Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase)
 47,916 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Aqueous extracts of salivary glands (Glandula submandibularis and G. parotis) from the European hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus) exhibited neither lethal effect (intraperitoneal injection, mice), nor haemorrhagic and myonecrotic (mice) activity. Of the various enzymes tested (kallikrein, casein hydrolysis, phospholipase A2, acid and alkaline phosphatase, alpha-amylase), both glands possessed alkaline phosphatase and alpha-amylase activity only. These experiments suggest that toxic saliva in mammals is restricted to certain insectivores (shrews and solenodons) only.
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PMID:Studies on biological and enzymatic activities of salivary glands from the European hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus). 1048 97

Some possible biological and biochemical effects of Sistrurus Malarius Barbouri (SMB) crude venom were investigated. The acute median lethal doses of the venom under investigation were found to be 14.4 and 9.72 microg/g body weight (b.w.), respectively, in rats on i.p. administration. The possible neurotoxicity of acute, subchronic and chronic doses was investigated in-vivo and in-vitro. The venom at a dose level of 2 microg/g b.w. significantly impaired motor coordination, learning and retention, spontaneous activity and produced behavioural changes, muscle weakness and loss of righting reflex in mice. The same dose also produced a significant decrease in body temperature and inhibited acetylcholine-induced contraction of the isolated smooth (rabbit intestine) and skeletal (frog rectus abdominis) muscles and impaired transmission at the nerve muscle synapse of the rat phrenic nerve diaphragm preparation. The effects of the acute sublethal and chronic doses on carbohydrate metabolism revealed a hyperglycemic effect associated with a diminution of liver and muscle glycogen, while its effects on blood electrolytes (sodium and potassium) showed a significant elevation in the blood sodium level and a significant reduction in that of potassium. Serum enzymes were also affected. Levels of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activities were moderately increased. The crude venom had an aggregatory effect on platelets and had also a phospholipase A2 activity while, on the other hand, it showed no L-amino acid oxidase activity. Testing of the effect of the venom on the plasma recalcification time showed that the venom had an anticoagulant effect in case of high dose (200 microg), while a coagulant effect was produced at a low dose of the venom (2.5 microg). SMB venom at a dose level of 1.94 microg/g b.w. (LD10) was found to exhibit no significant inhibitory effect on tumor growth when injected into mice.
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PMID:An in vitro and in vivo study of some biological and biochemical effects of Sistrurus Malarius Barbouri venom. 1052 Nov 45

Earlier studies have shown that implant surface roughness influences osteoblast proliferation, differentiation, matrix synthesis and local factor production. Moreover, the responsiveness of osteoblasts to systemic hormones, such as 1,25-(OH)2D3, at the implant surface is also influenced by surface roughness and this effect is mediated by changes in prostaglandins. At present, it is not known which signaling pathways are involved in mediating cell response to surface roughness and how 1,25-(OH)2D3 treatment alters the activation of these pathways. This paper reviews a series of studies that have addressed this question. MG63 osteoblast-like cells were cultured on commercially pure titanium (cpTi) surfaces of two different roughnesses (Ra 0.54 and 4.92 microm) in the presence of control media or media containing 1,25-(OH)2D3 or 1,25-(OH)2D3 plus H8 (a protein kinase A inhibitor) or quinacrine (a phospholipase A2 inhibitor). At harvest, the effect of these treatments on cell number and alkaline phosphatase specific activity was measured. Compared to cultures grown on the smooth surface, cell number was reduced on the rough surface. 1,25-(OH)2D3 inhibited cell number on both surfaces and inhibition of protein kinase A in the presence of 1,25-(OH)2D3 restored cell number to that seen in the control cultures. Inhibition of phospholipase A2 in the presence of 1,25-(OH)2D3 caused a further reduction in cell number on the smooth surface, and partially reversed the inhibitory effects of 1,25-(OH)2D3 on the rough surface. Alkaline phosphatase specific activity was increased in cultures grown on the rough surface compared with those grown on the smooth surface; 1,25-(OH)2D3 treatment increased enzyme specific activity on both surfaces. Cultures treated with H8 and 1,25-(OH)2D3 displayed enzyme specific activity that approximated that seen in control cultures. Inhibition of phospholipase A2 also inhibited the 1,25-(OH)2D3-dependent effect on the smooth surface, but on the rough surface there was an inhibition of the 1,25-(OH)2D3 effect as well as a partial inhibition of the surface roughness-dependent effect. The results indicate that surface roughness and 1,25-(OH)2 D3 mediate their effects through phospholipase A2, which catalyzes one of the rate-limiting steps in prostaglandin E2 production. Further downstream, prostaglandin E2 activates protein kinase A.
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PMID:Surface roughness mediates its effects on osteoblasts via protein kinase A and phospholipase A2. 1061 36

