Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase)
47,916 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Periprosthetic osteolysis is a major cause of aseptic loosening in artificial joint replacement. It is assumed to occur in conjunction with the activation of macrophages. We have shown in vitro that human osteoblast-like cells, isolated from bone specimens obtained from patients undergoing hip replacement, phagocytose fine particles of titanium alloy (TiAlV). The human osteoblast-like cells were identified immunocytochemically by the presence of bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BAP). With increasing duration of culture, a variable number of the osteoblastic cells became positive for the macrophage marker CD68, independent of the phagocytosis of particles, with a fine granular cytoplasmic staining which was coexpressed with BAP as revealed by immunodoublestaining. The metal particles were not toxic to the osteoblastic cells since even in culture for up to four weeks massively laden cells were vital and had a characteristic morphology. Cells of the human osteosarcoma cell line (HOS 58) were also able to phagocytose metal particles but had only a low expression of the CD68 antigen. Fluorescence-activated cell scanning confirmed our immunocytochemical results. Additionally, the cells were found to be negative for the major histocompatibility complex-II (MHC-II) which is a marker for macrophages and other antigen-presenting cells. Negative results of histochemical tests for tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase excluded the contamination by osteoclasts or macrophages in culture. Our observations suggest that the osteoblast can either change to a phagocytosing cell or that the phagocytosis is an underestimated property of the osteoblast. The detection of the CD68 antigen is insufficient to prove the monocytic lineage. In order to discriminate between macrophages and osteoblasts additional markers should be used. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of cells of an osteoblastic origin which have acquired a mixed phenotype of both osteoblasts and macrophages.
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PMID:Human osteoblast-like cells phagocytose metal particles and express the macrophage marker CD68 in vitro. 1075 42

A 78-year-old farmer presented with symptomless skin lesions for evaluation. Two years prior, he had developed idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and had been treated thereafter with oral prednisolone 20 mg/day and occasionally with colchicine 1 mg/day. On examination, erythematoviolaceous, slightly infiltrated plaques, measuring approximately 5 x 9 cm, rubbery in consistency, intermingled with pustules, sometimes eroded, with distinctive borders, were noted on the dorsum of both hands and on the extensor surface of both forearms. The lesions had developed over a 20-day period. The skin of these areas was atrophic or eroded with multiple ecchymoses (Fig. 1). The abnormal laboratory findings included an elevated white blood cell count of 17,100/mm3, with 79% neutrophils, 16% lymphocytes, and 5% monocytes, C-reactive protein of 33.15 mg/dL (normal, <0.8 mg/dL), and immunoglobulin G of 598 mg/dL (normal, 701-1545 mg/dL). Other blood and urine tests performed were within normal limits. The diagnosis of IPF was reconfirmed through radiology, high-resolution computed tomography, and spirometry, as well as bronchoscopy and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid analysis. Coexistence of presumptive pulmonary alternariosis was excluded. Hematoxylin and eosin stained sections of the excised cutaneous specimen showed focal ulceration of the epidermis adjacent to a mainly intradermal abscess cavity. Within the latter, remnants of a partly destroyed hair follicle were seen amongst degenerating polymorphonuclear leukocytes, as well as many histiocytes and a few Langhans-type multinucleated giant cells. Minute collections of polymorphonuclear leukocytes were seen in the adjacent epidermis. Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) and Gomori's silver methenamine stains showed a multitude of broad branching fungal hyphae and large spores within the aforementioned cavity, both free and within the cytoplasm of giant cells (Fig. 2). Immunohistochemistry was performed by means of the alkaline phosphatase anti-alkaline phosphatase (APAAP) method. Sections showed that the infiltrate consisted of an almost equal number of B and T lymphocytes, whereas histiocytes and the few giant cells were labeled with anti-CD68 antibodies. Skin smears and biopsy specimens taken twice from all lesions were used for mycologic examination. Wet mounts revealed numerous, brownish, septate hyphae and ovoid Skin smears and biopsy specimens taken twice from all lesions were used for mycologic examination. Wet mounts revealed numerous, brownish, septate hyphae and ovoid structures. Biopsy material was plated on Sabourand's dextrose agar with cloramphenicol (0.05 mg/mL). After 7 days at 27 degrees C, dark, gray-white colonies with a dark brown underside appeared. Microscopic examination of the colonies revealed hyphae with typical conidia having transverse and longitudinal septa. Based on macroscopic and microscopic examination, the isolates were identified as Alternaria alternata (Fig. 3). Treatment with prednisolone was reduced to 10 mg/day and the patient received oral itraconazole (200 mg/day). This resulted in progressive improvement of alternariosis, and the lesions healed completely within 3 months, when treatment was interrupted. Two years later, there is no evidence of recurrence.
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PMID:Cutaneous alternariosis in a patient with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. 1080 81

