Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase)
47,916 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

alpha-Lactalbumin was isolated from milk of M. eugenii and its concentration in milk samples taken at various times during lactation (0-40 weeks post partum) was determined by single radial immunodiffusion using rabbit antiserum to the purified protein. The alpha-lactalbumin concentration remained almost constant throughout lactation even though the concentration of total lactose (free lactose plus lactose contained in oligosaccharides) fell to zero after 34 weeks post partum. This fall in lactose was accompanied by a rise in the free galactose and glucose concentrations and marked increases in UDP-galactose hydrolase, nucleotide pyrophosphatase, alkaline phosphatase and acid beta-galactosidase activities. It is suggested that the in vitro hydrolysis of UDP-galactose was due to nucleotide pyrophosphatase and that this enzyme may also play a role in vivo late in lactation by making UDP-galactose unavailable for the synthesis of lactose. Alternatively, lactose and lactose-containing oligosaccharides might be degraded by the acid beta-galactosidase during or after secretion.
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PMID:Changes in alpha-lactalbumin, total lactose, UDP-galactose hydrolase and other factors in tammar wallaby (Macropus eugenii) milk during lactation. 285 90

Twenty human colon carcinoma cell lines were studied for their ability to develop some of the characteristics of the normal intestinal epithelium, e.g., epithelial polarity, presence of the actin-binding protein villin, or the occurrence of an enterocytic differentiation either when cultured under standard conditions, as for Caco-2 cells, or when grown in a glucose-free medium, as for HT-29 cells. Except for the regular presence of villin, which can be considered a marker of the colonic origin of the cells, the cell lines of this study could be classified into four types with regard to their differentiation characteristics. In type 1 (only one cell line, i.e., Caco-2) the cells undergo spontaneously an enterocytic differentiation characterized by a polarization of the cell layer with the formation of domes and the presence of an apical brush border the membrane of which is endowed with hydrolases such as sucrase-isomaltase, lactase, amino-peptidase N, dipeptidylpeptidase IV and alkaline phosphatase. In type 2 (three cell lines: HT-29, HCT-EB, and HCT-GEO) the cells are undifferentiated when grown in the presence of glucose but undergo an enterocytic differentiation when grown in the absence of glucose. In type 3 (eight cell lines: HCT-GLY, HCT-FET, HCT-FRI, HCT-CBS, HCT-ALA, Co-115, HRT-18, and SW-1116) the cells are organized into a polarized monolayer with the formation of domes but without any enterocytic differentiation characteristics, whatever the culture conditions. In type 4 (eight cell lines: HCT-116a, HCT-R, HCT-RCA, HCT-Moser, HCT-8R, SW-480, LS-174T, and Vaco-9P) the cells are organized into a multilayer without any feature of epithelial polarity or enterocytic differentiation, whatever the culture conditions.
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PMID:Epithelial polarity, villin expression, and enterocytic differentiation of cultured human colon carcinoma cells: a survey of twenty cell lines. 334 66

The influence of chelating agents (1 mmol/kg/day X 6,i.p.) on trace metal mobilization and activities of certain metalloenzymes was investigated in rats. Calcium disodium ethylenediamine tetraacetate (CaNa2EDTA) and calcium trisodium diethylenetriamine pentaacetate (CaNa3DTPA) enhanced urinary excretion of Zn, while sodium 2,3-dimercaptopropane-1-sulfonate (NaDMPS) and sodium diethyldithiocarbamate (NaDDC) increased that of Cu. The activity of Zn-metalloenzymes-blood delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (delta-ALA-D), plasma alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and that of Cu-metalloenzyme-plasma amine oxidase was decreased as a consequence of chelation therapy. However, hepatic levels of delta-ALA-D, ALP and alcohol dehydrogenase remained unaffected by chelation. The activity of hepatic Fe-metalloenzyme-catalase was increased by polyaminocarboxylic acids and lowered by thiol chelators. The metal chelators decreased the hepatic glutathione levels.
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PMID:Influence of metal chelators on metalloenzymes. 361 94

