Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase)
 47,916 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Two forms of alkaline phosphatase (orthophosphoric monoester phosphohydrolase (alkaline optimum, EC 3.1.3.1) have been purified from human small intestine by column chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and tyraminyl derivative affinity gel, and by preparative disc gel electrophoresis. Intestinal phosphatases were electrophoretically separated into two components, fast- and slow-moving enzymes, with apparent molecular weights of 140000 and 168000 and with subunit weights of 68000 and 80000, respectively. Analyses of carbohydrate and amino acid revealed marked differences in the two enzymes. Enzymatic properties and affinities for an anti-blood group antibody were also found to differ. Papain digestion released a hydrophobic small peptide from the slow-moving enzyme and its enzymatic properties resembled those of the fast-moving enzyme. Circulating clearance (T1/2) of the slow- and fast-moving enzymes from adult intestine was found to be 7.5 h and 1.3 h, respectively; that of fetal intestinal enzyme was 2.8 h. Sialidase, sialidase/beta-galactosidase, or sialidase/beta-galactosidase/N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase treatment of the fetal enzyme reduced the value to about 40 min. Further, digestion with alpha-fucosidase, alpha-mannosidase or both restored it to nearly the original level. Organ distribution of injected 125I-labelled enzymes indicates that the desialylated hepatic enzyme was selectively distributed in liver, while the degalactosylated intestinal enzyme was incorporated into liver lymph fluid, and small intestine. These results suggest that the pathway of circulating clearance of alkaline phosphatase has several routes.
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PMID:Multiple forms of human intestinal alkaline phosphatase: chemical and enzymatic properties, and circulating clearances of the fast- and slow-moving enzymes. 730 75

Groups of ten male rats were treated with a high challenge dose of cephaloridine (CPH, 3750 mg kg-1), with methylprednisolone (MP, 100 mg kg-1) or with cephaloridine and methylprednisolone (CPH + MP) by single subcutaneous injection. A control group received the injection vehicles only. Urine was collected from all animals daily over 18-h collection periods, up to 96 h after treatment. Blood was collected at 24, 48, 72 and 96 h after treatment. At necropsy, kidneys were weighed, processed and examined histopathologically. Results show that methylprednisolone significantly ameliorated the nephrotoxicity of the challenge dose of cephaloridine. CPH-only treated rats had severe toxic nephrosis characterised by acute tubular necrosis, and elevated blood urea and creatinine. By contrast, the majority of CPH + MP treated rats had only a slight or moderate toxic nephrosis, and had lower blood urea and creatinine levels compared with rats treated with CPH only, indicating preservation of kidney function. Interestingly, rats treated with CPH + MP had higher urinary enzymes (alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, gamma glutamyltransferase and N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase) as well as protein and glucose, compared with rats treated with CPH only. This is taken to indicate that rats treated with CPH only had such marked kidney damage and necrosis that the population of cells able to produce these marker enzymes was significantly and rapidly depleted, but the protection afforded by methylprednisolone allowed CPH + MP treated rats to sustain urinary enzyme output. Effects on urinary glucose and other parameters such as body weight and kidney weight demonstrate interactions between glucocorticoid pharmacology and cephaloridine nephrotoxicity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Glucocorticoid amelioration of nephrotoxicity: a study of cephaloridine-methylprednisolone interaction in the rat. 757 15

To identify possible hazards of combined exposure to chemicals with the same target organ, a 24-hr single dose experiment was carried out in which the renal toxicity of mercuric chloride, potassium dichromate, d-limonene and hexachloro-1:3-butadiene administered simultaneously was compared with the nephrotoxicity of the individual compounds, using a total of 11 groups each consisting of five 12-wk-old male Wistar rats. The dose levels used were based on the results of a range-finding study with the individual compounds in the same strain of rats kept under similar experimental conditions, and comprised the 'Minimum-Nephrotoxic-Effect Level' (MNEL) and the 'No-Nephrotoxic-Effect Level' (NNEL) of each of the four compounds alone and in combination. A group of vehicle-treated rats served as controls. At the MNEL of the combination, antagonism of effects was encountered, seen for example as less severely increased activity of gamma-glutamyl transferase in the urine. Synergism of effects was also observed, for example increased severity of renal tubular necrosis, and more markedly increased activity of urinary lysozyme, lactate dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase and N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase. More importantly, however, at the NNEL of the combination no signs of impaired renal function or renal damage were observed, suggesting absence of both dose additivity and potentiating interaction at the tested subeffective levels of the individual nephrotoxicants.
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PMID:Acute (24 hr) toxicity of a combination of four nephrotoxicants in rats compared with the toxicity of the individual compounds. 809 45

