Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase)
 47,916 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Both choline kinase and ethanolamine kinase are present in the cytosol of nerve endings prepared from rat brain are the products of their action, phosphocholine (84 nmol/g fresh wt. of brain) and phosphoethanolamine (190 nmol/g fresh wt. of brain). In contrast with the enzymes from the cytosol of whole brain, both are as equally active at pH 7.5 as 9.0. Determination of kinase activity in membrane-containing tissue samples at pH9 gives low values because of the activity of alkaline phosphatase. Choline kinase, but not ethanolamine kinase, requires Mg2+ in excess of that required for the formation of the MgATP complex and is inhibited by an excess of free ATP. The Km for choline is 2.6mM and for ethanolamine is 2.2mM. The differing requirements for ATP and Mg2+ and the inhibition of choline kinase, but not ethanolamine kinase, by hemicholinium-3 suggest either the presence of two separate enzymes or two different active sites on the same enzyme.
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PMID:Choline kinase and ethanolamine kinase activity in the cytosol of nerve endings from rat forebrain. 3 85

1. Endosulfan insecticide is a polychlorinated compound used for controlling a variety of insects; it is practically water-insoluble, but readily adheres to clay particles and persists in soil and water for several years. Its mode of action involves repetitive nerve-discharges positively correlated to increase in temperature. This compound is extremely toxic to most fish and can cause massive mortalities. In fish, it causes marked changes in Na and K concentrations, decrease in blood Ca(2+) and Mg levels and inhibits Na, K and Mg-dependent ATPase (in brain). 2. Bioaccumulation of endosulfan is reported for marine animals; however, freshwater animals (e.g., crayfish) accumulate it to some extent, but they lose the compound rapidly during depuration. Endosulfan is generally less toxic to aquatic invertebrates than fish. However, it causes decreases in adenylate energy charge, oxygen consumption, hemolymph amino acids, succinate dehydrogenase, heart-beat (mussel) and altered osmoregulation. 3. Generally, mammals are less susceptible to endosulfan's toxicity than aquatic animals. The majority of studies conducted on laboratory mammals can be summarized. (a) Neurotoxicity: male rats are more sensitive than females to endosulfan, which decreases brain and plasma acetylcholinesterase activity. Endosulfan I (a metabolite) causes a significant change in norepinephrine, 5-HT and GABA. (b) Renal toxicity: inhibition of MFOs activity was noticed in rats; other effects included changes in proximal convoluted tubules and necrosis of the tubular epithelium. (c) Hepatotoxicity: chemically-induced aminopyrine N-demethylase and aniline hydrolase were found in rat liver, and reduction in the glycogen level occurred. (d) Hematologic toxicity: endosulfan exposure resulted in a significant decrease in the level occurred. (d) Hematologic toxicity: endosulfan exposure resulted in a significant decrease in the erythrocyte glutathione reductase, hemoglobin amount, RBC number and mean corpuscular volume. 4. Respiratory toxicity: involved dyspnea, acute emphysema, cyanosis and hemorrhages in teh interalveolar portions of rat's lungs. 5. Biochemical: in rats, endosulfan caused increased glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity, blood glucose level, phospholipid contents of the microsomal and surfactant system, and profoundly induced the activity of alcohol dehydrogenase and cytosolic glutathione S-transferases. It also decreased significantly Na+, K+ and Mg(2+) ATPases, plasma calcium level and alkaline phosphatase in the intestinal epithelium. 6. Immunologic toxicity: rat serum antibody titer to tetanus toxin, IgG, IgM and gammaglobulins were significantly reduced. 7. Reproductive toxicity: degenerative changes in the seminiferous epithelium, induction of the rate-limiting enzyme in testosterone production (3beta-hydroxysteroid transferase and 17 beta-hydroxysteroid transferase), histological changes in reproductive organs, testicular atrophy and the occurrence of ovarian cysts were noticed in rat. Reduction in the weight of secondary sex organ was also observed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Bioaccumulative potential and toxicity of endosulfan insecticide to non-target animals. 790 Sep 59

