Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase)
47,916 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Highly demineralized water (hd-water) is used frequently in laboratories and on an industrial scale. However, no systematic data seem available as to whether hd-water has a toxic potential beyond the physical risks of drinking water (drowning, water intoxication). This study investigated the impact of hd-water on function and morphology of the rat's gastrointestinal tract. One group of rats received hd-water together with the usual diet ad libitum for 14 d. A second group was exposed to hd-water after withdrawal of food and water for 24 h. Both experiments had control groups which were treated identically except that hd-water was replaced by tap water. Histology showed no signs of erosion, ulceration or inflammation in the esophagus, stomach or jejunum. Body weights and the uptake of food and water were not significantly different between the hd-water exposures and controls for 14 d. Tissue alkaline phosphatase activity was unaltered, and the mitotic rate in the epithelium of the esophagus and stomach were not different between controls and rats on hd-water. Exposure to hd-water caused no changes in the km or Vmax values for the uptake o of alpha-methyl-D-glucose from the upper jejunum. There findings indicate no impact of hd-water on the function or morphology of the rat gastrointestinal tract. There is no need for additional safety regulations when working with hd-water which go beyond those considered adequate to prevent drowning and water intoxication.
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PMID:Does intake of highly demineralized water damage the rat gastrointestinal tract? 843 46

We have previously established a rat model of chronic uremia, which is suitable to investigate the effect of various treatment modalities on renal osteodystrophy [1]. After four months subsequent to 5/6 nephrectomy, some animals were treated by gavage for 9 weeks with tap water (controls), or with aluminium (Al-citrate) 3 x 25 mg/week/kg b.wt +/- subsequent deferoxamine (DFO) 3 x 50 mg/week/kg b.wt. for 4 weeks. At termination of the study, serum clinical chemistry, femoral chemical composition and mechanical properties, calvarial parathyroid hormone (PTH)-elicited adenylate cyclase (AC) and phospholipase C (PLC) activities, cross-sectional femoral area, as well as bone histomorphometry, were analyzed. Animals given Al displayed moderately enhanced serum Al and bone Al accumulation, however, DFO-treatment did not fully alleviate bone Al retainment. A small increase in serum PTH was seen in all animals rendered uremic. Furthermore, a marked fall in serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) below normal controls was observed in Al +/- DFO-treated animals compared with uremic controls. The uremic condition led to reduced femoral ratios of hydroxyproline (HYP) over Ca(2+) and phosphate (P(i)), while Al-intoxication alone enhanced femoral Hyp contents above values seen for normal controls. The protracted ureamia caused a deterioration of long bone resilience and brittleness, however, Al +/- DFO-treatment seemed to normalize the latter. Contrastingly, Al +/- DFO-gavage enhanced time to fracture. Uremic rats intoxicated with Al showed a complete loss of calvarial PTH-sensitive AC and PLC activities. DFO-treatment normalized PTH-elicited PLC, while PTH-susceptible AC remained super-normal. Al apparently exerts a long term down-regulation of both PTH-sensitive signaling systems as evidenced by studies of rat UMR 106 osteosarcoma cells in culture. The uremic condition enhanced endosteal bone resorption as shown by femoral shaft dimension analysis, while Al +/- DFO-treatment insignificantly reversed the condition. Finally, histomorphometrical analyses showed that DFO-administration tended to normalize aberrant trabecular bone volume, while rectifying both bone resorption and degree of mineralization. In conclusion, we assert that Al-intoxication hampers both processes (i.e. formation and resorption) of bone turnover, and that DFO-treatment to a certain extent prevents the uremia- and Al-induced bone disease in rats.
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PMID:Aluminium-induced bone disease in uremic rats: effect of deferoxamine. 886 40

