Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase)
47,916 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Fifteen various serum and urine parameters were evaluated as indicators of renal alterations induced by lead in 82 male workers of a battery plant chronically exposed to lead (median of blood lead concentration: 2.03 mumol/l). The control group comprised 44 non-exposed healthy volunteers (0.34 mumol/l). High-molecular-mass proteins (transferrin, immunoglobulin G (IgG), (albumin)) were determined in urine as markers of glomerular integrity; low-molecular-weight proteins and parenchymal enzymes (alpha 1-microglobulin, beta 2-microglobulin, retinol-binding protein, lysozyme, ribonuclease, N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG), alanine aminopeptidase (AAP), alkaline phosphatase (AP), gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT)) as indicators of changes in the proximal tubule; Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein and kallikrein as markers of the distal tubule. There was a positive correlation between tubular indicators and blood lead concentration as well as the erythrocyte protoporphyrin (EPP). About 30% of the lead-exposed workers showed an increased excretion of alpha 1-microglobulin, NAG, ribonuclease, and/or Tamm-Horsfall protein, whereas the glomerular indicators remained unchanged. The combined determination of NAG and alpha 1-microglobulin in urine could be helpful in the early detection of lead-induced changes in the nephron.
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PMID:Changed excretion of urinary proteins and enzymes by chronic exposure to lead. 752 73

We have shown that a mAb, 7.2.14, recognizes a conserved sequence in exon 7 of a number of murine MHC class I molecules. 7.2.14 binding is abolished when the molecule is phosphorylated, presumably at a serine residue in exon 7, whereas treatment of material in cell lysates with alkaline phosphatase increases the intensity of the binding. A genomic construct containing Dd was transfected into human fibroblasts and a clonal cell line expressing high levels of surface MHC was selected. Cell lysates were prepared from surface-iodinated cells and analyzed by using a panel of antibodies. An apparent size heterogeneity was detected in the MHC class I gene product precipitated by different anti-class I MHC antibodies, suggesting that more than one conformational species of Dd was present. This was further investigated regarding the molecules precipitated by antibodies 34-2-12, M1/42, and 7.2.14. After preclearing of surface-iodinated cell lysates by using one antibody, challenge with the others still precipitated a Dd molecule, confirming that there were three independent conformations of the Dd gene product. A similar complexity could be observed in the lysates of surface-labeled spleen cells from C57BL/6 mice. A major polypeptide at approximately 48 to 50 kDa, representing the MHC H chain, was seen, and one or two as yet unidentified but strongly associated polypeptides at 41 kDa and 56 kDa were also visible. Sequential clearing of surface-iodinated material with one antibody followed by precipitation with the other confirmed that the 7.2.14-reactive material was distinct from that which reacted with M1/42. We propose that the 7.2.14-reactive 50-kDa band is the nonphosphorylated form of class I MHC, which exists in a conformation different from that of the conventional 48-kDa, phosphorylated, beta 2-microglobulin-associated entity.
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PMID:Monoclonal antibody that distinguishes between a phosphorylated, beta 2-microglobulin-associated, and a free, nonphosphorylated, chain of MHC class I. 768 33

Neonates, especially preterms, are known to have low glomerular filtration rates (GFR). This may result in elevated trough concentrations during multiple administration of aminoglycosides (AGs), potentially leading to nephro- and ototoxic reactions. The once-daily administration (q.d.) of AGs has been shown to be equally or better tolerated in adults and children than the conventional schedules (twice daily, b.i.d.; thrice daily, t.i.d.), while offering potential pharmacodynamic and nursing advantages. No data, however, are available for neonates. As a consequence, this pilot study was conducted in order to assess the tolerance of the once-a-day administration of amikacin in comparison with the twice daily dose regimen, in relation to the pharmacokinetics of the drug under these two schedules. 22 Male neonates (gestational age > or = 34 weeks; postnatal age < or = 2 days) were randomized to receive amikacin (AK) (15 mg/kg/day) q.d. (n = 10) or b.i.d. (n = 12) together with ampicillin (50 mg/kg/12 h). AK plasma levels were measured at days 1, 3, 5 and 7 of treatment just before the next dose (trough level) and 1 h after completion of infusion (peak level) and after 3 and 6 h only at day 1. Due to the small size of the samples, no difference in efficacy could be assessed and was not the aim per se. Glomerular dysfunction was assessed by creatinine clearance, and tubular injuries by the urinary excretion of proteins (retinol binding protein, beta 2-microglobulin, clara cell protein (P1) and microalbumin), enzymes (N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase, alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminopeptidase, and gamma-glutamyltransferase), and total phospholipids (TPL) in urine. Ototoxicity was assessed by brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BAEPs) at days 0, 3 and 9 of therapy. Eight healthy neonates served as controls. All patients showed a normal and similar increase of GFR during the first postnatal days. Proteinuria did not increase, but enzymuria and TPL increased significantly during the treatment in both AK groups without significant difference between groups. BAEPs at day 9 were not significantly different between treated and untreated patients. We conclude from this pilot study that, in the absence of more toxicity, the q.d. administration of AK in neonates of > or = 34 weeks of gestational age may be recommended over its bid schedule in view of its potential advantages.
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PMID:Once-a-day administration of amikacin in neonates: assessment of nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity. 782 57

