Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase)
 47,916 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Morphologic and cytochemical staining characteristics of erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes of the desert tortoise (Gopherus agassizii) were evaluated, using blood smears prepared from 23 healthy tortoises of Kern County, Calif. Special emphasis was placed on differentiating features of the various leukocytes and thrombocytes. A variety of cytochemical stains, including benzidine peroxidase, Sudan black B, chloroacetate esterase, alpha-naphthyl butyrate esterase, acid phosphatase, leukocyte alkaline phosphatase, periodic acid-Schiff, and toluidine blue were used. Heterophils had a characteristic, large, focal area of positive staining with chloroacetate esterase, alpha-naphthyl butyrate esterase, and acid phosphatase. Eosinophils stained diffusely positive with benzidine peroxidase, allowing differentiation of this leukocyte from heterophils. Thrombocytes stained focally positive with periodic acid-Schiff, allowing differentiation of these cells from lymphocytes, which stained uniformly negative. An intracytoplasmic body, commonly observed within erythrocytes, was considered ultrastructurally to represent a degenerate organelle.
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PMID:Morphologic and cytochemical characteristics of blood cells from the desert tortoise (Gopherus agassizii). 138 5

The mucosal immune system is concerned with host defense along the moist surfaces of the body which have contact with the external environment. These sites contain specialized lymphoid structures which contain precursors for IgA-synthesizing B lymphocytes and immunoregulatory T lymphocytes which will determine whether oral tolerance or a strong immune response develops against antigens administered orally. The key step to antigen processing in the gastrointestinal tract involves its initial uptake from the gut lumen by specialized follicle associated epithelium called 'M' cells. M cells originate from adjacent crypt epithelium and are interspersed between the absorptive epithelial cells in the follicle-associated epithelium. M cells cells have short, irregular microvilli, are closely associated with lymphocytes, do not have a prominent terminal web, and have only weak alkaline phosphatase activity but strong nonspecific esterase activity. M cells do not express surface MHC class II (HLA-DR) antigens. These cells take up macromolecules, viruses, bacteria and protozoa within 30 minutes from the initial presentation of the antigen to the intestinal lumen. After the initial uptake of antigen by M cells, the antigens are transported into the follicular areas to be processed by dendritic cells and brought into close contact with the antigen-specific precursors for IgA secreting plasma cells. The final result of M cell processing is the production of a vigorous secretory IgA response and local cell-mediated immunity with suppression of a systemic IgG, IgE and delayed-type hypersensitivity to orally-administered antigens.
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PMID:Antigen processing in the mucosal immune system. 139 96

Fifty-four strains of Peptostreptococcus magnus (11 were recovered from abdominal infections, 18 were from nonpuerperal breast abscesses, and 21 were from diabetic foot infections; the type strain and three other strains were from the American Type Culture Collection, Rockville, Md.) and the type strain of Peptostreptococcus micros were tested for their ability to produce various enzymes, including catalase, hippurate hydrolase, serine dehydratase, threonine dehydratase, collagenase, gelatinase, alkaline phosphatase, and esterase C4. The data were analyzed by cluster analysis. The results showed that all but one strain could be assigned to either of two distinct, valid clusters. The first cluster of 11 strains was composed of strains that were relatively inactive, having produced one or two of the eight strain-dependent enzymes. The second was a large cluster of strains (n = 43) that were considerably more active, all having produced at least three enzymes; the vast majority of strains (89%) produced four or more enzymes. The unclustered strain produced one enzyme that was different from that produced by the strains in the first cluster. The chi 2 test of homogeneity applied to the clustering solution indicated that greater enzyme activity was significantly associated with the site of infection (P less than 0.001). The more enzymatically active P. magnus strains were recovered significantly more often from nonpuerperal breast abscesses and diabetic foot infections than they were from abdominal infections. These results may provide insight into the nature of certain polymicrobial soft tissue infections and suggest that (i) P. magnus may participate more in nonpuerperal breast and diabetic foot infections than in abdominal infections and that (ii) peptostreptococcal production of proteolytic enzymes may have an important adjunctive effect on the pathogenesis of certain soft tissue infections.
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PMID:Enzymatically active Peptostreptococcus magnus: association with site of infection. 140 Sep 97