Human monocytes (Mo) in culture can be differentiated into macrophages (M phi), dendritic cells (DC) and osteoclasts. In addition, we have established a Mo-derived in vitro granuloma model which here was compared with ex-vivo isolated foreign body granuloma cells. In these models overlapping phenotypes developed between monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MoDC), osteoclasts, M phi, and osteoblasts. In Mo cultures granulomas were induced by immobilized particulate material. AP activity (osteoblast marker) was found to be co-expressed with cytoplasmic tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) as a marker of osteoclasts. While proliferating, the number of AP+ cells decreased, being replaced by cells co-expressing the osteoclast markers vitronectin receptor (VNR) and TRAP. Coexpression of the Mo/M phi marker CD68 with AP or VNR confirmed the monocytic origin of the cells. When Mo were treated with interleukin-4 (IL-4), the number of AP+ cells markedly increased and remained stably expressed over 12 days. In explants from ex vivo granulomas obtained from endoprosthetic revisions the major cell type was the AP+ cell co-expressing CD68. The bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BAP) as a marker of osteoblasts was detected by FACS analysis in the ex vivo granuloma cells. By RT-PCR the mRNA for osteocalcin, which is a highly specific marker for osteoblasts, was detected. From our results we conclude an ontogenetic relationship between macrophages, DC and osteoclasts. Furthermore, the data suggest a transdifferentiation between Mo and osteoblasts.
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PMID:Alkaline phosphatase expression during monocyte differentiation. Overlapping markers as a link between monocytic cells, dendritic cells, osteoclasts and osteoblasts. 1087 91

Most granular cell tumours (GCTs) are benign proliferations of purported Schwannian derivation, showing immunoreactivity for Schwann cell-related antigens. Due to incomplete agreement on the precise nature of GCTs (reactive vs neoplastic), we performed an immunohistochemical study with the alkaline phosphatase/anti-alkaline phosphatase (APAAP) technique on 30 GCTs. The aim was to evaluate their growth patterns and the possible relationships of granular cells with other nerve sheath-related cell types (i.e., Schwann and perineurial cells, and dendritic cells displaying CD34/vimentin immunoreactivity). An expansive growth pattern was detected in five cases, a pseudoinfiltrative growth pattern in nine cases and a mixture of the above in the remaining 16 cases. Besides immunoreactivity for S-100 protein, neuron-specific enolase, vimentin, CD57, CD68, MAC 387, alpha-1-antitrypsin and alpha-1-antichymotrypsin in granular cells, we documented intimate architectural relationships between granular cells, Schwann and perineurial cells, and a third type of CD34/vimentin-positive nerve sheath-related cell in most GCTs. These results suggest that GCTs are heterogeneous lesions. Some of them show a pseudoinfiltrative growth pattern and retain close relationships with the normal components of the nerve sheath. In other lesions, granular cells grow in an expansive fashion and constitute the predominant cell component of the tumour. These architectural and immunophenotypic differences may reflect a different nature of GCTs: they may initially represent reactive or hamartomatous lesions that subsequently acquire truly neoplastic potential.
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PMID:Cellular heterogeneity of granular cell tumours: a clue to their nature? 1089 May 60