Nineteen children received 99mTc-DTPA for renography. The next day they received a simultaneous injection of the non-ionic contrast medium iopentol for urography and another injection of 99mTc-DTPA. The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was estimated from the plasma elimination of 99mTc-DTPA as well as iopentol. Serum concentrations of creatinine and beta 2-microglobulin, and urine concentrations of creatinine, beta 2-microglobulin, alkaline phosphatase, N-acetyl-glucosaminidase, and albumin were determined. A significant reduction (12 +/- 3%) of GFR was observed after the injection of iopentol, without a subsequent rise in serum creatinine or beta 2-microglobulin. The urinary excretion of albumin and beta 2-microglobulin remained unchanged, while the excretion of alkaline phosphatase and N-acetyl-glucosaminidase was significantly increased after the urography, indicating some tubular effects of iopentol. Iopentol caused few and mild adverse events, the diagnostic yield was high, and the small changes in the renal tubular function parameters are presumed to be without clinical importance. The observed depressive effect on the GFR demands further investigations before iopentol can be recommended as a GFR-marker in children.
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PMID:Effect of iopentol on renal function and its use for calculation of glomerular filtration rate in children. 783 71

Urinary biochemical indicators of renal injury were examined in 84 male and 38 female ferrochromium-producing workers exposed to water-soluble chromium compounds [Cr(VI)]. The indicators examined included urinary chromium (U-Cr), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), gamma-glutamyl transferase (gamma-GT), glutamic-oxalacetic and glutamic-pyruvic transaminases (GOT & GPT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG), total protein (TPr) and beta 2-microglobulin (beta 2-MG). The U-Cr levels in the exposed group were approximately 1.8 times that of the control group. Compared to controls, the activities of gamma-GT, NAG, ALP, GOT and LDH in the urine of workers were significantly increased whenever U-Cr concentration exceeded 45 microgram/g creatinine. The activities of gamma-GT, GOT and NAG were elevated in workers employed for longer than ten years. However, no clear dose-response relationships nor time-effect relationships were found. The present results suggest that long-term exposure to water-soluble chromium [Cr(VI)] produces chronic renal injury. The site of the injury appears to mainly involve the proximal tubule. U-Cr concentrations of > 15 microgram/g creatinine can be proposed as a threshold dosage for nephrotoxicity, and gamma-GT, NAG and ALP are early sensitive indicators of the most valuable for evaluating the renal injury.
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PMID:Chromium-induced early changes in renal function among ferrochromium-producing workers. 791 62

On the basis of earlier findings of increased serum beta 2-microglobulin concentration in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis, we decided to study serum beta 2-microglobulin concentration in other bone diseases. In 28 patients with untreated Paget's bone disease, serum beta 2-microglobulin concentration was normal (1.49 +/- 0.41 mg/liter versus 1.36 +/- 0.21 mg/liter in 42 control subjects, P = ns), a finding that contradicts reports in the literature. We found that serum beta 2-microglobulin concentration was related negatively and significantly (r2 = -0.154, P = 0.0354) with serum total alkaline phosphatase concentration, but not with serum tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase concentration (p = ns). Urinary elimination of beta 2-microglobulin was lower in the patients with Paget's disease than in the controls (34 +/- 28 versus 120 +/- 21 mg/liter, P < 0.001). These findings suggest that beta 2-microglobulin behaves similarly to osteocalcin (BGP) in Paget's bone disease and that its concentration remains within normal levels perhaps because of the rate of reuptake of beta 2-microglobulin in bone neoformation.
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PMID:beta 2-Microglobulin in Paget's bone disease. 806 56

