Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase)
 47,916 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A staging scheme for hepatocellular carcinoma was presented at an International Symposium on Liver Cancer in Kampala, Uganda in 1971. Historical, clinical, and laboratory aspects of that staging scheme were examined for prognostic significance in 72 untreated patients with this disease studied at the Uganda Cancer Institute. The median survival for the entire group was 1 month. The presence of a serum bilirubin concentration of greater than 2 mg/100 ml or weight loss greater than 25 percent of body weight were the poorest prognostic features. Other factors with prognostic significance were visible abdominal collateral circulation, ascites, tumor differentiation, and serum levels of alkaline phosphatase, SGOT, alpha fetoprotein, and proline hydroxylase. A modified staging scheme is presented which defines three prognostically different groups of Ugandan patients. It is hoped this staging scheme will serve as a stimulus for analysis of similar prognostic features in other populations of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma.
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PMID:A staging system for hepatocellular carcinoma: prognostic factors in Ugandan patients. 4 61

The presence of alpha-1-fetoprotein, the heat stable alkaline phosphatase and Australia antigen was examined in 103 patients with porphyria cutanea tarda, 300 patients with cirrhosis and 18 patients with primary liver carcinoma. The heat stable alkaline phosphatase was determined in 46 percent of patients with porphyria cutanea tarda and in 61 percent of patients with primary liver carcinoma. Alpha-1-fetoprotein was detected in 61 percent of patients with primary liver carcinoma and in 2 patients with porphyria cutanea tarda in whom primary liver carcinoma was proved later. The simultaneous occurrence of alpha-1-fetoprotein and the heat stable alkaline phosphatase was found in 50 percent of cases with primary liver carcinoma. Neither the patients with porphyria cutanea tarda nor the patients with cirrhosis were Australia-antigen positive. Australia-antigen could be detected only in one patient with alpha-1-fetoprotein positive-carcinoma of the liver.
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PMID:Alpha-1-fetoprotein and the heat stable alkaline phosphatase in some liver diseases. 4 25

Ataxia-telangiectasia (AT) is a multi-system disease involving the cerebellum, cutaneous blood vessels and the immune system including both cellular and humoral components. It also involves hematological, endocrine and peripheral nervous systems. This disease is often associated with abnormal liver function tests, such as, raised alkaline phosphatase and various nonspecific histological changes in the liver. High incidence of various malignancies involving lymphoreticular, gastrointestinal and mesenchymal organs have reported in ataxia-telangiectasia. Elevated levels of alpha fetoprotein have been noted commonly in this disorder. In spite of the hepatic histological and biochemical changes associated with elevated alpha fetoprotein, to our knowledge, development of hepatocellular carcinoma has not been reported in patients with ataxia-telangiectasia. A case of a young white female with AT who developed hepatocellular carcinoma along with significantly elevated levels of alpha fetoprotein is presented.
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PMID:Ataxia-telangiectasia and hepatocellular carcinoma. 9 92

Isoenzyme V of 5'-nucleotide phosphodiesterase (5'-NPD-V) is present in the peripheral sera of patients with hepatic metastases. A total of 122 patients underwent prospective serologic analysis followed by operation for primary tumors of the gastrointestinal tract and careful evaluation of the liver. A positive 5'-NPD-V assay was found in fifty-nine of sixty patients with liver metastases. A negative 5'-NPD-V assay was found in forty-three of sixty-two patients with no evidence of hepatic metastases. The accuracy of the test was 84 per cent, and the predictive value was 75 per cent. Serum 5'-NPD-V was abnormal significantly more frequently in patients with metastatic liver disease than were liver scans or carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), alpha fetoprotein, serum glutamic oxalacetic transaminase (SGOT), and total serum bilirubin or serum alkaline phosphatase levels.
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PMID:Serum 5'-nucleotide phosphodiesterase as a predictor of hepatic metastases in gastrointestinal cancer. 21 45

