Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase)
47,916 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Male outbred Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a choline-deficient diet containing 0.10% DL-ethionine for up to 30 weeks. Liver slices from rats killed 4, 6, 10, 14, 22 and 30 weeks after starting the treatment were histochemically analyzed for the following parameters: basophilia, expression of cytokeratin 19 (which in the liver is bile duct epithelial cell-specific), glycogen content and activities of glycogen synthetase (SYN), glycogen phosphorylase (PHO), glucose-6-phosphatase (G6PASE), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), glycerin-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (G3PDH), 'malic enzyme' (MDH), alkaline phosphatase (ALKPASE) and gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT). The diet induced necrosis of single parenchymal cells and a massive proliferation of oval cells within 4-6 weeks; thereafter cholangiofibroses, cystic cholangiomas and some cholangiofibromas, but no cholangiocarcinomas, were observed. Oval cells, cholangiofibroses, cystic cholangiomas and cholangiofibromas expressed cytokeratin 19, whereas parenchymal cells, foci of altered hepatocytes and hepatocellular adenomas did not; this observation does not support a precursor-product relationship between oval and parenchymal cells. SYN, PHO, G6PASE, G6PDH, GAPDH, G3PDH, MDH, ALKPASE and GGT activities were detected in oval cells; cholangiofibrotic lesions, cystic cholangiomas and cholangiofibromas stained strongly for GAPDH, G3PDH and MDH. In livers from rats fed the diet for 10 weeks, single hepatocytes storing high amounts of glycogen appeared in the parenchyma. There was no indication of a transition from the oval cell population to hepatocytes storing glycogen in excess. Foci of glycogen-storing cells were scattered all over the lobes after 14 and 22 weeks; they had increased G6PASE, G6PDH, ALKPASE and GGT activities. Mixed cell foci and hepatocellular adenomas developed within 22-30 weeks and exhibited a remarkable decrease of G6PASE activity, a strong increase of G6PDH, GAPDH, G3PDH and MDH activities as well as extremely high ALKPASE and GGT activities. The data support the concept that during hepatocarcinogenesis, a number of sequential changes in the activities of various enzymes involved in carbohydrate metabolism occur and that a correlation between morphology and enzyme pattern in the focal lesions does in fact exist. Furthermore, our results suggest that two different cell lineages are involved in the development of cholangiocellular tumors from oval cells and hepatocellular tumors from hepatocytes.
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PMID:Enzyme histochemical and immunohistochemical characterization of oval and parenchymal cells proliferating in livers of rats fed a choline-deficient/DL-ethionine-supplemented diet. 170 20

Serum levels of alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase, -1 fucosidase and glutathione-S-transferase are increased in 60, 90, 75 and 64% of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. In these patients the mean plasma fibrinogen levels is 461.78 mg/dl, while mean serum copper is 200.50 mg/dl. Serum levels of desgamma-carboxiprothrombin is over 900 mg/dl in 67% of the patients (60% of them have HB virus, mostly anti HBe positive). Forty to 95% of them have increased levels of -fetoprotein (AFP). The authors suggest that cirrhotic patients, with or without HB virus, specially those with increased AFP, should have ultrasound examination of the liver every 6 months. This method of imaging has been shown to be more sensitive than AFP (72% versus 25%) in the detection of hepatocellular carcinoma smaller than 2 cm in diameter.
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PMID:[Diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma performed by searching for serologic tumor markers]. 170 3

Sodium butyrate (butyrate), 5-azacytidine (5Aza-C), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and dimethyl formamide (DMF) were applied to a human melanoma cell line for the purpose of inducing pigmentation and terminal differentiation. The results are summarized as follows: 1) butyrate, DMSO, and DMF had a strong cytostatic effect, arresting cells in the G1 phase of the cycle; 2) butyrate caused a morphological change to spindle shape whereas DMSO and DMF produced rounded cells, without affecting the levels of vimentin and intermediate filaments; 3) tyrosinase activity and melanization were stimulated by DMSO and DMF but not by butyrate; 4) butyrate induced several membrane-bound enzyme activities (alkaline phosphatase and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase); 5) changes in the expression of antigens related to tyrosinase activity (2B7 and 5C12) only partly corresponded to the changes in enzyme activity; 6) expression of the melanosomal B8G3 antigen was decreased by butyrate, DMSO, and DMF; and 7) the action of DMF resembled that of DMSO whereas 5Aza-C had little effect. The results indicate that these differentiating agents activate different sets of genes, the melanogenic pathway being activated independently of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase. The down regulation of B8G3 antigen by these agents may provide a common focus for understanding the essential action of differentiation inducers in melanoma cells.
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PMID:In vitro phenotypic alteration of human melanoma cells induced by differentiating agents: heterogeneous effects on cellular growth and morphology, enzymatic activity, and antigenic expression. 171 Mar 61