Effect of fenvalerate on cell architecture, tissue biochemical parameters and its residual concentration was studied in broiler chicks following dermal application at 0.1 and 1% in ethanol once daily for 31 days. It did neither produce loss of body weight nor clinical signs of toxicity. Kidney contained maximal residue followed by heart, fat, liver and brain after 0.1%; and fat contained maximal residue followed by kidney, heart, liver and brain after 1% application. Fenvalerate (0.1%) increased the aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (except brain), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (AP), acid phosphatase (AcP) (only brain) activities, glycogen level (only liver) in liver, kidney, heart and brain tissues; and 1% increased the AST (except brain), ALT, AcP (except liver and kidney), AP (only heart), glycogen (only liver) and decreased AP (except heart), AcP (only kidney), cholesterol (except liver and heart), and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) (liver and brain) of liver, kidney, heart and brain tissue homogenates respectively. Histopathological examination in general showed aggregation of mononuclear cells in liver, around the kidney tubules and cardiac muscle fibre. In addition, fibrosis in the periportal area of liver, proliferation of ureter and tubular degeneration, and congestion of endocardial vessels were also observed. The intensity of cellular changes was more marked after 1% dermal application.
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PMID:Effect of short-term dermal toxicity of fenvalerate on residue, cell architecture and biochemical profiles in broiler chicks. 931 26

We report a case of spondylometaphyseal dysplasia in an infant who was born to nonconsanguineous Yemeni parents. Radiological findings were consistent with lethal metaphyseal chondrodysplasia (Sedaghatian type). Although all previously reported cases died within 4 days of life, our patient survived 161 days. This reported case was thoroughly investigated for serum calcium, magnesium, zinc, ammonia, phosphate level, alkaline phosphatase, parathormone level, liver and renal function test, TORCH, metabolic screening, skeletal survey, chromosomal studies, muscle enzymes, EEG, computed tomography scan, and magnetic resonance imaging (brain). Genomic DNA analysis of patient and parents were sent to the Faculty de Medicine Xavier Bichat, France, but yet abnormal gene could not be detected.
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PMID:Spondylometaphyseal dysplasia: Sedaghatian type. 1067 56

The disposition and toxicity of inhaled elemental mercury (Hg0) vapor for pregnant Long-Evans rats, and potential adverse effects on reproductive outcome were investigated. Rats were exposed to 0, 1, 2, 4, or 8 mg Hg0/m(3) for 2 h/day from gestation day (GD) 6 through GD 15. Maternal toxicity occurred primarily in rats exposed to 4 and 8 mg/m(3) and was manifested as a concentration-related decrease in body weight gain and mild nephrotoxicity. Control rats gained about 13% of their initial body weight during the 10-day exposure. Rats exposed to 4 mg/m(3) Hg0 gained about 7% less than controls, and rats exposed to 8 mg/m(3) Hg0 lost about 17% of their initial body weight during the 10-day exposure period. Maternal kidney weights were significantly increased in the 4 and 8 mg/m(3) concentration groups, and urinalysis revealed increased levels of protein and alkaline phosphatase activity in urine of all Hg0-exposed rats. Dams exposed to 8 mg/m(3) were euthanized in moribund condition on postnatal day (PND) 1. There was no histopathological evidence of toxicity in maternal lung, liver, or kidney of exposed rats at GD 6, GD 15, or PND 1. The incidence of resorptions was significantly increased, litter size and PND 1 neonatal body weights were significantly decreased only in the 8-mg/m(3) group. Total Hg concentrations in maternal tissues increased with increasing number of exposure days and concentration. In general, approximately 70% of Hg was eliminated from maternal tissues during the week following the last exposure (GD 15 to PND 1). Elimination of Hg from maternal brain and kidney was slower than in other tissues, possibly due to higher levels of metallothionein. Total Hg concentrations in fetal tissues increased with increasing number of exposure days and concentration, demonstrating that a significant amount of Hg crossed the placenta. One week after the last exposure, significant amounts of Hg were still present in brain, liver, and kidney of PND 1 neonates. Metallothionein levels in neonatal tissues were not significantly increased by exposure to 4 mg/m(3) Hg0. The total amount of Hg in neonatal brain (ng/brain) continued to increase after termination of inhalation exposure, suggesting a redistribution of Hg from the dam to neonatal brain. These data demonstrate that inhaled Hg0 vapor is distributed to all maternal and fetal tissues in a dose-dependent manner. Adverse effects of Hg on developmental outcome occurred only at a concentration that caused maternal toxicity.
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PMID:Disposition of inhaled mercury vapor in pregnant rats: maternal toxicity and effects on developmental outcome. 1189 93