A prospective double-blind randomized cardioangiographic study with iopentol and iohexol was performed in 60 patients. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was assessed by serum values of creatinine and beta 2-microglobulin (beta 2-MG), estimated creatinine clearance (CCr) according to Cockroft & Gault's formula, and 24 hour CCr. The urinary excretion of albumin, beta 2-MG, and of the renal tubular enzymes alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase (NAG) was also measured. Contrary to what has been found after i.v. injections, GFR was reduced by both nonionic contrast media. Serum creatinine (S-Cr) was increased by more than 25% in 6 patients, 3 in each group. CCr was more sensitive than S-Cr and S-beta 2-MG, but this method is less precise because of risk of urine sampling errors. Estimated CCr gave no additional information to S-Cr. The urinary excretion of NAG and ALP was increased. No clinically significant differences between iopentol and iohexol were detected. No correlation was found between the changes in tubular function parameters and changes in GFR. Twenty patients were on calcium channel blockers before the investigation, but this had no protective effect on the renal function parameters.
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PMID:Renal effects of nonionic contrast media after cardioangiography. 817 50

Intestinal-type alkaline phosphatase (IAP) has been localized to the S3 segment of the renal tubule in previous studies, a site believed to be particularly vulnerable to toxic and ischaemic damage. During a 17-month period a pilot study of the value of urinary enzyme measurements (IAP and tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase--TNAP, using monoclonal antibody-based immunoassays, and N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase--NAG, using colorimetric assay) in 50 prospectively followed cases of acute renal failure (ARF) was performed. Urinary enzymes were measured at initial evaluation ('start'), and then each day for 14 days, with the highest enzyme value ('peak') also used for analysis. Patients were divided into prerenal (n = 16), renal (n = 28), postrenal (n = 6) categories according to standard criteria. Of the renal ARF patients 23 of 28 had acute tubular necrosis (ATN), 3 of 28 acute interstitial nephritis (AIN), and 2 of 28 acute glomerulonephritis (AGN); 18 of 50 had a fatal outcome and 1 of 50 was dialysis-dependent at discharge ('poor' prognosis group), while 31 of 50 survived hospital without becoming dialysis-dependent ('good' prognosis group). Median enzyme concentration were increased in 'poor' compared to 'good' prognosis patients: start IAP 3.2 versus 2.2 U/g creat (NS), start NAG 48.6 versus 13.7 (P < 0.01), start TNAP 3.5 versus 0.9 (P < 0.02).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Urinary enzymes in acute renal failure. 839 30

An epidemiologic study of Pasteurella haemolytica serovar 1 (Ph1) in market-stressed feeder calves from 7 farms in eastern Tennessee was conducted. The nasal mucus of each calf was cultured sequentially at the farm of origin (day 0), at an auction market (day 133), and at a feedyard in Texas (days 141, 148, 155, and 169). Of the 103 calves tested, 77 were culture-positive, including 1 on day 0, 1 on day 133, 20 on day 141, 57 on day 148, 50 on day 155, and 14 on day 169. From the 143 Ph1 isolates, 20 enzyme profiles were determined by use of a commercial enzyme system that detects 19 enzymatic reactions; 4 antimicrobial susceptibility profiles were obtained, using the disk-diffusion method, which evaluated susceptibility to 11 antibacterial drugs. All isolates were positive for acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase, but were negative for alpha-galactosidase, alpha-mannosidase, beta-glucosidase, beta-glucuronidase, cystine aminopeptidase, N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase, and trypsin. Other positive enzyme reactions included: leucine aminopeptidase, 140 Ph1 isolates; phosphohydrolase, 90 isolates; alpha-fucosidase, 63 isolates; esterase (C4), 59 isolates; valine aminopeptidase, 30 isolates; esterase lipase (C8), 24 isolates; beta-galactosidase, 2 isolates; and alpha-glucosidase, chymotrypsin and lipase (C14), 1 isolate each. Thirty-four Ph1 profiles were identified, using combined enzyme and antimicrobial susceptibility profiles. The data indicate that the strains isolated during the feedyard period may have been determined more by farm of origin (P < or = 0.001) than by habitation with calves from other farms while in the feedyard.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Identification of Pasteurella haemolytica A1 isolates from market-stressed feeder calves by use of enzyme and antimicrobial susceptibility profiles. 842 78