Primary cultures of brain capillary endothelial cells (BCECs) were used to investigate the induction of blood-brain barrier (BBB) characteristics in vitro. Enzymatic activities of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (gamma-GT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were taken as indicators for the expression of the BBB phenotype. We were able to show that a coculture system with a direct cell-cell contact between astroglial cells and BCECs is the necessary precondition for an increase of these enzyme activities that are lost in pure BCEC cultures. Coculture with both astrocytes and C6-glioma cells reestablishes the BBB phenotype whereas conditioned media as well as an astrocyte-derived extracellular matrix were ineffective. The susceptibility of the BCECs to an astroglial stimulus depends on the proliferative state of the BCECs. Cells in an early highly proliferative culture phase were stimulated to express an enzymatic activity level similar to the in vivo situation. Confluent BCEC monolayers were not induced at all. With the ALP we observed a spatial induction within a BCEC colony. Astrocyte-induced ALP activity was first observed at an outer belt of BCEC colonies in direct contact with the astrocyte layer. However, this signal is transferred to the center of the colony with time in culture. We conclude that direct contact of BCECs with astroglial cells is necessary for the induction of the BBB phenotype in cultured BCECs and that this signal may be transferred from induced to noninduced BCECs.
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PMID:The susceptibility of cerebral endothelial cells to astroglial induction of blood-brain barrier enzymes depends on their proliferative state. 171 32

Male wistar rats were treated with a diet supplemented with 0.05% 2-acetylaminofluorene (2AAF) and/or 0.2% N-acetylcysteine (NAC) according to the protocol of Teebor and Becker. Eleven haematochemical parameters were evaluated at the third week of the first two cycles. The results showed a slight yet significant decrease in total proteins and triglycerides, and an increase in total bilirubin, gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase and alkaline phosphatase, as compared to untreated controls. Co-treatment with NAC slightly attenuated the alterations induced by 2AAF. On the whole, these results demonstrate that 2AAF is poorly necrotic to hepatocytes, and hence its known ability to damage the liver appears to mainly depend on nuclear effects rather than on cytoplasmic changes.
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PMID:[Evaluation of blood chemistry parameters of rats treated with 2-acetylaminofluorene and N-acetylcysteine]. 181 Mar 43

Many human cell lines have been maintained in fetal bovine serum (FBS)-supplemented medium. These produce and secrete many substances such as transferrin, alpha 1-antitrypsin, alpha 2-macroglobulin, alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase, creatine kinase, carcino-embryonic antigen, alpha-fetoprotein, and cytokines including colony stimulating factors and transforming growth factors and further they may produce small amounts of unknown substances. Usually, small amounts of substances have to be concentrated as highly as possible for detection, but FBS interferes with procedures. A protein-free culture system in an ideal method for detecting small quantities of substances which originate from cell lines without interference by FBS. Our protein-free culture system can be available in every laboratory since this is not only an economical method, but also an effective method for the saving of purification procedures. Moreover, this is a most suitable method for surveying unknown substances derived from cell lines.
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PMID:[Studies of novel bioactive substances in the spent media of cell lines using protein-free culture system]. 181 45

Choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activity is present in isolated cerebral capillaries, where it has been considered to be a marker for perivascular cholinergic nerve terminals. However, ChAT-like immunoreactivity has been visualized in endothelial cells. This finding raised the possibility that at least part of the biochemically detected ChAT has a nonneuronal origin. To evaluate the relative contribution of endothelial cells and nerve fibers to the total acetylcholine (ACh)-synthesizing capacity of cerebral capillaries, ChAT activity and ACh release were measured in capillaries and in purified endothelial cells isolated from bovine cerebral cortex. Isolated capillaries showed ChAT activity, which was inhibited by 2-benzoylethyl trimethylammonium to the same extent as cerebral ChAT. When preincubated with [3H]choline, these capillaries presented a calcium-dependent enhancement in tritium release upon electrical field stimulation. Purified endothelial cells had minor ChAT activity and lacked the ability to release tritium in response to electrical stimulation, although the endothelial markers alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase, and 1,1'-dioctadecyl-1,3,3',3'-tetramethyl-iodocarbocyanide perchlorate-labeled acetylated low-density lipoprotein uptake were fully preserved. These data indicate that, within isolated cerebral capillaries, ACh is synthesized and released by a periendothelial structure. The fact that ACh release is provoked by electrical stimulation and by a calcium-dependent mechanism strongly suggests that cerebrovascular ACh has a neuronal origin.
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PMID:Periendothelial acetylcholine synthesis and release in bovine cerebral cortex capillaries. 187 20

Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) was administered to 10 patients diagnosed as having primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) after liver biopsy. Eight patients were anicteric, and two were icteric cases. One patient was in stage I, seven were in stage II, one in stage I-III, and one in stage III-IV of Scheuer's classification. Six hundred milligrams of UDCA were administered orally after meals three times daily to all of the patients for more than 1 yr. The period of UDCA administration ranged from 6 to 41 months. The major findings are as follows: 1) in six out of seven patients with pruritus, itching disappeared 1 month after administration of UDCA; 2) both serum alkaline phosphatase and gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase levels began decreasing significantly the first month after the onset of UDCA treatment, and continued decreasing throughout the treatment; 3) GOT and GPT levels also decreased significantly during the administration of UDCA, compared with before-treatment levels; 4) in one icteric patient with portal hypertension, although serum biliary enzyme levels improved after treatment, serum bilirubin level got worse, and the patient died of esophageal variceal hemorrhage. In another icteric case, biliary and bilirubin levels improved slightly after treatment; 5) antimitochondrial antibody titer decreased in four cases, but IgM levels and other immunological parameters were not changed; 6) serum UDCA increased significantly during UDCA treatment; in particular, glyco-UDCA occupied up to 40% of the total bile acid and CDC decreased to 25%; 7) portal inflammation activity decreased in all five patients who had undergone follow-up liver biopsy, more than 1 yr after UDCA administration--bridging fibrosis decreased in three cases; and 8) no side effects were observed in any of the cases. Although large-scale, randomized, controlled, double-blind tests are necessary, it is speculated that the long-term administration of UDCA is a safe and effective treatment for the improvement of biliary enzyme levels and pruritus in anicteric PBC.
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PMID:Improvement of biliary enzyme levels and itching as a result of long-term administration of ursodeoxycholic acid in primary biliary cirrhosis. 196 12

Isolated brain capillary endothelial cells contain high activity levels of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) marker enzymes gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (gamma-GT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). In primary culture the activities of these specific enzymes decrease with increasing cell proliferation to a constant low value characteristic for a confluent monolayer. However, activities are retained in non-proliferating cells. After passage of cells from a confluent cell monolayer a further reduction of enzyme activity was observed which corresponds to the newly triggered cell proliferation. Culture of cerebral endothelial cells on structural components of the native vascular basement membrane-like type IV collagen, fibronectin, laminin or a commercially available basement membrane cannot prevent the activity decrease of both gamma-GT and ALP. Antiserum raised against a native renal dog gamma-GT binds to the cerebral endothelial gamma-GT and suppresses its activity. The relative activity decrease induced by a given amount of anti-gamma-GT-antiserum is constant at all times in culture. This result clearly shows that the observed decrease in gamma-GT activity in proliferating cells in culture correlates to a decreased number of enzyme molecules per cell and not to an inhibition of expressed enzymes. Possibly the de novo synthesis of this enzyme is prevented in vitro. In contrast to the loss of the activity of the BBB marker enzymes gamma-GT and ALP, the activity of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), a marker for all vascular endothelial cells, is highly preserved in cultured cerebral endothelial cells.
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PMID:Blood-brain barrier characteristic enzymatic properties in cultured brain capillary endothelial cells. 197 40

The in vivo effects of di-n-butyltin dichloride (DBT) on the enzyme activity and lipid constituents of liver plasma membrane were studied in male Albino rats. The rats were intraperitoneally administered with 0.1 ml (10% v/v) ethanol either alone or containing DBT (10 or 30 mg/kg/d) for 7 consecutive days. A significant inhibition of plasma membrane marker enzymes such as 5'-nucleotidase, gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase, alkaline phosphatase, Mg2(+)-ATPase, Na+/K(+)-ATPase and Ca2(+)-ATPase occurred in DBT-treated rats when compared with respective controls. Other important bioconstituents such as sialic acid and total phospholipid/cholesterol ratio were also significantly decreased in DBT-treated rats when compared with corresponding controls. These results suggest that interaction of DBT with liver plasma membrane constituents might cause derangement of its structural and functional organization, thus leading to hepatotoxicity.
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PMID:In vivo effects of di-n-butyltin dichloride on some enzymes and lipids of rat liver plasma membrane. 197 33


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