Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase)
 47,916 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Studied were the activity and properties of alkaline phosphatase (AP) in the seminal plasma, spermatozoa washed with physiologic saline, testes, and accessory sexual glands of a bull. The AP activity was highest in the seminal plasma (2493.2 IU/l) and lowest in the Kupffer gland (257.3 IU/kg crude tissue, on an average). In washed spermatozoa it proved by 10 per cent lower than the activity in seminal plasma. At 56 degrees C as much as 60-80 per cent of the AP in the investigated materials was inactivated for 30 min. AP was shown to be inactivated strongly (up to 84-97 per cent) by urea (3.8 M). L-arginine (10(-2) M) and EDTA (10(-3) M) inactivated to an equal extent AP in all studied organs. L-phenylalanine inactivated AP weakly (13-15 per cent) in the testis and the epididymis, and more strongly (32-57 per cent) in the accessory glands and the plasma. Agar electrophoresis revealed three to four isoenzymes of AP in the seminal plasma, three isoenzymes in the testis and the epididymis, and two isoenzymes in the accessory sexual glands and in spermatozoa washed with physioogic saline.
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PMID:[Studies of the alkaline phosphatase in the sperm, testes and accessory sex glands of bulls]. 90 9

1. Light deprivation either by enucleation or darkness resulted in a wide-spread testicular damage. The changes consisted of loss of type A spermatogonia, spermatocytes, spermatids and spermatozoa. 2. The atrophic testes of eyeless gerbils regenerated after 20 weeks and were indistinguishable from those of untreated, continuous light exposed animals. The reversible effects were not seen in continuous dark exposure. 3. Light deprivation (enucleation/continuous darkness) inhibits the synthesis of RNA, protein and sialic acid in the testes, epididymides and seminal vesicles. The testicular cholesterol and alkaline phosphatase activity was increased. 4. Haemoglobulin, haematrocrit and serum-transaminase levels were all the time within normal limits. Histological preparations of the liver showed normal architecture. 5. Reduced androgen production following a long term light deprivation was reflected in low levels of RNA and sialic acid in the testes and epididymides and shrunken Leydig cell nuclei. 6. In conclusion, light deprivation caused damage to the male genital tract of gerbils.
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PMID:The effects of light deprivation/blindness on testicular function of gerbil (Meriones hurrianae Jerdon). 92 25

The effects of cyproterone acetate (CPA), administered orally in dos es of either 10 or 20 mg/day for 26 weeks, were studied in 15 healthy male volunteers. During treatment, there was a decrease in sperm density and in normal-shaped sperm and an increase in pathological and immature forms, an increase in dead spermatozoa, reduced motility of spermatozoa, an in vitro decrease in the speed of sperm transport, and decreased ability of spermatozoa to penetrate ovulatory cervical mucus. Blood plasma levels of testosterone declined to about 40% of basal values, though there were no effects on sex behavior. Plasma luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) levels were unaltered, while seminal plasma alkaline phosphatase values were considerably increased. Seminal plasma levels of fructose and sialic acid levels were unchanged, while the cortisol-binding capacity of transcortin was markedly increased. The results indicate that CPA has potential as a fertility control agent in males, though further study on a mass phase 3 scale is required before final conclusions can be made.
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PMID:Continuous oral low-dosage cyproterone acetate for fertility regulation in the male? A trend analysis in 15 volunteers. 94 90

The alkaline phosphatase activity was measured in testicular fluid and in epididymal plasma from caput and cauda epididymidis in boars with normal sperm production and in boars in which the number of spermatozoa passing from the testis to the epididymidis was reduced. The testicular fluid and the epididymal plasma from caput epididymidis contained low amounts of alkaline phosphatase in comparison with epididymal plasma from the cauda. This applies to both groups of boars e.g. boars with normal as well as with totally lacking or lowered sperm production. As no fluid resorption takes place between caput and cauda the distal part of the epididymidis must be the main production site for alkaline phosphatase. The production there is not related to the presence of spermatozoa in the duct. In the caput, on the other hand, it seems that the level of alkaline phosphatase in some way is influenced by the sperm supply to the duct.
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PMID:Alkaline phosphatase activity of epididymal contents in boars with normal or reduced spermatogenesis. 95 17

The effects of cyproterone acetate (CA) on reproductive functions in normal human males were studied. 6 volunteers received 5 or 10 mg CA over a 20-week period. The treatment caused a gradual decrease in the number of spermatozoa and their motility, and an increase in the percentage of nonmotile, abnormal, and immature sperms. There was also a marked inhibition of sperm transport of motile sperm through cervical mucus, as determined by Kremer's test. Semen levels of acid phosphatase, sialic acid, and glycerylphosphorylcholine progressively decreased, though semen levels of fructose were not markedly altered. There were no marked changes in levels of SGOT, SGPT, serum alkaline phosphatase, blood urea, and hematocrit values. The possible mode of action of CA and its potential as a male contraceptive agent are discussed.
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PMID:Effects of cyproterone acetate on reproductive functions in normal human males. 97 26