Embryonal nervous tissue from Wistar rats was transplanted into male rats of Wistar and August strains. Activity of eight enzymes belonging to various systems was estimated in brain cortex of rats recipients within 36 days after the transplantation. Lactate dehydrogenase, alanine aminotransferase, acid phosphatase, 5'-nucleotidase, ATPase and aldolase exhibited the dissimilarly decreased rate of activity in brain cortex of Wistar rats after transplantation as compared with the enzymatic activity in intact animals of this strain, while activity of alkaline phosphatase and esterases hydrolyzing alpha-naphthyl acetate was increased. Activation of almost all the enzymes studied was found within 36 days in Wistar rats after the transplantation. The rate of activity of zonal esterase isoenzymes was higher in brain cortex of August rats after transplantation of embryonal nervous tissue from Wistar strain as compared with that of Wistar to Wistar rats transplantation. The data obtained suggest that tissues of donors affected definitely the enzymatic activity in brain cells of rats-recipients as activity of most enzymes studied was higher in brain cortex of donors as compared with that of recipients.
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PMID:[Specifics of changes in various groups of enzymes in rat cerebral cortex after interstrain transplantation of embryonal nerve tissue]. 141 28

Histochemical activities of several enzymes were investigated in the olfactory epithelium (OE) and vomeronasal organ (VNO) of the golden hamster. Activities of adenosine triphosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase and succinate dehydrogenase were intense in the OE, and the sensory (VSE) and respiratory epithelium (VRE) of the VNO. The activity of acid phosphatase was intense in both the OE and the VSE, while that of non-specific esterase was intense in the VSE alone. The activity of alkaline phosphatase was detectable only in the VRE. Activities of monoamine oxidase and acetylcholine esterase were negative in all of the OE, VSE and VRE. These similarities and differences in the histochemical distribution of enzymes between OE and VSE may reflect the common olfactory function and/or functional specialization in these epithelia. On the other hand, the VRE was considerably different from the OE and VSE in the enzymatic distribution. This may reflect the non-olfactory function of this epithelium.
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PMID:Enzyme histochemistry of the olfactory and vomeronasal sensory epithelia in the golden hamster. 142 May 49

An enzyme capable of hydrolyzing 4-methylumbelliferyl phenylphosphonate to 4-methylumbelliferone and phenylphosphonic acid has been detected in human serum. It has a Km value of 1.72 x 10(-4) mol/L, has an optimum pH of 8.8-9.1 in Tris buffer, and shows maximum activity at 60 degrees C (30 min). The enzymic activity can be inhibited by Na3PO4, EDTA, and cysteine. We saw no effect of CuSO4, adenosine, thymidine, NaN3, diethyl p-nitrophenyl phosphate, p-chloromercuribenzoate, isopropyl fluorophosphate, or eserine on the enzymic activity. The enzyme cannot hydrolyze substrates of phosphodiesterase I or alkaline phosphatase. The enzyme is considered a phosphonate esterase.
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PMID:Specific detection and properties of enzyme hydrolyzing phosphonate ester in serum. 154 54

The study of the behaviours of Trichinella spiralis in the host tissues from the histochemical point of view will throw a light on parallelism of the destruction process by the infection and the instruction of the host tissues, i.e., the catabolic effect of the parasite as an indicator of the severity of infection and the anabolic response by the host as a criteria of cure. So, this study revealed a definite increase in catabolic enzymes as acid phosphatase activities. A relative disturbance and a decrease of anabolic enzymes (succinate dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase, non-specific esterase and adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) reactivity which indicates the destructive effects of T. spiralis adult worms and encysted larvae on intestinal mucosa alpha striated muscles of tongue and diaphragm. The disturbances of anabolic enzymes activity revealed the continuous trials of the host to get rid of adult worms from the small intestine, and to defeat and isolate the larvae in striated muscles. While the renal tissue changes indicate the disturbance of absorption and excretion functions of renal tissue due to the presence of endmetabolites and products of the parasite in the host blood.
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PMID:Histochemical studies in experimental trichinosis. 157 64