The Cadmibel Study is a cross-sectional population study, which investigated the hypothesis that environmental exposure of the population to cadmium would result in health effects. The 2,327 participants constituted a random sample of the population of four Belgian districts, chosen to provide a wide range of environmental exposure to cadmium. The urinary cadmium excretion, a measure of lifetime exposure, averaged 9.3 nmol/24h in men (range 0.4-325 nmol/24h) and 7.2 nmol (0.1-71 nmol/24h) in women. The Cadmibel Study refuted the hypothesis that exposure to cadmium would lead to an increase in BP and in the prevalence of hypertension and other cardiovascular diseases. Serum alkaline phosphatase activity and the urinary excretion of calcium correlated significantly and positively with urinary cadmium in both sexes. These findings suggest that the calcium metabolism is gradually affected, as cadmium accumulates in the body. Furthermore, several markers of renal tubular function (urinary excretion of retinol binding protein, N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase, beta 2-microglobulin and aminoacids) were significantly and positively associated with urinary cadmium. There was a 10% probability of abnormal values of these markers of tubular function when urinary cadmium exceeded +/- 20 nmol/24h. However, the morbidity associated with the functional changes, observed in the Cadmibel Study, remains presently unknown and requires further investigation, preferably in a longitudinal population studies.
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PMID:Health effects of environmental exposure to cadmium in a population study. 851 95

The enzymatic activity of 70 feline and canine Microsporum canis isolates was determined by the Api-Zym test. The liquid phase of cultures, inoculated into Tryptic Soy Broth, was used to examine 19 enzymes. Considerable differences were observed among the extracellular enzymatic patterns. All the isolates produced alkaline phosphatase and beta-glucosidase, while lipase (C14), trypsin, chymotrypsin, beta-glucuronidase, and alpha-fucosidase activity was never revealed. Esterase (C4) activity was present in 57 samples (81%), esterase lipase (C8) in 31 (44%), leucine arylamidase in 35 (50%), valine arylamidase and cystine arylamidase in 7 (10%), acid phosphatase in 64 (91%), naphthol-AS-BI-phosphohydrolase in 60 (86%), alpha-galactosidase in 5 (7%), beta-galactosidase in 6 (8%), alpha-glucosidase in 25 (36%), N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase in 41 (58%), and alpha-mannosidase in 51 (73%). The beta-galactosidase activity of M. canis has not been reported previously. Remarkable variations of intensity for each enzymatic activity were also detected. It is believed that these results could provide basic data for further investigations on the pathogenic role of enzymes secreted by M. canis.
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PMID:Extracellular enzymatic activity of Microsporum canis isolates. 868 26

The CadmiBel Study was a cross-sectional population study that investigated the health effects of environmental exposure to cadmium and lead. The 2327 participants constituted a random sample of the population of four Belgian districts, chosen in order to provide a wide range of environmental exposure to cadmium. After adjustment for confounding factors, such as smoking and occupational exposure, the urinary cadmium excretion, a measure of lifetime exposure, was nearly 30% higher in the polluted areas. The CadmiBel Study produced evidence inconsistent with the hypothesis that environmental exposure to cadmium and lead would lead to an increase in blood pressure and to a higher prevalence of hypertension and other cardiovascular diseases. On the other hand, the serum alkaline phosphatase activity and the urinary excretion of calcium were significantly and positively correlated with urinary cadmium in both sexes. These findings suggested that the homeostasis of calcium was gradually affected as cadmium accumulated in the body. Furthermore, several markers of renal tubular dysfunction (urinary excretion of retinol-binding-protein, N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase, beta 2-microglobulin and amino acids) were significantly and positively associated with urinary cadmium. Across 10 small areas of which six were polluted with cadmium, an inverse association existed between the creatinine clearance and several indexes of environmental exposure to cadmium (cadmium concentration in the soil, cadmium content of locally grown vegetables, the inhabitants' 24 h urinary cadmium excretion). In the CadmiBel Study, the creatinine clearance was also inversely correlated with the concentrations of lead and zinc protoporphyrin in the blood. Thus, environmental exposure to cadmium and lead was associated with alterations in renal function. The significance in terms of morbidity and mortality of the functional disturbances observed in the CadmiBel Study, and the possible strategies to prevent the transfer of cadmium from the environment to man are under investigation in the prospective PheeCad Study in which half of the Cadmibel participants have been enrolled (participation rate 80%).
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PMID:Public health implications of environmental exposure to cadmium and lead: an overview of epidemiological studies in Belgium. Working Groups. 878 28

To elucidate the renal injury induced by gold treatment, we administered various doses of gold sodium thiomalate (GST) to Wistar rats and investigated alterations in the urinary enzyme activity, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (gamma GTP) and N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase (NAG) activity, and histochemical change of enzymes, gamma GTP, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and acid phosphatase (ACP) activity in the renal tissue. The single administration of a large dose of gold salts induced acute tubular necrosis and enzyme leakage was detected histochemically without damage to the glomerulus. After chronic administration of small doses of gold salts, the urinary gamma GTP activities gradually increased, but urinary NAG activities did not. These findings suggested that the change in urinary enzyme activities, which leaked from inside of brushborder or lysosome, indicated the degree or localization of tubular damage, because renal tubules were selectively injured by gold salts.
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PMID:Changes in urinary enzyme activity and histochemical findings in experimental tubular injury induced by gold sodium thiomalate. 886 77


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