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Query: EC:3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase)
 47,916 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The distribution of two cell membrane enzymes, alkaline phosphatase and alkaline phosphodiesterase I has been studied in normal and leukaemic lymphocytes. No reduction in the level of activity of either enzyme was found in the chronic or acute B- and T-cell leukaemias. Alkaline phosphatase activity was elevated in the lymphocytes from T-CLL, cord blood and tonsils and the blast cells from Null-ALL. Alkaline phosphodiesterase was elevated in lymphocytes from cord blood and tonsils and the blast cells from Null-ALL. As findings in Null-ALL were based on only two cases, they need confirmation in a larger series. The significance of these results is discussed in relation to current theories of maturation and differentiation in the lymphoproliferative disorders.
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PMID:Cell membrane enzymes. II. Alkaline phosphatase and alkaline phosphodiesterase I in normal and leukaemic lymphocytes. 21 96

The clinical utility of the indirect immunofluorescence (IF) and the alkaline phosphatase-anti-alkaline phosphatase (APAAP) techniques was compared in 103 newly diagnosed acute leukaemia patients immunophenotyped using a panel of 19 monoclonal antibodies (MoAb). In spite of slight variations in the percentages of cells reacting with particular MoAbs when comparing the two methods we found no discrepancies in the final classification of each case. In ANLL (n = 73) the best correlation between the two methods was found for CDw65 which is a good screening marker, and for CD15 having a prognostic significance. In ALL (n = 30) the best correlation was observed for CD19 and CD10, both of great diagnostic importance. The following antigens present both in membrane and in cytoplasm displayed higher positivity with the APAAP than in IF HLA-Dr, CD71 and CD11b in ANLL, CD22 and HLA-Dr in nonT-ALL and CD3 in T-ALL. The important advantages of the APAAP technique are: 1) its use with routinely performed bone marrow or peripheral blood films, which can be stored before staining, 2) the possibility of correlating morphology with immunological characterization and documentation of the results.
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PMID:[Comparison of clinical usefulness of immunophenotyping of leukemia using the immunofluorescence and immunoenzyme APAAP methods]. 148 65

We reported on a 35 year-old patient suffering from ALL with multiple liver abscesses (Journal of Kyusyu Hematological Society, Vol. 31, No. 3 & 4, Dec., 1983). He experienced six years of complete hematological remission from 1983 to 1989, with low fever, positive CRP, polyclonal gamma-globulinemia and elevated alkaline phosphatase. A relapse occurred in June of 1989. A subsequent biopsy revealed fibrosis of the liver attributed to inflammation. At present, he has returned to the complete remission stage with no exacerbation of the liver abscesses.
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PMID:[Successful reinduction of complete remission in a patient with ALL associated with multiple liver abscesses who relapsed after 6 years]. 202 Jan 22

The bispecific monoclonal antibody (Bi-MAb) HRS-3/AP-1 was developed by somatic hybridization of the 2 mouse hybridoma cell lines HRS-3 and AP-1, which produce monoclonal antibodies with reactivity against the Hodgkin's- and Reed-Sternberg cell-associated CD30 antigen and alkaline phosphatase, respectively. After an active incubation with alkaline phosphatase, respectively. After an active incubation with alkaline phosphatase, purified whole immunoglobulin molecules and F(ab')2 fragments of the Bi-MAb were equally effective in converting a relatively noncytotoxic prodrug, mitomycin phosphate (MOP), into mitomycin alcohol, which was 100 times more toxic to the Hodgkin's- and Reed-Sternberg cell line L540 (CD30+) than MOP. The cytotoxic activity of MOP was unaffected when the cells were pretreated with either the Bi-MAb or the enzyme alone. The Bi-MAb HRS-3/AP-1 did not bind to HPB-ALL cells (CD30-) and was not able to activate MOP on these cells. In cocultivation experiments with HPB-ALL and L540 cells, the activation of MOP by the Bi-MAb HRS-3/AP-1 and alkaline phosphatase led to considerable cytotoxicity against the antigen-negative bystander cells. Thus, this immunotherapeutic approach might be effective in tumors in which not all the tumor cells express the respective tumor antigen.
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PMID:Specific activation of the prodrug mitomycin phosphate by a bispecific anti-CD30/anti-alkaline phosphatase monoclonal antibody. 217 12