In the present study, some biochemical properties and pathological effects of Daboia russelli venom from Burdwan district of West Bengal, eastern India are presented. The clinical features of Russell's viper envenomation observed in patients admitted to Burdwan Medical College & Hospital are also reported. In vitro, whole venom exerts strong trypsin inhibitory, phospholipase A2 and procoagulant activities in addition to moderate adenosine monophosphatase and adenosine triphosphatase activities. Lethality (LD50) of this venom sample is 0.7 mg kg (i.v.) of mice. Significant local tissue damaging effects including edema, hemorrhage and necrosis are observed in experimental animal models. An increase in the level of serum enzymes, such as aspartate transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, creatine phosphokinase, lactate dehydrogenase after D. russelli venom injection in albino rats is indicative of cell or tissue damage. High incidence of intravascular hemolysis in addition to hemostasis, haemoptysis and haematuria are observed as the most prominent features of RVV envenomation from this part of India. The present study reinforces the hypothesis that variation in the venom composition of RVV from eastern India with respect to venom samples of Russell's vipers from other parts of India is responsible for the differences in the clinical manifestation in patients from eastern India.
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PMID:Some biochemical properties of Russell's viper (Daboia russelli) venom from Eastern India: correlation with clinico-pathological manifestation in Russell's viper bite. 1066 98

Osteogenesis around implants is affected by the physical and chemical characteristics of the biomaterials used. The osteoprogenitor cells must migrate to the implant site and synthesize and secrete a mineralizable extracellular matrix. Because this is neo-bone formation, the mechanism by which the cells calcify their matrix involves extracellular organelles called matrix vesicles in a process termed "primary mineralization". Two different methods for assessing the effects of implant materials on primary mineralization are presented in this report. In the first approach, different implant materials used in dentistry and orthopedic surgery were placed in rat tibial bones after marrow ablation. Two groups of implants were used, bone-bonding and non-bonding materials. We examined the effects of the materials on calcification morphometrically by quantitating changes in matrix vesicle morphology and distribution in endosteal tissue around implants as compared with normal endosteal bone healing. In addition, matrix vesicles were isolated from the endosteal tissue around the implant as well as from the contralateral limb and were examined biochemically. The results demonstrated that bone-bonding materials induced a greater increase in matrix vesicle enzyme activity than did non-bonding materials. However, all materials caused changes in matrix vesicles that were different from those seen in normal endosteal bone formation following injury. The effects of implant materials on biochemical markers of mineralization, including specific activities of matrix vesicle alkaline phosphatase and phospholipase A2 and phosphatidylserine content, demonstrated a high correlation with the morphometric observations with regard to enhancement and/or delay of primary mineralization. In the other approach, we used a radioisotopic method to evaluate the effects of implant materials on primary mineralization. This analysis revealed that implants alter bone healing, as shown by the differential uptake of 99mTc and 32P in different bone compartments. Decreased 32P uptake by the organic phase in the presence of bone-bonding implants suggests that cleavage of 99mTcMD32P into its technetium and methylene diphosphonate moieties was inhibited by the presence of the implants. In summary, these approaches to evaluating the effects of materials on primary mineralization demonstrate that the marrow ablation model can easily distinguish between bone-bonding and non-bonding materials. The use of this model can be valuable in the development of new materials.
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PMID:Primary mineralization at the surfaces of implants. 1113 64

Marine fish larvae undergo major morphological and cellular changes during the first month of life. The ontogeny of the gastrointestinal tract combines these two aspects of the larval development and is very interesting in that the timing of functional changes appears genetically hard-wired. The goal of this paper is to give an overview of the gastrointestinal development process in marine fish larvae, with particular attention to three species: sea bass; red drum; and sole, since the description of gut maturation in fish larvae was initiated during the last decade with these species. During the early stages, marine fish larvae exhibit particular digestive features. Concerning the exocrine pancreas, amylase expression decreases with age from the third week post-hatching in sea bass and red drum (approximately 400 degree days), whereas expression of other enzymes (trypsin, lipase, phospholipase A2...) increases until the end of the larva period. Moreover, secretory function of the exocrine pancreas progressively develops and becomes efficient after the third week of life. Concerning the intestine, enzymes of the enterocyte cytosol (in particular peptidase) have higher activity in young larvae than in older. Approximately in the fourth week of post-hatching development in sea bass, red drum and sole larvae, the cytosolic activities dramatically decline concurrently with a sharp increase in membranous enzyme activities of the brush border, such as alkaline phosphatase, aminopeptidase N, maltase. This process characterises the normal maturation of enterocytes in developing fish larvae and also in other vertebrates' species. The establishment of an efficient brush border membrane digestion represents the adult mode of digestion of enterocytes. This paper also describes the role of diet on the development of the gastrointestinal tract. Indeed, the maturational process of digestive enzyme can be enhanced, stopped, or delayed depending on the composition of the diet.
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PMID:Ontogeny of the gastrointestinal tract of marine fish larvae. 1173 35