The subchronic toxicity of antimony in drinking water was studied in the rat. Male and female Sprague-Dawley rats (127-135 g body weight, 15 animals per group) were exposed to a soluble trivalent antimony salt, potassium antimony tartrate, in drinking water at concentrations of 0.5, 5, 50 and 500 ppm for 13 wk. Control rats received tap water as drinking water. An additional 10 male and 10 female rats were included in each of the control and 500 ppm groups and were given tap water for a further 4-wk recovery period after the 13-week treatment period. During treatment, the highest dose animals of both sexes consumed significantly less water and showed suppressed body weight gain. During recovery, water intake was quickly restored to that of the control groups and body weight gain was accelerated. At termination, one highest dose male had a cirrhotic liver, and three highest dose males exhibited gross haematuria. Female rats showed a dose-related decrease in serum glucose starting at 5 ppm, and rats of both sexes in the highest dose group had slightly decreased alkaline phosphatase activity and creatinine. The highest dose males had decreased red blood cell and platelet counts and increased mean corpuscular volume. Hepatic glutathione S-transferase activity was increased in the highest dose males and females and ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase activity was increased in the highest dose males. In the highest dose groups, mild adaptive histological changes were observed in the thyroid, liver and pituitary gland of both sexes, and in the spleen of male rats and thymus of female rats. After a 4-wk recovery period, the pituitary gland of both sexes appeared normal and the changes in the liver and thyroid of both sexes became less severe. On the other hand, minimal changes persisted in the spleen of both sexes and in the thymus of males. Tissue antimony levels were dose-related and follow the order: red blood cells > > spleen, liver > kidney > brain, fat > serum. After the recovery period, antimony level in the highest dose animals decreased for all tissues except the spleen, which remained the same as before recovery. A NOAEL of 0.5 ppm antimony in drinking water, equivalent to an average intake of 0.06 mg/kg body weight/day, was established on the basis of the histological and biochemical changes observed at 5.0 ppm.
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PMID:Effects of antimony on rats following 90-day exposure via drinking water. 948 61

The incidence of allergy to airborne proteins derived from tree and grass pollen, feces of mites, spores of molds, and pet dander has been increasing over the last decades. Since precise diagnosis is a prerequisite for successful immunotherapy, there is a rising demand for rapid, reliable, and inexpensive screening methods such as dipstick assays. With the purified recombinant major birch-pollen allergen rBet v 1a as model protein, crystalline bacterial cell-surface layers (S-layers) were tested for their applicability as an immobilization matrix for dipstick development. For this purpose, S-layers were deposited on a mechanically stable microporous support, cross-linked with glutaraldehyde, and free carboxylic acid groups of the S-layer protein were activated with carbodiimide. In the present test system, rBet v 1a was immobilized via the monoclonal mouse antibody BIP 1, which, unlike the allergen, is too large to enter the pores of the S-layer lattice, and which therefore formed a closed monolayer on the outermost surface of the crystal lattice. Moreover, BIP 1 is known to modulate IgE binding to the allergen. After incubation of the dipsticks in serum, washing of the reaction zone under tap water, and binding of an anti-IgE alkaline phosphatase conjugate, 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl phosphate/nitro blue tetrazolium was used as substrate, forming an IgE concentration-dependent colored precipitate on the S-layer surface. The investigation of patient sera previously tested with the CAP system confirmed the specificity of the S-layer-based dipstick assay. Since the dipstick is easy to handle and the whole test procedure takes only 90 min, this test system should be applicable for rapid determination of specific IgE and for first screening in the doctor's practice.
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PMID:A novel dipstick developed for rapid Bet v 1-specific IgE detection: recombinant allergen immobilized via a monoclonal antibody to crystalline bacterial cell-surface layers. 972 28