In a study of 55 patients with either acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL; 25 cases) or acute myeloid leukemia (AML; 30 cases), paraffin-embedded bone marrow particle sections were examined with a panel of monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies reactive toward lymphoid and myeloid-associated antigens, using the alkaline phosphatase-anti-alkaline phosphatase (APAAP) technique. All cases were previously classified according to the French-American-British (FAB) Co-operative Group, and cases of ALL were immunophenotyped by flow cytometry. Results indicated that myeloid-associated antibodies (Mac 387, KP 1 [CD68], antielastase, antilactoferrin, and antilysozyme) did not react with any case of ALL, M1-AML, or M6-AML, whereas at least one of these antibodies reacted with 20 of 21 (95%) cases of M2, M3, M4, and M5-AML. Anti-glycophorin C marked cases of M6-AML, whereas anti-CD3 labeled T-cell ALL. None of the antibodies tested specifically identified cases of B-cell ALL. The authors conclude that use of a selected panel of antibodies on paraffin-embedded bone marrow particle sections may be of value in the diagnosis and immunophenotypic classification of many cases of acute leukemias.
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PMID:Immunophenotyping of acute leukemias using paraffin-embedded tissue sections. 232 81

A panel of 14 monoclonal antibodies (McAb) against hematopoietic cell surface antigens was applied on mononuclear blood or bone marrow cells from 40 cases of acute leukemia in order to compare immunoenzymatic staining (IE) (alkaline phosphatase) of fixed cells with immunofluorescence staining (IF) of unfixed suspended cells. According to the immunological results, 25 cases were phenotyped as ALL and 15 cases as AML. Cases with blast crisis secondary to chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML-BC) were not represented in this series. In all ALL cases the two methods gave an identical antigenic distribution. In 20 our of 21 cases of non-T-cell ALL, a B-cell progenitor origin was demonstrated by a positive staining reaction with the anti-CD19 McAb AB1 or HD37, and in 10 cases additionally with the anti-CD20 McAb B1 or 1F5. In contrast to the results obtained with IF, IE revealed a poor preservation of the AB1 epitope on CD19, whereas the HD37 epitope was equally well demonstrated by both methods. In 15 cases of AML the distribution of positive versus negative cells with IE or IF was identical for all McAb except J5 (anti-CALLA) (CD10) and B1 (CD20). Thus, 10/15 AML cases expressed CALLA with IE compared to 2/15 with IF. The corresponding figures for B1 were 5/15 and 0/15, respectively. Accordingly, normal myeloid precursor cells were CALLA-positive with IE but negative with IF. The discrepancy probably reflects the fact that, whereas both intracytoplasmatic and membrane-bound antigens are exposed in IE, only the latter are in IF. If the alteration of antigenic accessibility after fixation is considered, IE can safely be used for immunophenotyping of acute leukemia.
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PMID:Immunological typing of acute leukemias: immunoenzymatic staining of fixed cells compared with immunofluorescence staining of unfixed cells in suspension. 245 10

This paper describes the use of immunoenzymatic techniques (and in particular a recently developed immuno-alkaline phosphatase procedure) for labelling haematological samples with monoclonal antibodies. Since cells are smeared and fixed before staining it is possible to combine optimal preservation of cellular detail with visualization of positive labelling. Additional advantages over conventional immunofluorescent procedures for detecting cellular antigens include the fact that samples may be stored for long periods both before and after staining, and that double labelling may readily be performed (either by combining immunoenzymatic staining with T cell rosetting or by performing immunoperoxidase and immuno-alkaline phosphatase techniques sequentially). Furthermore, these methods may be applied to samples containing too few cells for conventional examination (e.g. samples of cerebrospinal fluid). A total of 16 different antigens (including HLA-DR, common ALL antigen and antigens associated with T cells, B cells, erythroid cells and megakaryocytes) were demonstrated by immuno-enzymatic staining on a range of normal and neoplastic haematological samples. It is concluded that this approach to cellular antigen labelling is of potential value not only in routine haematological diagnosis, but also for research in many immunological and haematological fields.
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PMID:Immunoenzymatic staining of haematological samples with monoclonal antibodies. 635 65

