovaline, monoclonal antibodies in a murine model of fescue toxicosis. Ergotamine (EG) was conjugated to bovine serum albumin (BSA) and cholera toxin subunit B (CTB) by the Mannich reaction. Mice were blocked based on weight and randomly allocated into five groups of 10 mice each. Treatment groups were as follows: (1) group vaccinated intraperitoneally (ip) with a BSA-EG conjugate and fed an endophyte-infected (EI) fescue diet (BSA-EG group); (2) group orally vaccinated with a CTB-EG conjugate mixed with free cholera toxin (CT) and fed an EI fescue diet (CTB-EG group); (3) nonvaccinated group fed an EI fescue diet (EI group); (4) group passively vaccinated with anti-ergovaline, monoclonal antibodies and fed an EI fescue diet (MoAB group); and (5) nonvaccinated group fed an endophyte-free (EF) fescue diet (EF group). The EI diet contained 1.5 ppm of Ergovaline (EV), whereas no EV was detected in the EF diet.Respective diets were similar upon nutritional analysis. Unvaccinated mice in the EI group exhibited features of fescue toxicosis as indicated by decreased serum ALP activity and cholesterol, and decreased weight gain as compared to mice in the EF group. Antibodies against EG and EV were present in sera of mice in the BSA-EG and MoAB groups, respectively. Mice orally vaccinated with the CTB-EG conjugate developed secretory IgA (sIgA) antibodies and short-lived, systemic IgG responses against EG. Weight gains were increased in the BSA-EG and CTB-EG groups and tended to be increased in the MoAB group vs. the unvaccinated EI group. Serum ALP activity was decreased in the BSA-EG and MoAB groups as compared to the EF group. Serum ALP activity was further decreased in the BSA-EG vaccinated group as compared to the EI group. Cholesterol concentrations were decreased in the EI, BSA-EG and MoAB groups as compared to the EF group. Prolactin concentrations were similar in all groups.
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PMID:Oral and parenteral vaccination of mice with protein-ergotamine conjugates and evaluation of protection against fescue toxicosis. 961 43

Socioeconomic development has led to a progressive increase of alcohol consumption in Taiwan, with an accompanying increase in alcohol-related psychiatric problems, traffic accidents, and liver disease. The prevalent rates of alcohol dependence for Han Chinese and Fomosan aborigines were 0.1% and 1%, respectively in 1950. The rate of alcohol dependence increased to 23% for aborigines in 1995. The number of cases of death and serious injuries due to alcohol-related traffic accident has decreased, and the number of fatalities resulting from these accidents has decreased from third to eighth since the inception of a program of random traffic stops with alcohol breath test in 1997. Alcohol liver disease (ALD) was defined as daily alcohol consumption of 60 g, for a duration of longer than 5 years. We classified ALD patients into two groups: (1) those whose average daily consumption of alcohol exceeded 120 g for a duration longer than 15 years (group A); and (2) all other patients (group B). The case records of 33 cases of biopsy-confirmed ALD were obtained for study. The average of daily alcohol consumption in these cases was 160 g. All but one of these patients were male, age ranged from 26 to 69 years, with an average of 43.1. Clinically, ill-defined gastrointestinal symptoms were the most common presentation (61%), and hepatomegaly was the main physical sign (73%). The average mean corpuscular volume values of ALD and non-ALD patients were 102.3 +/- 10.94 and 94.5 +/- 8.1, respectively (p < 0.01). The mean corpuscular volume values of group A and group B were 102.9 +/- 9.7 vs. 96.5 +/- 9.11 (p < 0.05). Result from serum SGOT/SGPT and gamma-glutamyltransferase/alkaline phosphatase for ALD and non-ALD revealed statistically significant differences between these groups. Using the avidin-biotin complex technique, tissue IgA deposition for ALD patients was found to be different from that of non-ALD patients. Ten of 13 ALD patients vs. 2 of 13 non-ALD patients had continuous-form IgA deposition. Histologically, 45.5% of ALD patients had alcoholic cirrhosis, whereas alcoholic hepatitis was present in only 9.1% of patients. Overall, 88% of cases showed various severity of fatty metamorphosis.
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PMID:Alcohol-related problems in Taiwan with particular emphasis on alcoholic liver diseases. 962 97

The time of appearance and pattern of expression of several alpha-granule proteins, von Willebrand factor (VWF), fibrinogen and immunoglobulins (Ig) were examined and compared in human bone marrow megakaryocytes (MK) using an immunocytochemical approach. VWF is synthesized by immature MK, whereas it has been shown that fibrinogen is incorporated from the plasma into alpha-granules. The present study was undertaken in order to determine whether there are chronological and morphological differences in the expression of VWF and fibrinogen in vivo in human MK. Seven paraffin-embedded biopsies of normal human bone marrow were labelled with specific antibodies for VWF and for fibrinogen, detected by the alkaline phosphatase anti-alkaline phosphatase (APAAP) method. and analysed by immunomorphometry. We found a clear, statistically significant. difference in the labelling pattern of VWF and fibrinogen. The expression of other endocytosed alpha-granule proteins, immunoglobulins G and A, was therefore studied in bone marrow MK from two patients with multiple myeloma, one with monoclonal IgG and one with monoclonal IgA. The immunostaining pattern was similar to that of fibrinogen and different from VWF, and characteristic of endocytosed alpha-granule proteins. This study demonstrates that: (i) immunohistochemical staining of MK alpha-granules proteins distinguishes the peripheral cockade distribution pattern of endocytosed protein from the perinuclear pattern of endogenously synthesized proteins; (ii) VWF is present in human bone marrow MK when fibrinogen is not yet detectable: (iii) VWF synthesis ceases while fibrinogen is still being incorporated: (iv) immunoglobulins can be detected in MK cytoplasm, with a staining pattern resembling that of fibrinogen.
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PMID:Inverse immunostaining pattern for synthesized versus endocytosed alpha-granule proteins in human bone marrow megakaryocytes. 967 31


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