Quantitative determination of newly reported enzymes activity in the crude skin toxin (CST) of catfish revealed highest activities of hyaluronidase and lipase, lesser activities of phospholipase A2, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), cholinesterase (CE), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and aspartate transaminase (AST), and least activities of proteinase and 5-nucleotidase (5'-NT). The CST has a hemolytic activity of 54% and no ichthyotoxicity up to 500 ug/ml. The chosen dose of CST (LD12.5) showed a potential cytotoxic activity against solid Ehrlich carcinoma-bearing mice demonstrated by an increase in the mean survival time (238.8%) and tumor growth inhibition ratio (T/C) of 73%. The CST ameliorated the relative weights of heart and liver after three weeks, while modulating the elevation in the relative spleen weight throughout the treatment periods (three, six, and nine weeks). The levels of serum triglyceride, total cholesterol, and liver total lipids were normalized after three weeks, whereas the serum albumin and hepatic glycogen concentrations, as well as ALT, AST, 5'-NT, and G-6-Pase activities were ameliorated after 6 weeks. Serum levels of glucose, LDH, and creatine kinase (CK) activities were significantly modulated throughout the treatment periods. Histological examinations of the tumor and liver tissues of treated tumor-bearing animals were carried out. Tumor tissues showed many cytolytic and cytopathic changes after treatment, while liver tissues showed moderate dysplastic changes after six weeks of treatment, which became more marked after nine weeks.
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PMID:Biological activities of the crude skin toxin of the Suez Gulf oriental catfish (Plotosus lineatus) and its antitumor effect in vivo (mice). 1250 71

The aim of the study was to determine the influence of dietary phospholipid concentration on survival and development in sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) larvae. Larvae were fed from day 9 to day 40 post-hatch with an isoproteic and isolipidic formulated diet with graded phospholipid levels from 27 to 116 g/kg DM and different phospholipid:neutral lipid values. The best growth (32 mg at the end of the experiment) survival (73 %) and larval quality (only 2 % of malformed larvae) were obtained in the larvae fed the diet containing 116 g phospholipid/kg DM (P<0.05). These results were related to the amount of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylinositol included in this diet (35 and 16 g/kg respectively). Amylase, alkaline phosphatase and aminopeptidase N activities revealed a proper maturation of the digestive tract in the two groups fed the highest phospholipid levels. Regulation of lipase and phospholipase A2 by the relative amount of their substrate in the diet occurred mainly at the transcriptional level. The response of pancreatic lipase to dietary neutral lipid was not linear. As in mammals 200 g triacylglycerol/kg diet seems to represent a threshold level above which the response of pancreatic lipase is maximal. The response of phospholipase A2 to dietary phospholipid content was gradual and showed a great modulation range in expression. Sea bass larvae have more efficient capacity to utilize dietary phospholipid than neutral lipids. For the first time a compound diet sustaining good growth, survival and skeletal development has been formulated and can be used in total replacement of live prey in the feeding sequence of marine fish larvae.
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PMID:Effect of dietary phospholipid level and phospholipid:neutral lipid value on the development of sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) larvae fed a compound diet. 1284 71

Alkaline phosphomonoesterase, phosphodiesterase, L-amino acid oxidase, hyaluronidase, 5'-nucleotidase, arginine ester hydrolase, phospholipase A2 and proteinase activities were determined in eight snake venoms, including three from sea snake, of families Elapidae and Viperidae from Pakistan. The species includes three sea snakes Hydrophis cyanocinctus, Enhydrina schsitosa, Microcephalophis gracilis gracilis and two land snakes Naja naja naja, Bungarus caeruleus of family Elapidae while three land snakes Vipera russelli russelli, Echis carinatus and Eristocophis macmahoni of family Viperidae. The venoms of family Elapidae are characterized by low levels to traces of proteinase, L-amino acid oxidase and arginine ester hydrolase activities with the exception of Naja naja naja and a moderate to high levels of phospholipase A2 activities. The venoms of family Viperidae, on the other hand, are characterized by the presence of moderate to high levels of 5'-nucleotidase, proteinase, phosphodiesterase and phosphomonoesterase activities.
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PMID:Enzymatic activities of some snake venoms from families Elapidae and Viperidae. 1641 74

Changes in systemic and renal hemodynamics induced by Russell's viper venom are well established. The component of the venom responsible for hemodynamic alteration has not been identified. By Sephadex column chromatography five fractions of Russell's viper (Daboia russellii siamensis) venom were isolated. Each venom fraction consisted of phospholipase A2, proteolytic enzyme, phosphomonoesterase, phosphodiesterase, arginine ester hydrolase and hyaluronidase of varying activities. Hemodynamic effects of each venom fraction including mean arterial pressure, cardiac output, systemic and renal vascular resistance, renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate were studied in five groups of dogs; each group had four dogs. Minimal hemodynamic changes were observed in dogs receiving venom fraction I. Increased renal vascular resistance with diminution of renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate was observed in dogs receiving venom fractions II, III, IV and V. A markedly increased renal vascular resistance with maximal decrease in renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate was caused by fraction III of the venom with highest PLA2 and proteolytic enzyme activities. However, renal hemodynamic changes appeared to correlate better with proteolytic enzyme activity than PLA2 activity. The findings suggested the proteolytic enzyme as an important determinant of hemodynamic alteration. Fractional excretion of Na was increased in dogs injected with venom fraction IV, and is presumed to be due to the inhibition of tubular reabsorption of Na by a natriuretic factor in this venom fraction.
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PMID:Effects of Russell's viper venom fractions on systemic and renal hemodynamics. 1707 88


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