This paper describes the use of a recently developed immuno-alkaline phosphatase method (the 'APAAP' technique) for labelling frozen sections of undecalcified bone marrow biopsies with monoclonal antibodies, including reagents reactive with T cells and their subsets, B cells, glycophorin, HLA-DR antigen, common ALL antigen, epithelial cells and megakaryocytes. Use of an immuno-alkaline phosphatase technique avoids problems due to endogenous enzyme activity encountered when staining bone marrow by immunoperoxidase procedures. Immunohistological labelling of frozen trephine biopsies is of particular value when it is impossible to aspirate marrow particles and for identifying cells which do not readily enter suspension (e.g. dendritic reticulum cells or stromal cells). Details are given of cases in which immunohistological analysis was used for the phenotyping of acute leukaemias, for the differential diagnosis of intramedullary T and B cell proliferations, and for identifying bone marrow metastases.
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PMID:Immunohistological analysis of human bone marrow trephine biopsies using monoclonal antibodies. 636 52

Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) was initially considered as a marker of immature lymphoid cells, but many studies have since provided conclusive evidence for the existence of TdT+ cases of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). The reported incidence of TdT+ AML cases varies largely (from 0% to 55%, average of combined data of the literature 18%, children 19%, and adults 21%) suggesting interlaboratory differences in the types of AML examined, the sensitivity of the method used, and the percentage of positive blasts taken as cut-off value. Significantly higher frequencies of TdT+ AML were reported in studies employing immunocytochemical staining (alkaline phosphatase anti-alkaline phosphatase or immunoperoxidase) than in series using immunofluorescence microscopy or biochemical assays. Statistical analysis of various cut-off levels demonstrates an inverse correlation between cut-off point and incidence. The combined data show that TdT-positivity is more common in the immature cell types (M0, M1), with no correlation with age or sex. Except for contested suggestions of an association with t(6;9) and t(8;21), no clear relationship between karyotype and TdT status has been documented. Although an association between T-cell receptor or immunoglobulin gene rearrangements and expression of TdT in AML was postulated, subsequent studies could not demonstrate this correlation. There was no significant relationship with other immunophenotypic markers except for CD34 positivity suggesting that the TdT+ cells represent an immature population. The percentage of positive cells was usually lower in AML than in ALL; in most cases only a subpopulation of the AML cells was TdT+. Thus, TdT could be viewed as a marker of hematopoietic immaturity. In about one-half of the studies on adults, TdT expression was reported to indicate a poor prognosis; others did not find any prognostic difference between TdT+ and TdT- AML cases. No correlation between TdT-positivity and prognosis was found in childhood AML.
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PMID:Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) expression in acute myeloid leukemia. 768 37

Anti-P-glycoprotein monoclonal antibody JSB-1 and alkaline phosphatase-anti-alkaline phosphatase (APAAP) immunocytochemical staining technique were used to study the relation between P-glycoprotein expression and clinical multidrug resistance (MDR) in 42 patients with acute leukaemia (23 ALL and 19 ANLL). 10 of 17 patients who were diagnosed as refractory or relapsed acute leukaemia were positive with P-glycoprotein expression, while only 3 of 14 newly diagnosed and 1 of 11 who were in complete remission were positive. The preliminary results indicated that there was a close association between the P-glycoprotein expression and the clinical resistance to chemotherapy in some patients.
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PMID:[Detection of P-glycoprotein expression in patients with acute leukaemia and clinical significance]. 771 12


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