In Thailand, the predominant HIV subtype is E, rather than Subtype B as in North America and Europe, and the predominant mode of transmission is heterosexual contact. Subtype E has the ability to replicate in vitro in Langerhans cells. We hypothesized that this cell type might constitute a reservoir for the HIV virus in vaginal mucosa of asymptomatic carriers. To examine this hypothesis, we compared vaginal tissue histology in HIV-1-seropositive cases with seronegative cases and determined the immunophenotype of HIV-1-infected cells, their numbers, and their distribution in vaginal mucosa. Vaginal biopsies were performed at four different sites from six asymptomatic HIV-1 Subtype E-infected persons and from six seronegative cases at necropsy and examined histologically. Immunophenotyping was performed using immunoperoxidase for Gag p24 HIV, CD3, CD20, CD68, CD1a, S-100 and p55 antigens and by double labeling, combining immunoperoxidase with alkaline phosphatase using pairs of the above antigens. Twenty of twenty-four vaginal biopsies (83.3%) from HIV-seropositive cases showed definite inflammation compared to five of twenty-four vaginal necropsies (20.8%) from HIV-seronegative cases. One third of HIV-seropositive biopsies (8/24) demonstrated p24-positive cells in the epithelium, whereas three-fourths (18/24) of the biopsies revealed p24-positive cells in the lamina propria. All seropositive patients showed positive cells in at least one biopsy, but not all biopsies contained positive cells. Infected cells were more frequently observed at sites of greater inflammation. The dendritic cell count in HIV-seropositive vaginal epithelium was significantly higher than that observed in the seronegative cases (P =.004). The majority of p24-positive cells in the vaginal epithelium were Langerhans cells (CD1a+/S-100+), whereas in the lamina propria, about half of p24-positive cells were Langerhans-related dendritic cells (p55+ and S-100+) and half were T lymphocytes. In conclusion, the increased propensity for heterosexual transmission of Subtype E may be related to vaginal inflammation, leading to the accumulation of Langerhans cells and related dendritic cells which, once infected with HIV, can act as a reservoir for further virus transmission.
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PMID:In vivo identification of Langerhans and related dendritic cells infected with HIV-1 subtype E in vaginal mucosa of asymptomatic patients. 1174 49

The purpose of this study has been to evaluate the immunohistochemical characteristics of human pterygial tissues in order to ascertain the possible contribution of an immunological mechanism in the pathogenesis of pterygium and to investigate the presence in the pterygial tissues of some melanoma-associated antigens, in order to evaluate if there may be a small possibility of correlation of the two diseases. Human biopsy specimens of pterygium were obtained by surgery for pterygium excision. Tissue segments were fixed and processed for paraffin embedding. Microtome sections were treated for the immunohistochemical demonstration of IgA, IgM, IgG, CD3, CD20, CD68, HLA-DR, Protein S100, HMB45, and Melan A using the avidin-biotin peroxidase method or the streptavidin biotin-alkaline phosphatase method. The findings suggest that all the effector components of the mucosal immune system are present in the human pterygium and, among the most sensitive markers for melanoma, only S100 shows immunoreactivity. An immunopathogenetic mechanism seems to be responsible for the pathogenesis of pterygium, perhaps being caused by pre-existing conjunctivitis or microtrauma in combination with the patient's predisposition. No correlation between pterygium and melanoma was found.
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PMID:Immunohistochemical study of human pterygium. 1181 64

Four cases of giant cell reparative granuloma (GCRG) of small bones were analysed in order to determine the pathogenesis of the lesion and the nature of the component mononuclear and multinucleated cells. In cell cultures, giant cells formed a non-proliferating homogeneous population which expressed features characteristic of the osteoclast phenotype, including leucocyte common antigen, CD68, vitronectin receptor, and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase. The giant cells were capable of lacunar resorption and their activity was inhibited by calcitonin. In addition to numerous macrophage-like cells, some of which expressed osteoclast phenotypic characteristics, there were also mononuclear stromal cells which proliferated in culture and were alkaline phosphatase-positive; these cells expressed receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand (RANKL) and were capable of supporting human osteoclast formation from circulating precursors in vitro. These findings suggest that the osteoclast-like giant cells in GCRG of small bones are formed from monocyte/macrophage-like osteoclast precursors which differentiate into osteoclasts under the influence of mononuclear osteoblast-like stromal cells.
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PMID:Phenotypic characterization of mononuclear and multinucleated cells of giant cell reparative granuloma of small bones. 1221 60