Alcoholism is a very important cause of congestive cardiomyopathy in man. The aim of this study was to examine a short-term effect of ethanol in rat cardiac muscle, using histologic, morphometric and biochemical methods. Experiments were carried out in Wistar male albino rats, divided into two groups: the control group consisting of eight animals receiving tap water, and the experimental group comprising eight animals received ethyl alcohol for ten days, in a single daily dose of 3 g ethanol/kg body weight, per os, using esophageal intubation. The mean volume weighted nuclear volume of cardiac myocytes was estimated by point sampled intercept method, by objective x 100. The mean cubed nuclear intercept length was multiplied by pi and divided by 3. For biochemical analysis, a 10% water tissue homogenate from the left ventricle was made. In the experimental group, the mean volume-weighted nuclear volume (15.08 +/- 5.20 microm3) was significantly lower than in the control group (51.32 +/- 7.83 microm3) (p < 0.001). The treatment of experimental animals with ethanol caused significant increase of aldolase (p < 0.0001) and aspartate transaminase (p < 0.05) activity in the rat cardiac tissue; at the same time, the enzyme activity of creatine phosphokinase, alanine transaminase and alkaline phosphatase were not changed in the experimental group compared to the control values. The amount of the glucose in the cardiac muscle was greater in the experimental group compared to the control animals. Our results suggest that there is depression of cardiomyocyte nuclei in experimental animals treated with ethanol. Alcohol intake results in the loss of Krebs cycle enzymes and as a consequence there is greater utilization of fatty acids for energy production.
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PMID:Morphometric and biochemical characteristics of short-term effects of ethanol on rat cardiac muscle. 1066 13

To evaluate the impact of effluent from a sewage treatment works on fish health, serum chemistry variables were investigated in brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) held in cages (active monitoring) and wild brown trout (passive monitoring). Means of the measured serum parameters of the different treatment groups were close or within normal ranges. However, the results of the active monitoring demonstrated that the serum variables of reference trout held in tap water were clearly different from those of the river treatment groups. In the active monitoring, fish exposed to effluent from the sewage treatment works had significantly different blood urea nitrogen and bilirubin values than fish kept in river water. In the passive monitoring, total protein, blood urea nitrogen, and alkaline phosphatase were significantly different between the two groups. Of the numerous correlations between serum chemistry parameters and histological lesions, blood urea nitrogen and alkaline phosphatase were found to most strongly indicate gill and liver lesions, respectively. In the passive monitoring correlations between serum chemistry variables and histopathological lesions were restricted to bilirubin and liver lesions. This indicates that the application of serum chemistry variables as indicators of histological lesions in case of chronic exposure is questionable. A multivariate discriminant analysis was used to consider relationships between the single serum variables concurrently.
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PMID:Effluent from a sewage treatment works causes changes in serum chemistry of brown trout (Salmo trutta L.). 1116 88

The bacterial twin-arginine translocation (Tat) pathway is distinct from the Sec system by its remarkable capacity to export folded enzymes. To address the question whether the two systems are capable of translocating homologous enzymes catalyzing the same reaction, we cloned the tap gene encoding Thermus thermophilus alkaline phosphatase (Tap) and expressed it in Escherichia coli. Unlike the alkaline phosphatase of E. coli, which is translocated through the Sec system and then activated in the periplasm, Tap was exported exclusively via the Tat pathway and active Tap precursor was observed in the cytoplasm. These results demonstrate that two sequence and functional related enzymes are exported by distinct protein transport systems, which may play an integral role in the bacterial adaptation to their environment during the evolution.
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PMID:Export of Thermus thermophilus alkaline phosphatase via the twin-arginine translocation pathway in Escherichia coli. 1159 80

