Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase)
47,916 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Monoclonal antibodies anti-SSEA-1 and EMA-1, and the lectins DBA and LTA, bound to the surface of large, round cells randomly distributed in the 26-day pig genital ridge. Other antibodies, SSEA-3, SSEA-4, TRA-1-60, and TRA-1-81, did not react with any cells in the pig genital ridge. SSEA-1-positive cells displayed pseudopods and appeared to migrate from the dorsal mesentery of the hindgut (18-day) to the primordium of the gonad (day 23) and entered the genital ridge by 26 days. The number of SSEA-1-positive cells associated with the dorsal mesentery and genital ridge markedly increased from the 18-day to the 26-day pig embryo. It was concluded that the SSEA-1-positive cells were primordial germ cells (PGCs). Using these markers and alkaline phosphatase histochemistry, pig PGCs derived from the 26-day genital ridge showed no proliferation when grown in STO co-culture in the presence of human LIF, bFGF and SCF.
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PMID:Identification of pig primordial germ cells by immunocytochemistry and lectin binding. 909 3

We have investigated single and combined effects of calciotropic hormones and growth factors on the regulation of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and calcium metabolism in an optimized serum-free bone organ culture system of embryonic chick tibiae. Parathyroid hormone PTH(1-34) alone mobilized calcium from bone tissue time- and dose-dependently and inhibited ALP activity. Both the bisphosphonate (BM 21.0955) and to a lesser extent salmon calcitonin alone slightly increased calcium uptake and inhibited the stimulation of bone resorption by PTH(1-34). 1,25(OH)2D3 mobilized calcium and inhibited ALP activity in contrast to 24,25(OH)2D3 which inhibited ALP activity but had no significant effect on calcium metabolism. Interestingly the combination of PTH(1-34) with 1,25(OH)2D3 but not 24,25(OH)2D3 reduced calcium mobilization. The combination of the midregional fragment PTH(28-48), which by itself has no effect on calcium metabolism, with 1,25(OH)2D3 reduced calcium mobilization more efficiently. Several PTH-regulated mediators have been assayed in this system. Of the tested growth factors, IGF-I at high concentrations caused bone resorption with no effect on ALP activity. TGF-beta 1 (transforming growth factor beta) and BMP-2 had no significant effect on calcium metabolism; however, ALP activity was inhibited by TGF-beta 1 and induced dose dependently by BMP-2. Of the other factors known to be present in bone, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGFA/B) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) had a small effect on calcium mobilization but had no effect on ALP activity. bFGF reduced ALP activity slightly without an effect on calcium metabolism. Our results show that this in vitro system can mimic some interactions of calciotropic hormones in vivo and allows the assaying of mediators in terms of regulation of ALP activity and of calcium metabolism.
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PMID:Individual and combined effects of calciotropic hormones and growth factors on mineral metabolism in embryonic chick tibiae. 920 16

Polypeptide growth factors (GFs) promote osteogenesis by enhancing the mitogenesis, migration, and matrix synthesis of osteoblasts. Most previous investigators have evaluated only the effects of single GFs on these parameters. Studies on single GFs might overlook large biological responses comparable with those documented in the cell cycle literature when GFs are used in combinations that interact synergistically. In this study, we screened for synergistic interactions between IGF-I and three additional GFs (PDGF-BB, TGF-beta 1, and bFGF) on the regulation of bone growth and differentiation. Fetal bovine osteoblasts were assessed for osteoblast mitogenesis, collagenous and non-collagenous protein synthesis, and alkaline phosphatase activity (ALP). Our results show synergistic interactions between IGF-I and the other GFs on osteoblast mitogenic activity and protein synthesis. In contrast to synergistic mitogenic and protein synthesis. In contrast to synergistic mitogenic and protein synthesis effects, IGF-I failed to increase ALP activity when combined with TGF-beta 1, PDGF-BB, and bFGF in bovine osteoblast-like cells.
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PMID:Non-coordinate control of bone formation displayed by growth factor combinations with IGF-I. 929 91

Basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2; bFGF) is a major mitogen for connective tissue cells, and participates in the healing process. It has already been reported that FGF-2 could be applicable to enhance periodontal regeneration. In the present study, we examined FGF receptor (FGFR) expression on human periodontal ligament (PDL) cells. The binding of [125I]-labeled FGF-2 to human PDL cells was studied by radioreceptor assay. The binding of [125I]-FGF-2 to PDL cells reached a plateau after 2.5 h incubation at 4 degrees C and was inhibited by the addition of unlabeled FGF-2 and acidic FGF (FGF-1; aFGF), but not insulin-like growth factor-I, platelet-derived growth factor and transforming growth factor-beta 1. Scatchard analysis revealed the presence of approximately 1.0 x 10(5) FGF-2 binding sites per cell with an apparent Kd of 1.2 x 10(-10) M. Interestingly, the binding of [125I]-FGF-2 on PDL cells reached its maximum at d 6 of the culture and then gradually decreased. Scatchard analysis also demonstrated that the number of FGFRs on a PDL cell was altered during the course of the culture, while the affinity between FGF-2 and its receptor was not. The responsiveness of PDL cells to FGF-2, which was monitored by the inhibitory effect on alkaline phosphatase activity, was reduced in proportion to the decrease in the number of FGFRs on the PDL cells. The present study suggests that PDL cells alter the responsiveness to FGF-2 during the course of the culture by changing the density of its receptor, and that the density of FGFR expression might be a marker of the cytodifferentiation of PDL cells into mineralized tissue forming cells.
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PMID:Expression of receptors for basic fibroblast growth factor on human periodontal ligament cells. 977 81

Rat osteoprogenitor cells were used to examine the effects of bFGF on DNA synthesis and the expression of osteoblast (OB)-related genes. bFGF, as low as 0.1 ng/ml, stimulated DNA synthesis. bFGF also increased the mRNA level of osteopontin (OP) and decreased that of type I collagen (COL I). When cultures were grown in dexamethasone (DEX) to induce OB lineage commitment, the expression of COL I, alkaline phosphatase (AP) and OP was greatly enhanced. Subsequent incubation with bFGF partially negated the stimulatory effect of DEX on AP and COL I mRNAs. bFGF also inhibited the expression of osteocalcin mRNA in cells grown in 1,25(OH)2D3 and DEX. Combined effects of bFGF with IGF-I or PDGF on DNA synthesis and OP expression were examined. bFGF + IGF-I, but not bFGF + PDGF, was more effective than PDGF alone. By comparing cells from adult and old animals, we found that bFGF-induced mitogenic activity was reduced significantly with age. In contrast, the effect of bFGF on the expression of OB genes was not significantly altered by age. These findings suggest that bFGF plays a dual role as a local positive and negative regulator on proliferation and osteogenic lineage expression, respectively, in osteoprogenitor cells, and that the mitogenic activity in response to bFGF was impaired in aging.
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PMID:Actions of bFGF on mitogenic activity and lineage expression in rat osteoprogenitor cells: effect of age. 1041 Dec 94

The blood-brain barrier (B-BB) protects the free passage of substances into the brain and maintains the homeostasis of the central nervous system. It is commonly accepted that astrocytes surrounding brain endothelial cells influence the B-BB formation and the exhibition of B-BB function of capillaries. To begin the in vitro study on the B-BB, it is essential to obtain a homogenous and sufficient supply of brain endothelial cells as well as astrocytes. We thus immortalized the bovine brain endothelial cell (BBEC) by transfection of the SV40 large T antigen and obtained a single clone, t-BBEC-117, which retained the brain endothelial cell phenotype. Astrocyte in co-culture was found to tighten the intercellular contacts of the immortal cells resulting in a reduced L-glucose permeability, and its conditioned medium (CM) augmented a B-BB phenotype, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity. Among known astrocytic factors, only fibroblast growth factor-basic (bFGF) could mimic the actions of astrocytes as measured by L-glucose permeability and ALP activity. Moreover, anti-bFGF antibody canceled 90% of ALP activation by astrocyte CM. Basic FGF, however, failed to induce other B-BB phenotypes such as the expressions of multidrug resistance (mdr) and glucose transporter (GLUT-1) genes. These data suggest that bFGF is one of the most plausible astrocytic factors to induce the B-BB properties of immortal brain endothelial cells together with some unknown factors in the astrocyte CM.
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PMID:Induction of blood-brain barrier properties in immortalized bovine brain endothelial cells by astrocytic factors. 1061 19

