Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase)
 47,916 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The activity of three urinary enzymes, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG), was evaluated in 71 adult owl monkeys. Fifty-six animals had normal renal function, while 15 had evidence of renal dysfunction. Urinary enzyme: urinary creatinine ratios (UE: UCr) were also determined. The activity for NAG was similar to that of other species, while ALP and AST were higher. Regression analyses revealed that urinary enzymes and UE:UCr were significantly correlated (P < or = 0.0001) with indices of renal damage and could identify active renal disease.
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PMID:Urinary enzyme concentrations in the owl monkey (Aotus nancymae). 813 83

The distributions of the hydrolases acid and alkaline phosphatase (AP and ALP), N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG), beta-glucuronidase (beta-Gluc), beta-galactosidase (beta-Gal), non-specific esterase (UE), dipeptidylpeptidases II and IV (DPPII and DPPIV), aminopeptidases M and A (APM and APA), and gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) were investigated in the human, pig and Lewis rat normal anterior segment by histochemical methods. The distribution of the above hydrolases, particularly that of proteases, varied between ocular tissues and between the three species. Lysosomal hydrolases together with GGT and ALP were consistently active in the corneal epithelium, stroma and endothelium in all three species; the corneal distribution and activity of beta-Gal, APM, APA and DPPIV, however, displayed interspecies variation. The angular tissues showed similarities for most hydrolases with the exceptions of beta-Gal, UE, APM, APA and DPPIV. In all eyes examined strong ciliary epithelial activity for AP, beta-Gal, UE, GGT and ALP was observed in the pars plicata; only the pig eye also displayed strong DPPIV activity in this area. Regional differences in hydrolase distribution in the iris were observed in all species. A post-mortem freezing delay of longer than 24 h resulted in a decrease in hydrolase activity.
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PMID:Hydrolases of anterior segment tissues in the normal human, pig and rat eye: a comparative study. 818 69

The present investigation evaluated the changes in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) biochemical constituents and indices of bronchoalveolar lavage cell functions to detect early lung injury in rats following intraperitoneal administration of cyclophosphamide (CP). Rats were exposed to a single intraperitoneal injection of CP (200 or 300 mg/kg body weight). Experimental and control rats were sacrificed at various time intervals (2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 21, and 42 days after cessation of exposure), and lung lavage was performed to examine several markers of lung injury. Biochemical analyses revealed dose-related increases in BALF angiotensin converting enzyme activity, total protein, lactate, lactate dehydrogenase, and N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) levels on days 2, 3, 5, 7, and dose-related increases in albumin, alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase, and lipid peroxidation on days 2, 3, 5, 7, and 11 after CP treatment. In contrast, reduced levels of ascorbic acid and glutathione (GSH) content were observed in lung lavage fluid. We also examined bronchoalveolar lavage cells for acid hydrolases (acid phosphatase, beta-glucuronidase, NAG) and GSH content. Activity of acid hydrolases was slightly elevated on day 2 and peaked on days 3, 5, and 7. However, lavage cell GSH content was decreased. Thus, measurements of pulmonary changes by analyzing lavage fluid and lavage cell functions seems to be a useful marker for assessing the early onset and development of CP-induced lung injury.
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PMID:Cyclophosphamide induced early biochemical changes in lung lavage fluid and alterations in lavage cell function. 820 29

Compared to prior studies which frequently pinpoint the impairment of one parameter or function, this paper reports for the first time an extensive characterization of the toxic effects of gentamicin in a single model of primary cultured rabbit proximal tubule cells developed without insulin and glucose. Biochemical, functional and morphological approaches were used. Cellular response pattern was examined after a 72-h exposure during either the exponential growth phase or the stationary confluency phase of the culture to 0.2, 1, and 2.5 mM gentamicin. The biochemical study after gentamicin exposure showed increased activities for N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase and alkaline phosphatase, decreased activities for sphingomyelinase, cathepsin B, Na+/K(+)-ATPase, lactate dehydrogenase and NADPH cytochrome C reductase. Functional evaluation revealed decreased protein synthesis and alpha-methylglucose transport after gentamicin exposure. Morphometric study made it possible to show that the density of lysosomes, the cell fractional volume of the lysosomal compartment, and the mean size of the lysosomal profiles are increased in the cells. Intracellular accumulation of gentamicin in proximal tubular cells was dose dependent and reached high levels in cultured cells. In conclusion, this model compared to others in the literature allowed us to demonstrate in vitro a close response pattern to the in vivo situation after gentamicin exposure.
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PMID:Characterization of gentamicin-induced dysfunctions in vitro: the use of optimized primary cultures of rabbit proximal tubule cells. 821 May 60

A radioprotective effect of hypoxia was studied in kidney radiation. The use of hypoxic respiratory mixture containing 8% oxygen (the normal content is 21%) enhances kidney resistance to local single and fractionated irradiation. Determination of renal activity of succinate dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase, acid and alkaline phosphatase and urinary N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase, gamma-glutamyl transferase, alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase is recommended as tests for kidney radiation damage.
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PMID:[Histochemical and biochemical study of radiation injury of the kidneys in gas hypoxia]. 831 18