Male rats were exposed to dietary Pb (200 ppm), Cd (50 ppm), or As (50 ppm) as arsenate either alone or in combination for 10 weeks using a 2 x 2 x 2 factorial design. Cd and As reduced weight gain even when differences in food intake were taken into account, and administration of both Cd and As depressed weight gain more than did either metal alone. Pb did not adversely affect food consumption or weight gain. Increased RBCs were observed after administration of Pb, Cd, or As, and more cells were observed when two or three metals were concomitantly administered. Despite increased numbers of circulating RBCs, hemoglobin and hematocrit were reduced, especially with the Pb-Cd combination. Analysis of blood chemistries showed normal ranges for blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, cholesterol, calcium, albumin, total protein, and bilirubin. Uric acid was increased by Pb, but not by Cd or As. SGOT activity was reduced by As alone. Serum alkaline phosphatase was reduced by either As or Cd but not Pb. Combinations of As and Cd did not further reduce the activity of this enzyme. Kidney weight and kidney weight/body weight ratios were increased by Pb alone, but Cd or As alone or in combination had no effect. Liver weight/body weight ratios were reduced in animals fed Cd. Kidney histology showed predominantly Pb effects, i.e., intranuclear inclusion bodies and cloudy swelling. Ultrastructural evaluation of kidneys from Pb-treated animals disclosed nuclear inclusion bodies and mitochondrial swelling. Concurrent administration of Cd reduced total mean bone and kidney Pb levels by 50% and 60%, respectively, and this was associated with a decrease in kidney intranuclear inclusions. Cd exposure also reduced renal, femur, and liver concentrations of Fe by 33%, 43%, and 63%, respectively, decreased femur Zn by 27%, but increased renal Zn by 20%. Administration of As produced mild swelling of tubule cell mitochondria, increased mean total renal Cu to 200% of control, and increased liver Fe by 44%. Dietary Pb produced increased urinary excretion of ALA and coproporphyrin. Dietary exposure to As caused increased urinary excretion of uroporphyrin and to a lesser extent coproporphyrin, whereas dietary Cd caused no significant changes in urinary levels of any of the porphyrins measured. Pb plus As produced an additive effect on coproporphyrin excretion but not that of ALA or uroporphyrin. These studies indicate that interactions between common toxic elements do occur and are characterized by alterations in both tissue trace metal levels and toxicity.
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PMID:Concurrent exposure to lead, cadmium, and arsenic. Effects on toxicity and tissue metal concentrations in the rat. 728 64

Two main equal groups of clinically healthy, non pregnant rabbits were classified into 4 subgroups (5 rabbits each). The 1st and 2nd subgroups were treated with sulphaquinoxaline or sulphadiazine in a single oral dose of 100 mg/kg b. wt., while the 3rd and 4th subgroups received a repeated oral dose of 100 mg/kg b. wt., daily for 5 successive days, respectively. The second main group received lead acetate in a dose of 4.2 mg/kg b. wt. per day for 2 months, then was classified as in case of the 1st main group and administered the respective sulphonamides in their recommended doses. The experimental lead intoxication was found to decrease the free delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (delta-ALA-D) activity in blood of lead intoxicated rabbits after 4 and 8 weeks. Also, the ratio of free and with glutathione reactivated delta-ALA-D was increased 2.9 and 2.2 after 4 and 8 weeks, respectively as compared with before lead administration (1.19), indicating toxicity. The sulphonamide/creatinine ratio was increased after administration of both sulphonamides but higher in lead intoxicated rabbits as compared with healthy ones. The AST/ALT ratio was decreased 4 and 8 weeks after lead exposure. The AST, ALT and AST/ALT ratio, alkaline phosphatase, urea and creatinine were not altered in healthy rabbits. Repeated oral administration of sulphadiazine caused a significant increase in serum AST, ALT, alkaline phosphatase and creatinine level in healthy and lead intoxicated rabbits. On the other hand, AST/ALT ratio in both healthy and lead intoxicated rabbits was found to decrease 1 h after the last dose as compared with before treatment.
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PMID:Interaction between lead toxicity and some sulphonamides in rabbits: effect on certain blood constituents and serum enzymes. 801 95

A histidine-tagged form of the recently discovered molecular chaperone, 70-kDa heat-shock cognate (Hsc70)-interacting protein (Hip), has been expressed in Escherichia coli and purified to near homogeneity. This protein remains soluble when expressed in E. coli. Several important properties of this chaperone have been investigated. HPLC size-exclusion chromatography indicates that the chaperone forms a tetramer similar to what has been reported for the native protein from rat liver cytosol. The recombinant form of Hip did not catalyze the hydrolysis of ATP and ATP analogs, although fluorescence measurements indicated that the chaperone recognizes anthraniloyl-dATP, anthraniloyl-ADP, and 2'-O-trinitrophenyl-ATP. The role of Hip as a molecular chaperone has been confirmed by its ability to strongly bind to the reduced, carboxymethylated form of alpha-lactalbumin. This interaction is specific for non-native domains since native alpha-lactalbumin fails to interact with Hip. Fluorescence-anisotropy measurements indicate that reduced, carboxymethylated lactalbumin binds Hip with a Kd of 5 microM. Although Hip appears to be able to bind nucleotides and non-native proteins, it is unable to facilitate the refolding of two denatured proteins, E. coli alkaline phosphatase and mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase. Hip inhibited the refolding of alkaline phosphatase and malic dehydrogenase. Inhibition occurred at near stoichiometric levels of Hip and could not be reversed by the addition of ATP. These results suggest that Hip may regulate the function of the Hsp70 molecular chaperone complex in vivo and play a critical role in protein folding in the eukaryotic cytoplasm.
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PMID:Characterization of the molecular-chaperone function of the heat-shock-cognate-70-interacting protein. 918 13