Dexamethasone (DEX) was administrated intraperitoneally to newborn rats at a dose level of 2 micrograms/g body weight/day for four days, starting 4 days after birth. After administration of DEX, large quantities of glycogen granules accumulated in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes and the activity level of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (gamma-GTP) in liver homogenate increased significantly, whereas that of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) exhibited no significant difference in comparison with the control group. In the histochemical analysis, after administration of DEX, a high level of activity of gamma-GTP appeared along cell borders between adjacent hepatocytes in the peripheral portion of liver lobules. On the other hand, a low level of analysis, no hepatocyte showing positive reactions to Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) could be recognized after administration of DEX, and in livers of newborn rats receiving DEX, the number of hepatocytes which incorporated bromodeoxyuridine (BUdR) decreased. The present study showed in newborn rat that DEX induced the differentiation of hepatocytes and regulated the expression of carcino-embryonic proteins.
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PMID:Regulation on the expression of carcino-embryonic proteins in newborn rat hepatocytes by dexamethasone. An enzyme histochemical and immunohistochemical study. 168 72

Primary liver tumour, i.e. hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the world's most common malignancies. The age-standardized incidence rate varies widely from 6/100,000 (Austria) to 100 and more per 100,000 in Mozambique and Taiwan. In these high-risk areas, infection with hepatitis B virus is considered the main risk factor. In low-incidence areas as in Western Europe, main risk factors are older age, male sex and liver cirrhosis. The prognosis depends mainly on the size of the tumour. Alpha-fetoprotein is an ideal tumour marker for prospective screening in high-incidence areas. There is not much information, however, on the value of this marker for screening in low-incidence areas. There is some information that HCC-associated alkaline phosphatase could be a good tumour marker in non-viral liver tumours. Furthermore, des-gamma-carboxyprothrombin and vitamin B 12-binding protein could be specific markers for tumours in non-cirrhotic livers. But large clinical studies have not yet confirmed the value of these markers. Hormonal and haematological markers and some isoenzymes are tumour markers characterized by high sensitivity but low specificity. There are no specific tumour markers for metastatic liver disease.
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PMID:[Tumor markers in internal medicine hepatology]. 254 32

A physician's personal series of 10 women treated from 1970-1979 for oral contraceptive-associated liver tumors is presented. Of the 10 women treated, 7 had hepatocellular carcinoma and 3 had benign adenomas. Symptomatology is described. Problems with diagnosis of liver dysfunctions included misleading biopsies and liver scans. The erythrocyte sedimentation rate was raised in all but 1 woman, and it was above 70 mm/h in 7. Changes in liver function tests were consistent with an intrahepatic tumor, with a striking increase in alkaline phosphatase in 9 (1170 IU/ml), and with only a slight rise in serum aspartate transaminase (mean 55 IU/ml). None of the patients had alpha fetoprotein levels above the upper limit of normal, and all patients were negative for hepatitis B surface antigen and antibody and anticore antibody. The carcinoma characteristics were similar in 7 patients (irregular trabecular arrangement with basophilic and dysplastic cells with nuclear pleomorphism and increased mitotic figures). When these oral contraceptive users were compared with 7 women diagnosed with hepatocellular tumors who had never used oral contraceptives, several striking differences were found. None of the poll users with carcinoma had raised alpha fetoproteins, whereas 4/7 nonpill users did. By arteriography, tumors in nonusers were much less vascular and less well defined. Survival rates also differed, with a 50% survival time of 1-8 years in nonusers compared with 4-8 years in pill users. The striking feature of this series is the delay in reaching a diagnosis in most of the 10 cases treated.
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PMID:Oral-contraceptive-associated liver tumours: occurrence of malignancy and difficulties in diagnosis. 610 35

Eight independent cell lines, derived from human testicular germ-cell tumors, were examined for the expression of various markers. These included major histocompatibility and embryonic antigens, chorionic gonadotropin, alpha fetoprotein, alkaline phosphatase, plasminogen activator, and infectivity by SV40. No line consisted primarily of choriocarcinoma or yolk sac cells, but several contained cells resembling murine embryonal carcinoma; some of these lines formed tumors with the distinctive features of embryonal carcinoma when injected into immunosuppressed animals. It is proposed that human embryonal carcinoma cells, unlike those of the mouse, correspond to a preblastocyst stage of development.
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PMID:A comparative study of eight cell lines derived from human testicular teratocarcinoma. 616 54

Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (GT) were determined in three groups of patients: 21 with primary liver carcinoma (PLC), 106 with metastatic liver disease, and 110 with various degrees of alcoholic liver diseases. AFP was elevated in 12 out of 14 with hepatocellular carcinoma but in none of 7 with cholangiocarcinoma. CEA was elevated in 8 of 14 with hepatocellular carcinoma and in 5 of 7 with cholangiocarcinoma. In metastatic liver disease, 83% had elevated CEA greater than or equal to 5.0 micrograms/l, 50% having CEA levels greater than 20 micrograms/l. AFP was moderately elevated in 26% of the patients, the values being less than 100 micrograms/l in all but one. In patients with alcoholic liver disease, 31% had elevated CEA levels greater than or equal to 5.0 micrograms/l; one of these had an extremely high value of 245 micrograms/l. AFP was moderately elevated to less than 100 micrograms/l in only 9%. CEA is a sensitive indicator of metastases: a value above 20 micrograms/l is almost always associated with malignancy. However, the presence of alcoholic liver diseases must be considered in evaluating patients with increased CEA levels. AFP and CEA seemed to be of value in differentiation between primary and secondary liver carcinoma. ALP and GT are also relatively sensitive indicators of malignant liver disease, but they are more unspecific than AFP and CEA.
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PMID:Alpha-fetoprotein and carcinoembryonic antigen in patients with primary liver carcinoma, metastatic liver disease, and alcoholic liver disease. 618 10

Benign liver tumors are relatively uncommon and, even when large enough to be symptomatic, they usually remain undiagnosed prior to exploratory laparotomy. Hemangiomas constitute the majority of benign hepatic neoplasms and are 9 times as frequent in females as in males. Most are asymptomatic but abdominal swelling, a mass, or symptoms due to compression of adjacent organs may occur and abdominal hemorrhage is reported in 4.5% of patients. Hepatic hemangioma may produce a large arteriovenous communication serious enough to cause heart failure. Recently an increased frequency of liver tumors, mostly adenomas, has been noted in women taking oral contraceptives (OCs); the cause has been attributed to estrogens. The exact incidence is unknown but believed to be low. It is most common in women in their late 20s who have been on OCs for 7 years or more. The tumor occasionally completely regresses on withdrawal of the OCs. The tumor may be discovered incidentally at laparotomy or may manifest inself by pain, a palpable mass, or catastrophic hemoperitoneum. Hepatic adenoma is usually a solitary lesion and infrequently degenerates into malignancy. Differential diagnosis includes chronic gall bladder disease and peptic ulcer. Focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH) is apparently much less frequently related to OC use and is less likely to bleed seriously than adenoma. Hepatic chemistry is usually normal in adenoma and FNH, but slight increases in serum bilirubin, serum alkaline phosphatase, and serum transaminase may occur. Primary liver cancer (hepatocellular carcinoma or hepatoma) is mostly a disease of males and in the US and Western Europe seldom develops before age 40. Fibrolamellar carcinoma, which characteristically develops in adolescents and young adults, occurs with equal sex incidence. Doubt has been expressed about its relationship to OCs. In the US about 75% of primary hepatocellular carcinomas are associated with cirrhosis, and about 5% of cirrhosis cases develop primary liver cancer. Clinical manifestations of hepatoma have been divided into 5 groups: frank cancer (62.7%), acute abdominal cancer (8%), febrile cancer (8%), occult cancer (16%), and metastatic cancer (5%). Detection of large amounts of alpha fetoprotein has proven useful in diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma, but values may be negative in OC users. It has been estimated that 1/3 to 1/2 of all malignant tumors eventually metastasize to the liver.
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PMID:Hepatic neoplasia: selected clinical aspects. 619 95


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