The influence of acute water loading and water deprivation on gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity was examined in rats by administering the drug (50 mg kg-1) into a group of hydrated rats and another 24 h-dehydrated group. Renal damage was assessed by measuring urinary enzymes, protein, urine flow rate and cell excretion in urine. Water loading alone caused significant alterations (2-5-fold) of the parameters under observation while these parameters were either lower or of comparable values to the untreated controls in water-deprived rats. Gentamicin administration further resulted in the elevation of all parameters in water-loaded rats. However, elevated alkaline phosphatase (P < 0.01), similar excretion of muramidase and decreased excretion of N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase compared to the controls was observed in water-deprived rats given gentamicin. Cells excreted in the urine were mainly renal tubular and squamous epithelial types in the control and all treated rats. These cells contain between 2 and 10% of the total enzyme activity in the urine of untreated-control rats. Increases in the percentage of these enzymes were observed as follows: in water-loaded (12-24%); water-deprived (4-26%); gentamicin alone (16-27%); water-loaded rats given gentamicin (11-30%); and water-deprived rats receiving gentamicin (8-15%). These observations demonstrate that the toxicity of gentamicin could be aggravated by both water loading and water deprivation. Water load alone is also associated with physiopathological changes in the kidney cells.
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PMID:Influence of hydration states on the acute nephrotoxic effect of gentamicin in the rat. 832 97

An assessment has been made of biochemical alterations in renal and hepatic functions of 73 male operators employed for an average of 8.2 years (range 0.5-23 years) in a chemical plant producing chlorinated hydrocarbons. Exposure to allyl chloride (AC), 1,3-dichloropropene (DCP), epichlorohydrin (ECH), and hexachlorocyclopentadiene (HEX) has regularly been determined by personal air monitoring since 1980. Although exposures to DCP and ECH were well below currently accepted maximum allowable concentrations (MACs), relatively high exposures to AC and HEX, occasionally exceeding the MAC, have been measured. The results of the kidney and liver function tests were compared with those of a control group comprising 35 men employed at the materials division and not occupationally exposed to chemicals. Biochemical alterations of liver function were assessed by determination in serum of alanine and aspartate aminotransferases (ALAT, ASAT), alkaline phosphatase (AP), total bilirubin (BIL), gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and total bile acids (SBA). No differences between the exposed group and the control group were found. Nor were differences found in biochemical tests for renal tubular damage (urinary alanine aminopeptidase (AAP) and N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) and renal tubular function (urinary retinol binding protein (RBP). Total urinary protein and albumin excretion were measured to assess the integrity of the glomerulus. Urinary total protein did not differ between the groups, but urinary albumin, although within normal limits in both groups, was significantly higher (p < 0.02) in the exposed group. This difference in urinary albumin could not simply be explained by exposure to chlorinated hydrocarbons because albumin concentrations did not correlate with the duration of employment. It is concluded that long term exposure to concentrations of AC, DCP, ECH, or HEX below or near the current limit threshold value does not lead to clinically significant effects on kidney and liver.
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PMID:Effects of exposure to low concentrations of chlorinated hydrocarbons on the kidney and liver of industrial workers. 849 73

The limiting factor in the therapeutical use of cyclosporine A (Cs A) is its nephrotoxicity, which may lead to renal failure. Cs A nephrotoxicity may present itself as an acute decrease in GFR, or as a chronic renal injury. Nephrotoxicity is caused by the indirect vasoconstriction effect mainly on proximal tubule and afferent arteriols. In our study we have concentrated on the effect of Ca-channel blockers on Cs A nephrotoxicity. As parameters of toxic kidney damage we have used the urine levels of the following enzymes: N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG), gama-glutamyltransferase (GMT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). Daily intragastric application of verapamil (V) (dose 1.0 mg/kg BW) or nifedipine (N) (dose 0.1 mg/kg BW) was started in a group of male Wistar rats. Cs A (Sandimun Sandoz, Switzerland) was applied daily intraperitoneally 30 minutes after the application of V or N. The dose of Cs A ranged from 5 mg/kg BW to 25 mg/kg BW in individual groups. The animals were observed for 10 days after the drugs application. Urine samples were collected and examined at the end of the whole experiment. The individual parameters were evaluated in the groups receiving the 3 different doses of Cs A (5-25 mg/kg BW). The serum creatinine rose moderately during the experiment. When the Ca-channel blockers were administered, the rise was not as steep, but when the highest dose of Cs A was administered, the Ca-channel blockers did not influence the elevation of the serum creatinine. Using the standard dose of Cs A (5 mg/kg BW) the protective effect of Ca-channel blockers can be found. In higher doses of Cs A this protective effect was not expressed.
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PMID:The effect of calcium channel blockers on cyclosporine A (Cs A) induced nephrotoxicity in rats. 871 61

Certain chromium compounds are known to be nephrotoxic, but renal damage from long-term environmental or occupational exposure to chromium has not been documented. To detect possible preclinical renal damage, we tested the urine of 55 lifelong residents of an area contaminated with chromium landfill. The levels of four proteins were determined in urine samples: (1) human intestinal alkaline phosphatase, (2) tissue nonspecific alkaline phosphatase, (3) N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase, and (4) microalbumin. No elevated levels of proteins were found, and there were no significant correlations between urine protein and urine chromium concentrations. We concluded that long-term environmental exposure to chromium dust did not lead to tubular proteinuria.
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PMID:Absence of tubular proteinuria following environmental exposure to chromium. 875 13

The activity of gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), alkaline phosphatase (AP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDG), N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) was assessed in 53 patients with psoriasis (PS), 24 PS patients with affected kidneys, 50 patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus(DM). Enhanced activity of the enzymes occurred not only in nephropathy patients but also in those without proteinuria. AP and NAG were more active in PS, while LDG and NAG in DM. Both in PS and DM, NAG activity rose 3-4-fold compared to control. A direct correlation was found between enzymuria and uremia, glycemia (in hyperglycemia only) and cholesterolemia. An inverse relationship existed between enzymuria and uricosuria. The above changes in enzymic activity are attributed to impairment of tubules of the kidney induced by PS and DM. Diagnostic significance of enzymuria as a marker of early tubular involvement is confirmed by investigations of renal biopsies.
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PMID:[Urinary enzymes in the assessment of the early stage of kidney involvement in psoriasis and diabetes mellitus]. 877 18


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