Male albino rats were given a single oral dose of gallium arsenide (GaAs) (100, 200 or 500 mg/kg). Erythrocyte delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) activity was inhibited in all the three GaAs-exposed groups accompanied by elevated urinary excretion of ALA. A significant increase in serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activity, and gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (gamma-GT) was observed. A significant increase in hepatic malondialdehyde (MDA) and a decrease in hepatic glutathione contents were also noted. Renal alkaline phosphatase activity, urinary ALA and protein excretion increased significantly on GaAs exposure. These changes were accompanied by significant alterations in almost all the immunological variables, with an increase in gallium and arsenic concentration in blood and soft tissues. While most of the above biochemical alterations were prominent at day 7 following single exposure to 200 and 500 mg/kg GaAs, most of the immunological indices altered with all the three doses and remained high even at day 21. The results suggest only a moderate effect of GaAs on renal and hepatic tissues. By contrast, immunological and haematological systems are the most vulnerable to the toxic effects of GaAs.
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PMID:Acute oral gallium arsenide exposure and changes in certain hematological, hepatic, renal and immunological indices at different time intervals in male Wistar rats. 957 7

The effect of continuous flow high-intensity ultrasound (with and without heat generation) on alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase, lactoperoxidase, whey proteins (alpha-lactalbumin and beta-lactoglobulin), casein, and fat was studied in milk. Results were compared with those obtained using a conventional heating system having similar processing conditions. Hardly any effect on enzymes was observed when ultrasound was applied without heat generation. The highest denaturation of enzyme and whey proteins was found in samples subjected to ultrasound and heat. At 61, 70, and 75.5 degrees C a synergistic effect between ultrasound and heat was observed for the inactivation of alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase, and lactoperoxidase, respectively. A noticeable synergism between ultrasound and heat was detected for alpha-lactalbumin and beta-lactoglobulin denaturation. No changes in the casein were observed after any of the conditions assayed. As a consequence of ultrasound effects, a substantial reduction (up to 81.5%) in the size of the fat globule was observed. When 70 and 75.5 degrees C were achieved during high-intensity ultrasonic homogenization, a better particle distribution was observed as compared to that obtained at lower temperatures. This work describes the influence of continuous flow high-intensity ultrasound on important milk components as a first step for future processing applications.
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PMID:Influence of high-intensity ultrasound and heat treatment in continuous flow on fat, proteins, and native enzymes of milk. 1069 59

Many authors in different studies have reported the antagonism between Mg and Pb. Our previous results suggested that oral Mg treatment have better effect on investigation biochemical parameters (protoporphyrins, aminolevulinic acid--ALA and d-aminolevulinic dehydratase ALA-D) used in evaluating Pb intoxication, then CaNa2EDTA, chelation agents, currently used in therapy of Pb intoxication. The toxic effect of Pb induced considerably modifies the activity of many other enzymes. In this work we have examined the influence of Mg (as alternative therapy of Pb poisoning) on enzymes activity--biochemical markers for general health conditions--aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in condition of lead intoxication. Many studies showed disturbances of activity ALT, AST and ALP. The aim of this study was to confirm positive effects of Mg intake in condition of such intoxication at the level on activity of investigated enzymes. The experiment was performed on 45 male Wister rats, divided in three groups. I--control group; II--group treated daily for 30 days with 100 mg Pb, per kg body weight and next 60 without Pb treatment (spontaneous detoxication); III group--the same treatment as II group for the first 30 days, but next 60 days rats were treated orally with 40 mg Mg/kg body weight. Activity of AST and ALT was significant increased in condition of Pb poisoning, but ALP activity was significant reduced. Influence of excessive oral Mg treatment was positive: decrease of AST activity and ALT activity, which was probably in correlation with significant elimination of Pb from liver and increase of ALT enzyme activity at the normal level.
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PMID:The influence of magnesium on the activity of some enzymes (AST, ALT, ALP) and lead content in some tissues. 1263 69

In order to determine the interrelationship between dietary iron and zinc levels, the effects of dietary iron levels (2, 10, 20, and 40 microg/g) on changes in iron and zinc status and zinc enzyme activities (aminolevulinic acid dehydratase ALA-D EC 4.2.1.24 and alkaline phosphatase ALK-P EC 3.1.3.1) in male Wistar rats were investigated using adequate and marginally deficient zinc diets (25 and 5 microg/g). When rats were fed 5 microg Zn/g diets, body weight gain and food intake remained unchanged at a Fe diet intake of 20 microg/g or greater. Similar tendencies were obtained for hemoglobin, hematocrit, plasma iron, and transferrin saturation. In contrast, liver, spleen, and femur iron concentrations increased gradually with increased iron intake. Feeding diets containing 25 microg Zn/g did not alter these parameters. The percentages of apparent iron absorption in both dietary zinc groups tended to increase with decreasing dietary iron and attained maximum levels at an Fe intake of 10 microg/g. However, In the case of rats fed Fe at concentrations of 2 microg/g Iron absorption decreased. Regardless of the dietary zinc level, rats fed diets with an Fe concentration of 2 microg/g had decreased zinc absorption and plasma ALK-P activity. However, ALA-D activity was not influenced by dietary iron.
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PMID:The effect of dietary iron levels on changes in iron status and zinc-dependent enzyme activities in rats fed two levels of dietary zinc. 1277 12


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