Cadmium is a well-known human carcinogen and a potent nephrotoxin. Lipid peroxidation is involved in cadmium-related toxicity. Vitamin E and beta-carotene are effective antioxidants and free radical scavengers. Therefore, the present study was carried out to investigate the potential protective effects of vitamin E and beta-carotene alone or in combination against cadmium (Cd) toxicity. Cadmium chloride (CdCl2, 5 mg/kg BW, 1/15 LD50), vitamin E (100 mg/kg BW), beta-carotene (10 mg/kg BW), and vitamin E with beta-carotene (100 + 10 mg/kg BW, respectively) were orally administered by gavage alone or in combination. The tested doses were given to rats every other day (15 times). Results obtained showed that CdCl2 significantly (P < 0.05) induced free radicals in plasma, liver and brain. The activities of glutathione S-transferase (GST) (plasma and liver), alkaline phosphatase (AlP) (plasma and liver), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (liver) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) (plasma and brain) were significantly (P < 0.05) decreased due to CdCl2 administration, whereas, the activities of AST and ALT were increased in plasma. Treatment with CdCl2 caused a significant (P < 0.05) increase in glucose, urea, creatinine and bilirubin in plasma. On the other hand, results showed that CdCl2 significantly (P < 0.05) decreased plasma total protein (TP), albumin (A), blood hemoglobin (Hb), total erythrocytic count (TEC) and packed cell volume (PCV), while total leukocyte count (TLC) increased. Treatment with CdCl2 caused a significant (P < 0.05) decrease in sperm concentration, motility (%), weight of testes and epididymis, and increase in dead and abnormal sperm. Results demonstrated the beneficial influences of vitamin E, -carotene alone and/or in combination in reducing the harmful effects of CdCl2.
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PMID:Cadmium-induced changes in lipid peroxidation, blood hematology, biochemical parameters and semen quality of male rats: protective role of vitamin E and beta-carotene. 1530 3

Contamination of ground water by arsenic has become a cause of global public health concern. In West Bengal, India, almost 6 million people are endemically exposed to inorganic arsenic by drinking heavily contaminated groundwater through hand-pumped tube wells. No safe, effective and specific preventive or therapeutic measures for treating arsenic poisoning are available. We recently reported that some of the herbal extracts possess properties effective in reducing arsenic concentration and in restoring some of the toxic effects of arsenic in animal models. Moringa oleifera Lamarack (English: Horseradish-tree, Drumstick-tree, Hindi: Saijan, Sanskrit: Shigru) belongs to the Moringaceae family, is generally known in the developing world as a vegetable, a medicinal plant and a source of vegetable oil. The objective of the present study was to determine whether Moringa oleifera (M. oleifera) seed powder could restore arsenic induced oxidative stress and reduce body arsenic burden. Exposure to arsenic (2.5 mg/kg, intraperitoneally for 6weeks) led to a significant increase in the levels of tissue reactive oxygen species (ROS), metallothionein (MT) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) which were accompanied by a decrease in the activities in the antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in mice. Arsenic exposed mice also exhibited liver injury as reflected by reduced acid phosphatase (ACP), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activities and altered heme synthesis pathway as shown by inhibited blood delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (delta-ALAD) activity. Co-administration of M. oleifera seed powder (250 and 500 mg/kg, orally) with arsenic significantly increased the activities of SOD, catalase, GPx with elevation in reduced GSH level in tissues (liver, kidney and brain). These changes were accompanied by approximately 57%, 64% and 17% decrease in blood ROS, liver metallothionein (MT) and lipid peroxidation respectively in animal co-administered with M. oleifera and arsenic. Another interesting observation has been the reduced uptake of arsenic in soft tissues (55% in blood, 65% in liver, 54% in kidneys and 34% in brain) following administration of M. oleifera seed powder (particularly at the dose of 500 mg/kg). It can thus be concluded from the present study that concomitant administration of M. oleifera seed powder with arsenic could significantly protect animals from oxidative stress and in reducing tissue arsenic concentration. Administration of M. oleifera seed powder thus could also be beneficial during chelation therapy with a thiol chelator.
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PMID:Concomitant administration of Moringa oleifera seed powder in the remediation of arsenic-induced oxidative stress in mouse. 1705 7