Recruitment of peripheral leukocytes to intestine is an essential process for intestinal inflammation. This study examined the localization of a novel molecule, 4C8 antigen, in inflammatory bowel disease; this molecule is involved in the transendothelial migration of T lymphocytes. Surgical specimens of human intestine were obtained from nine patients with ulcerative colitis, 13 with Crohn's disease, and eight controls. Immunohistological staining was performed using antibodies against 4C8 antigen, and CD3, CD4, CD8, CD20, CD68, CD45RA, CD45RO, CD11a, and CD62 (E- and P-selectin) by the peroxidase method. Immunological double staining was subsequently performed for the same specimens stained with anti-4C8 antibody using the alkaline phosphatase method. In normal controls, 4C8-positive cells were mainly found in lamina propria. 4C8-positive cells were increased in lamina propria and submucosa of specimens with Crohn's disease. Accumulation of 4C8-positive cells surrounding CD62-positive vessels was found in the submucosa of specimens with inflammatory bowel disease, but not in controls. Immunohistological double staining revealed that the major subsets of 4C8-positive cells were positive for CD3, CD4, CD45RO, and CD11a. 4C8-positive cells in human intestine belong to the subset of helper/inducer memory T cells newly recruited from the peripheral pool. Inhibition of the 4C8-ligand system could have potentially uses in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.
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PMID:Expression of 4C8 antigen, a novel transendothelial migration-associated molecule on activated T lymphocytes, in inflammatory bowel disease. 1221 77

To establish a method for processing lymphoid organs suited to morphological, immunohistochemical and enzyme histochemical analyses for assessment of immunotoxicity, we examined a combination of fixation with periodate-lysine-paraformaldehyde (PLP) fixative and embedding in paraffin by the AMeX method (PLP-AMeX method). Spleen and thymus removed from monkeys and rats were fixed in PLP fixative for 6 hours at 4 degrees C. After fixation, specimens were processed and embedded in paraffin by the AMeX method. In hematoxylin and eosin-stained sections, tissue architecture was well preserved. In immunohistochemical staining, markers of T lymphocytes (CD3, CD4, CD8), B lymphocytes (monkey: CD20cy, rat: CD45RA) and macrophage (monkey; CD68, rat: ED-1) were well identified according to their specificities, although the staining intensity of CD8 in the monkey and CD4 in the rat were somewhat weaker in PLP-AMeX-prepared sections than in those frozen. In enzyme histochemical staining, alkaline phosphatase activity was well preserved in neutrophils. In toluidine blue- and Giemsa-stained sections, eosinophil granules and the metachromasia of granules in basophil/mast cells were clearly detectable. These findings suggest that the PLP-AMeX method is a powerful tool for assessment of immunotoxicity.
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PMID:Combination of fixation using PLP fixative and embedding in paraffin by the AMeX method is useful for histochemical studies in assessment of immunotoxicity. 1223 40

Chronic myeloprolifeative diseases (CMPD) are clonal hematopoietic stem cell disorders characterized by excessive proliferation and production of one or more of the myeloid cells and are subclassified according to the predominant cells, such as chronic myelogenous leukemia (CNL), chronic eosinophilic leukemia (CEL), polycythemia vera (PV), essential thrombocythemia (ET) and chronic idiopathic myelofibrosis (CIMF). This brief review focuses on the characteristic morphology of each clinical entity and the useful cytochemical (including leukocyte alkaline phosphatase, myeloperoxidase, butyrate esterase, chloroacetate esterase and cyanide-resistant peroxidase) and immunohistochemical (including von Willebrand factor/CD61, keratin, tryptase, CD117, CD68 (PGM-1), c-Mpl and bFGF) stains for differential diagnosis.
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PMID:The role of morphology, cytochemistry and immunohistochemistry in the diagnosis of chronic myeloproliferative diseases. 1243 Aug 92


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