An investigation was undertaken in rats to study the effects of intr avasal thread (IVT) on the spermatozoa in the vas deferens and reproduct ive organs at various intervals after IVT insertion. The quantity of sperm was slightly reduced and motility was greatly reduced in the distal portion of the vas. The percentage of head and tail separation of sperm in the distal vas decreased with time. The quantity of sperm always remained the same in the cauda epididymis although the percentage of motile sperm decreased at 1 and 6 months, but not at 9 months, after IVT insertion. Following IVT insertion there was insignificant change in the weight of the testis, epididymis, ventral prostate, and seminal vesicles and alkaline phosphatase activity in the ventral prostate. Although cause and significance of these findings are unclear, the sialic level in the epididymis was significantly reduced in all groups bearing IVT. The presence of IVT apparently causes a change to occur in the epididymis, but it is unknown whether this affects sperm maturation.
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PMID:Effects of intravasal nylon thread on the spermatozoa & reproductive organs in rats. 115 91

The relationship between the antifertility effect of alpha-chlorohydrin and changes in composition of luminal plasma from the cauda epididymidis of rats and rabbits has been investigated. At each dose regimen studied, the fertilizing capacity of rats treated with alpha-chlorohydrin was reduced to zero. The levels of sodium, potassium, glycerylphosphorylcholine (GPC), acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase in epididymal plasma were not markedly affected by drug treatment. The most noticeable change was a considerable increase in the concentration of lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) at all dose levels and of glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) after 7 days of treatment with 8 and 16 mg/kg. The effect of cold shock on the composition of epididymal plasma showed that LDH and GOT are, at least in part, derived from spermatozoa. In contrast, alpha-chlorohydrin did not have an antifertility action in the rabbit, and the only notable change in the compositon of epididymal plasma was an increase in the level of GPC. These results provide evidence that, in the rat, alpha-chlorohydrin or a metabolite primarily exerts its antifertility effect by a direct action on the spermatozoa, whilst in the rabbit a barrier may exist to the entrance of the drug into the lumen of the epididymal duct.
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PMID:The effects of alpha-chlorohydrin on the composition of rat and rabbit epididymal plasma: a possible explanation of species difference. 119 43

1. Changes in the histological structure and biochemical composition have been studied in the testes and epididymis of dog after unilateral and bilateral vasectomies. 2. Testes and epididymis weight did not change after 30 days of unilateral vasectomy. Whereas a significant decrease was observed after 60 and 120 days of unilateral and bilateral vasectomy. Tests and epididymis weights returned to normal after 180 days of bilateral vasectomy. 3. Histologically testes and epididymis were normal after 30 days of vasectomy. After 60 and 120 days of unilateral and bilateral vasectomy. Testes and generative changes. Seminiferous tubule and Leydig cell nuclear diameter reduced. Sixty to seventy percent tubules recover after 180 days of bilateral vasectomy. 4. Decrease in RNA, protein, sialic acid contents and increase in alkaline phosphatase activity, total lipids, cholesterol coincided with the absence of spermatozoa and atrophic changes in the testes. 5. The early degenerative changes were caused due to back pressure of testicular fluid (Vare et al, 1973).
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PMID:Biochemical and histological changes in testes and epididymis of dog after vasectomy. 121 52

Diabetes mellitus caused significant reduction in serum testosterone and accessory sex glands weight. The sperm content of epididymal regions also decreased. Among the epididymal regions, the cauda epididymidal tissue alone showed significant reduction in Na(+)-K+ ATPase activity. However, Mg2+ ATPase activity was lowered in caput epididymidis only. Specific activity of Ca2+ ATPase significantly decreased in caput and cauda epididymides. All three ATPases decreased significantly in caput epididymidal spermatozoa leaving cauda epididymidal spermatozoa unaffected. Specific activity of alkaline phosphatase was suppressed in caput epididymidis and in the spermatozoa collected from caput and cauda epididymides, while the acid phosphatase was unaffected. In general, the results are suggestive of definite influence of diabetes on epididymal phosphatases which is region specific. Diabetes induced decrease in phosphatases may have an impact on secretory and absorptive functions of epididymis and thus on sperm maturation.
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PMID:Effect of diabetes mellitus on epididymal enzymes of adult rats. 166 46

The DNase I sensitivity of three different chromatin regions in mouse testicular cells was analysed by in situ nick translation with biotin-dUTP combined with various counterstaining techniques. The regions were: (i) the constitutive centromeric heterochromatin, (ii) an interstitial C-band positive insertion on chromosome 1, Is(HSR1;C5)1Lub, and (iii) the chromatin containing rDNA (designated nucleolar chromatin herein). Incorporated biotin was detected either by the horseradish peroxidase reaction with diaminobenzidine (DAB) or the alkaline phosphatase reaction with fast red. The latter resulted in a water insoluble red precipitate, which was easily removable by any organic solution thus allowing the application of various counterstaining protocols. DNase I sensitivity of the three chromatin regions was screened in different cell types of the mouse testis. The interstitial Is(HSR) region was highly DNase I sensitive when it was recognizable by strong mithramycin fluorescence. The centromeric heterochromatin was DNase I resistant when it was compacted into microscopically visible chromosomal structures (mitosis, pachytene, metaphase I and II). In interphase nuclei from Sertoli cells and spermatogonia it became highly DNase I sensitive. In round spermatids it displayed medium DNase I sensitivity. Nucleolar chromatin was not labelled by in situ nick translation when silver staining demonstrated strong protein production. Sperm cells were highly DNase I sensitive from stages 11 to 15, but resistant as mature spermatozoa.
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PMID:Nonradioactive in situ nick translation combined with counterstaining: characterization of C-band and silver positive regions in mouse testicular cells. 169 89


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