This report details a chimeric goat derived by injecting caprine embryonic germ (EG) cells into a host blastocyst. The EG cells, isolated from the primordial genital ridge of white Guanzhong goat fetuses (28-42 days of pregnancy), had alkaline phosphatase activity and several stem cell markers, including SSEA-1, c-kit, and Nanog. Ten to 20EG cells were microinjected into the blastocoelic cavity of a host blastocyst collected from a black goat following natural service. Twenty-nine injected blastocysts were transferred into nine white surrogate goats. One of the recipients maintained pregnancy to term and gave birth to three kids: one male, one female, and a dead, malformed fetus of undetermined gender; all three fetuses were black, but the female and the malformed fetus each had a large white spot on their head. Based on PCR and microsatellite DNA assay, the female and the malformed fetus were monozygotic twins and chimeras. Microsatellite assay on various tissues from the dead fetus (including skin, blood, liver, placenta, lung, heart, spleen, muscle, and brain), revealed that these tissues and organs were chimeric and contained cells derived from EG cells. In conclusion, caprine EG cells differentiated into all three germ layers in vivo.
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PMID:A caprine chimera produced by injection of embryonic germ cells into a blastocyst. 1800 26

Twenty eight female Wistar rats weighing 150-200 g were used in this study and these animals were divided into 4 groups, each comprising 7 rats. The first group served as the control group, and groups 2, 3, and 4 were administered a single dose of 250 mg/kg.bw propolis, a single dose of 125 mg/kg.bw (1/2LD(50)) cypermethrin, and a single dose of 125 mg/kg.bw cypermethrin followed by a single dose of 250 mg/kg.bw propolis 30 min later, per os using a catheter, respectively. Twenty-four hours after propolis administration, blood and tissue (liver, kidney, and brain) samples were collected. Serum glucose, triglyceride, uric acid, cholesterol, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities/levels, plasma and tissue malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, and erythrocyte and tissue superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities were determined. Compared to group 1, significant increases in plasma and tissue MDA levels and kidney GSH-Px activity, and significant decreases in erythrocyte SOD and CAT, liver SOD and GSH-Px, kidney SOD and brain SOD, CAT and GSH-Px activities were determined in group 3. Compared to group 1, a significant increase in glucose and a significant decrease in triglyceride levels were determined in group 3. Values pertaining to group 4 were demonstrated to be closer to those of group 1.
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PMID:Effecs of cypermethrin on some biochemical changes in rats: the protective role of propolis. 1894 82

The amelioration effect of dietary high protein and vitamin C against stress was evaluated in spotted murrel, Channa punctatus, exposed to endosulfan. Two hundred and forty fish (average weight: 27.01 g/fish), distributed equally into 4 different groups (control, T(1), T(2), and T(3)), each with 6 replicates were fed with control (40% crude protein, CP and 0.1% vitamin C), T(1) (40% CP and 0.1% vitamin C), T(2) (50% CP and 0.1% vitamin C), and T(3) (50% CP and 0.2% vitamin C) diets for 90 days. Groups fed T(1), T(2), and T(3) diets were exposed to sublethal endosulfan concentration, whereas the control was maintained without endosulfan exposure. Results indicated significant reduction in the growth performance, survival, and activities of lactate dehydrogenase (liver and muscle), malate dehydrogenase (liver and muscle), enzymes of protein metabolism (aspartate amino transferase in liver and alanine amino transferase in liver and muscle), acetyl choline esterase (brain), alkaline phosphatase activity (liver), and ATPase (gill) enzymes of group fed control diet and exposed to endosulfan. However, endosulfan exposed fish fed high CP and vitamin C diet exhibited significant (P<0.05) improvement in their growth performance and metabolic enzyme activities. Further, high CP and vitamin C diet reduced endosulfan accumulation in the muscle. Overall results indicate that vitamin C (0.2%) supplementation in high CP (50%) diet improves growth, metabolism, and reduce endosulfan bioaccumulation in C. punctatus.
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PMID:Dietary high protein and vitamin C mitigates endosulfan toxicity in the spotted murrel, Channa punctatus (Bloch, 1793). 1932 96


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