Eleven frostbites were induced on the ears of seven New Zealand White rabbits and specimens were taken from the lesion after 1, 4 and 8 hours, and from ten further frostbites on the ears of six rabbits for examination 1, 3 and 7 days later. The specimens were taken at the border between the frozen and non-frozen skin. NADH-diaphorase, alkaline phosphatase and esterase were demonstrated histochemically in the sample, which was also studied by haematoxylin and eosin staining. Five ears served as controls. Some granulocytes could be seen accumulating in the vessels and in the dermis at the border of the frostbite area after only 1 hour, and other enzyme rich cells (macrophages) also began to appear. After 4 hours the inflammation was quite obvious with the enzyme reactions clearly observable in the sections. After 8 hours there was no marked difference compared with the 4-hour picture. It was only after 3 days that the line of demarcation between the normal and frostbite tissue could be seen clearly. This was oblique in some specimens and vertical in others. The degeneration in the lesion could best be demonstrated by the NADH-diaphorase and esterase reactions and the early inflammation by the alkaline phosphatase reaction.
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PMID:Enzyme histochemical reactions at the demarcation line in frostbite: an experimental study on rabbits. 162 43

Paraquat, a commonly used herbicide, has been shown to be toxic in exposed field workers. The objectives of this study were to (a) assess the cutaneous toxicity of paraquat in vivo in pig skin and in vitro in the isolated perfused porcine skin flap (IPPSF) and (b) quantitate its absorption in the IPPSF. The amounts of 3, 24, and 200 mg of paraquat were topically applied (5 cm2 surface area) on the ventral abdomen of pigs and biopsied after 6-8 hr for light microscopy (LM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). IPPSFs were topically dosed with the same concentrations and perfused for 8 hr (n = 4/treatment). The dosed area of the skin was sampled for LM, TEM, and enzyme histochemistry. IPPSFs were also treated topically with [14C]paraquat dichloride at the aforementioned concentrations (n = 4/dose) and hourly perfusate samples were collected for radiolabel determination and assessment of biochemical and physiological parameters. The epidermal changes were similar both in vivo and in vitro. The changes included epidermal intercellular edema which increased with dose and epidermal-dermal separation at the 200-mg dose. Acid phosphatase and nonspecific esterase activities were increased in the upper layers of the epidermis, while alkaline phosphatase showed a greater activity in the stratum basale layer. Glucose utilization of all treated IPPSFs was lower than that of the controls and a variation in the vascular resistance profiles was seen in all the treated flaps. Radiotracer studies indicated that a majority of the compound remained on top of the application site and minimal absorption or penetration into skin was observed. Thus, at high concentrations and prolonged exposure, paraquat may have deleterious effects on epidermal morphology in the absence of significant percutaneous absorption.
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PMID:Cutaneous toxicity and absorption of paraquat in porcine skin. 163 99

Histochemical and ultrastructural studies were conducted on the metacercarial cyst of the cryptogonimid trematode Bolbogonotylus corkumi from the muscle tissue of fantail darters Etheostoma flabellare. The metacercarial cyst consisted of an outer host capsule and an inner parasite cyst. The host capsule was composed of an outer region of fibroblasts, collagen, macrophages, and unidentified cells, and an inner region containing degenerating cells. The parasite cyst was thin, homogenous, and noncellular in nature. The host capsule stained strongly for connective tissue and proteins and moderately for lipids, nucleic acids, nonspecific esterase activity, and acid and alkaline phosphatase activities. The parasite cyst stained intensely for acid mucopolysaccharides and moderately for acid phosphatase activity. A thick glycocalyx occurred between the parasite cyst and metacercarial tegument.
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PMID:Histochemistry and ultrastructure of the metacercarial cyst of Bolbogonotylus corkumi (Trematoda: Cryptogonimidae). 163 33


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