To determine the diagnostic role of urinary trehalase in chronic glomerular disease, urinary trehalase activity and other urinary markers such as N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG), alanine aminopeptidase (AAP), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (gamma-GTP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), lysozyme and beta 2-microglobulin (BMG) were measured in patients with chronic glomerulonephritis, nephrotic syndrome and chronic renal failure. Urinary trehalase activity was significantly increased in chronic glomerular disease, especially nephrotic syndrome, as compared with that in the healthy subjects. The highest incidence of elevated excretion was observed for trehalase with 52% in chronic glomerular disease, followed by NAG. Urinary trehalase activities in the patients were significantly correlated with the urinary levels of protein, NAG and AAP and total score of tubular damage, but not correlated with urinary levels of BMG or lysozyme. In patients with chronic glomerulonephritis and nephrotic syndrome, there was no significant difference in urinary trehalase activities between with and without hematuria. These results indicate that in some patients with chronic glomerular disease, there is tubular involvement as substantiated by elevation of the other urinary enzymes and BMG. Urinary trehalase is elevated more often in these types of disease than other markers of tubular damage.
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PMID:Urinary trehalase activity in chronic glomerulonephritis. 809 31

1. To evaluate tubular damage in diabetic patients, we measured the 24 h urinary excretion of five enzymes (N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, dipeptidyl aminopeptidase IV, alanine aminopeptidase and alkaline phosphatase) that originate in renal proximal tubular cells. 2. Studies were performed on 118 non-insulin-dependent diabetic patients, 59 non-diabetic patients with chronic renal disease and 47 normal control subjects. First, the correlation between renal function, glycaemic control and urinary enzyme excretion was investigated. Secondly, the subjects were treated by controlled diet therapy to assess the effects of better glycaemic control on urinary enzyme excretion. 3. Regardless of a diabetic or non-diabetic cause of renal dysfunction, all of the five enzymes showed abnormal urinary excretion in patients with renal insufficiency (serum creatinine concentration > 2.0 mg/dl). In diabetic patients, however, an increase in N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase excretion and a decrease in gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase excretion were noted even in those who had no signs of renal dysfunction, including microalbuminuria. Moreover, the excretion of these two enzymes had a higher degree of correlation with glycaemic control and renal function than did that of the other three enzymes. Multiple regression analysis revealed that excretion of N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase is best correlated with urinary protein (r2 = 0.35), whereas excretion of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase is closely associated with glomerular filtration rate (r2 = 0.33). 4. In diabetic patients, diet therapy improved glycaemic control but had no effects on renal function, microalbumin excretion and beta 2-microglobulin excretion.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Enzymuria in non-insulin-dependent diabetic patients: signs of tubular cell dysfunction. 809 85

To clarify the significance of elevated serum total alkaline phosphatase activity (t-ALP) in persons exposed to environmental cadmium (Cd), the fraction of ALP originating from bone (b-ALP) was assayed using a wheat-germ agglutinin method in 23 men and 20 women in a Cd-polluted area who showed excessive urinary beta 2-microglobulin excretion, and in 21 men and 44 women in a non-polluted area, in addition to 7 patients with itai-itai disease. The fraction of b-ALP increased linearly with the increase in t-ALP in the women, irrespective of Cd-exposure. Elevations of both t-ALP and b-ALP in the Cd-exposed women, including inhabitants of the Cd-polluted area and patients with itai-itai disease, were found with decreases in serum calcium and bone density. It is concluded that elevated serum ALP levels found in Cd-exposed persons reflect the development of Cd-induced bone damage.
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PMID:Serum bone-type alkaline phosphatase activity in women living in a cadmium-polluted area. 816 Feb 9

A prospective double-blind randomized cardioangiographic study with iopentol and iohexol was performed in 60 patients. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was assessed by serum values of creatinine and beta 2-microglobulin (beta 2-MG), estimated creatinine clearance (CCr) according to Cockroft & Gault's formula, and 24 hour CCr. The urinary excretion of albumin, beta 2-MG, and of the renal tubular enzymes alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase (NAG) was also measured. Contrary to what has been found after i.v. injections, GFR was reduced by both nonionic contrast media. Serum creatinine (S-Cr) was increased by more than 25% in 6 patients, 3 in each group. CCr was more sensitive than S-Cr and S-beta 2-MG, but this method is less precise because of risk of urine sampling errors. Estimated CCr gave no additional information to S-Cr. The urinary excretion of NAG and ALP was increased. No clinically significant differences between iopentol and iohexol were detected. No correlation was found between the changes in tubular function parameters and changes in GFR. Twenty patients were on calcium channel blockers before the investigation, but this had no protective effect on the renal function parameters.
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PMID:Renal effects of nonionic contrast media after cardioangiography. 817 50


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