The paper presents the findings of histological studies on the effect of sodium salt of 2,4-D acid on the changes within kidneys in newborn rats exposed to this herbicide in the prenatal and postnatal period. The experiment was performed on 60 Wistar rats of both sexes, up to 10 weeks of age. The animals were divided into two groups: I group (control)--18 rats fed on a standard diet and given tap water ad libitum, and group II (experimental)--42 rats, whose mothers received sodium salt of 2.4 dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in drinking water at a daily dose of c. 250 mg/kg for 2 months before fertilization and during pregnancy and lactation. The animals were killed after 24 hours, 4, 6 and 10 weeks of the experiment. The sections were taken from the kidneys, fixed in 4% formaldehyde and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. For acid and alkaline phosphatase examination, the kidney section were fixed in Backer's liquid and Gomori histoenzymatic reaction was performed. Histological examination of the first four experimental groups revealed changes in kidney tubules. Histologic changes were nonspecific and a variety of conditions. The presence vacuoles in cytoplasm and necrosis of tubular epithelial cells. Varying degrees of isometric vacuolization of proximal tubular epithelium, tubular microfocal calcification, tubular epithelial inclusion bodies and peritubular capillary congestion were observed. The observations suggest that chronic intoxication with 2,4-D acid leads to renal cell damage in kidneys more intensified in the fetal than in the postnatal period. Following herbicide withdrawal, the most pronounced changes observed in the fetus were found to regress.
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PMID:Fetotoxic action of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). III. Morphological changes in rat kidneys. 1253 58

Administration of salmon calcitonin (sCT) caused significant reduction in total and ultrafiltrable plasma calcium content in the plasma of a fresh water female teleost Channa punctatus. A time-bound analysis on the effect of sCT showed a highly significant short duration reduction in total and ultrafiltrable plasma calcium content in fish kept in normal tap water and low-calcium water and a moderate hypocalcemia in fish kept in high-calcium water. Sexually immature adult fish showed a greater response than the sexually mature ones. Using tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRACP) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities in plasma and hydroxyproline (HYP) excretion in urine, the effect of sCT on the inhibition of bone calcium resorption were examined. In both sexually mature and immature adult fish, kept in normal tap water, sCT significantly suppressed TRACP and ALP activities in plasma and excretion of HYP in urine within 2-6 h with a maximum at 4 h after injection. Salmon CT treatment to sexually immature adult fish caused significant increase in skeletal bone calcium concentration. Taken together, all this information indicates that CT in a fresh water female teleost is an effective regulator of plasma calcium levels, and its action, at least in part, operates through inhibition of bone calcium resorption.
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PMID:The effects of calcitonin on plasma calcium levels and bone metabolism in the fresh water teleost Channa punctatus. 1536 30

This experimental study was designed to examine the effect of nitric oxide (NO) on bone metabolism in ovariectomized rats following chronic ethanol treatment. Chronic ethanol intake was produced by gradual substitution (within 3 weeks) of tap water in diet with 5,10,15 and finally 20% of ethanol. Thereafter, the rats were maintained under these conditions for a duration of 4 months. The rats were divided into two groups. The first group received sham operation (SHAM) and the rats in Group II were ovariectomized (OVX). Five weeks after the SHAM and ovariectomy, the rats were treated with ethanol for 4 months. After this period of ethanol administration, the NOS inhibitor N(W)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) was given for three weeks along with ethanol to the same rats. Serum interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, NO, calcium (Ca), phosphorous (P), parathyroid hormone (PTH), 25 HydroxyvitaminD3 [25(OH)D3], alkaline phosphatase (ALP), bone alkaline phosphatase (b-ALP), alanine amino transferase (ALT), aspartate amino transferase (AST), gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) levels were measured in different stages of the experiment. IL-1beta, IL-6, TNFalpha and NO levels increased after ethanol administration in SHAM and OVX rats. The decrease in serum Ca was significant while the changes in P, PTH and 25 (OH)D3 levels were not. ALP and b-ALP levels were significantly decreased; ALT, AST and GGT levels were significantly increased. In ovariectomized and SHAM rats, administration of L-NAME together with ethanol, produced a significant increase in IL-1beta, IL-6 and TNFalpha levels. In this group, Ca and P levels were significantly increased, PTH and 25 (OH)D3 levels were significantly decreased. Also, there was a significant decrease in ALT, AST, ALP, b-ALP, and GGT levels. NO increase due to alcohol intake may function as a protective mechanism preventing bone resorption in cases of estrogen insufficiency.
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PMID:The role of nitric oxide on bone metabolism in ovariectomized rats following chronic ethanol intake. 1570 79


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