Four growth factors PDGF, bFGF, IGF-II and TGF-beta, which is believed to have biological effects on bone cells, were examined in this study. The aim was to assess the effects of combinations of three and four growth factors on the proliferation and differentiation of osteoblast-like cells. The incorporation of 3H-TdR, 3H-Proline of osteoblast-like cells and alkaline phosphatase content of the cells were tested. The results showed the combinations of three and four growth factors stimulated the synthesis of DNA, collagen and ALP of osteoblast-like cells. These four growth factors interacted synergistically. The combinations of three and four growth factors showed stronger promoting effect on osteoblast-like cells, compared with the combinations of two growth factors. These findings suggest that the combined use of growth factors be a potential way of bone defect reconstruction and treatment of human bone disease.
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PMID:[The effects of combined use of multiple growth factors on proliferation and differentiation of human osteoblast-like cells]. 1221 80

Chronic myeloprolifeative diseases (CMPD) are clonal hematopoietic stem cell disorders characterized by excessive proliferation and production of one or more of the myeloid cells and are subclassified according to the predominant cells, such as chronic myelogenous leukemia (CNL), chronic eosinophilic leukemia (CEL), polycythemia vera (PV), essential thrombocythemia (ET) and chronic idiopathic myelofibrosis (CIMF). This brief review focuses on the characteristic morphology of each clinical entity and the useful cytochemical (including leukocyte alkaline phosphatase, myeloperoxidase, butyrate esterase, chloroacetate esterase and cyanide-resistant peroxidase) and immunohistochemical (including von Willebrand factor/CD61, keratin, tryptase, CD117, CD68 (PGM-1), c-Mpl and bFGF) stains for differential diagnosis.
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PMID:The role of morphology, cytochemistry and immunohistochemistry in the diagnosis of chronic myeloproliferative diseases. 1243 Aug 92

Previous studies have shown that the maintenance and proliferation of undifferentiated rhesus monkey embryonic stem (rES) cells requires medium supplemented with fetal bovine serum (FBS). Due to the uncharacterized composition and variation in serum nature, the present study aimed to replace the serum-containing medium with a serum-free medium in the rES cell culture. The results showed that after the initial 48-h culture in the routinely used serum-containing medium, rES cells can grow and proliferate for a prolonged period in the serum-free medium composed of DMEM supplemented with a cocktail of BSA, IGF-1, TGF-alpha, bFGF, aFGF, estradiol, and progesterone. rES cells cultured in the serum-free medium maintained high level of alkaline phosphatase activity and OCT4 level. There was no indication of differentiation as judged by the marker gene expression of all three embryonic germ layers and trophoblast. In addition, serum-free culture would not affect the passage capacity and differentiation potential of rES cells. This work will facilitate the future study of induced differentiation of rES cells and other applications.
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PMID:Serum-free culture of rhesus monkey embryonic stem cells. 1289 9

Osteoblastic induction is commonly studied using the colony-forming unit-fibroblastic (CFU-f) assay, in which bone marrow stromal cells (BMC) are grown in a tissue culture environment permissive for osteoblastic differentiation (DMEM containing dexamethasone, ascorbic acid and beta-glycerophosphate). These cells form colonies, which express alkaline phosphatase, and form a collagenous matrix that becomes calcified. However, these same cells originate in the bone marrow where under normal circumstances they do not proliferate or differentiate despite being subjected to many of the same growth factors and hormones present within the tissue culture environment. We show here that phenol red, present within tissue culture medium as a pH indicator, may itself be a factor that permits osteoblastic recruitment. BMC cultured in the presence of the bone anabolic agents PGE2, PGA2, or bFGF, but in the absence of phenol red, failed to respond to these agents in terms of total or osteoblastic colony number. This effect was dose dependent, with low (2.5 mg/l) and high (15-20 mg/l) doses of phenol red being nonpermissive for the stimulatory effects of PGE2 whereas doses of 5-10 mg/l were permissive. Furthermore, the effects observed in the absence of phenol red could not be abrogated by the addition of 17beta-estradiol indicating that these effects cannot be attributed to estrogenic impurities within the phenol red preparation. This indicates that phenol red itself can affect the differentiation of BMC by a mechanism not previously described.
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PMID:Effects of phenol red on CFU-f differentiation and formation. 1456 99


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