Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase)
 47,916 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The histochemistry of armadillo skin has been studied. The dendritic cells are extremely large, very sharply outlined by methods for alkaline phosphatase and alpha-naphthyl-acetate esterase, and they are dopa-negative. The mastocytes, however, are dopa-oxidase-positive, probably due to peroxidase rather than tyrosinase activity. The giant cells of the granulomas normally seen in the dermis of the armadillo are strongly beta-glucuronidase-positive. These giant cells are evidently foreign body cells reacting to the crystals always present in the dermis of the armadillo. The centre of these crystals, which are cholesterol and fat-negative, is alkaline phosphatase-positive. Further study of the mastocytes and dendritic cells is necessary to elucidate their nature.
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PMID:The histochemistry of armadillo skin. 81 35

The dermal cells in grey, xanthic, and white goldfish integuments were cytochemically characterized for the following enzymatic activities: tyrosinase, DOPA-oxidase, cytochrome oxidase, monoamine oxidase, peroxidase, non-specific esterase, cholinesterase, NAD-diaphorase, NADP-diaphorase, aryl sulfatase, nucleotide phosphodiesterase, beta-glucuronidase, acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, adenosine triphosphatase, thiamine pyrophosphatase, glucose-6-phosphatase, aldolase, as well as succinate, malate, isocitrate, glutamate, glucose-6-phosphate, 6-phosphogluconate, alpha-glycerophosphate, alcohol, lactate, and beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenases. It was found that the epidermis was a significant barrier to the access of cytochemical reaction substrates. Removal of the epidermal barrier provided dermal cell localizations of enzymatic activities which were reproducible. Further, alterations in reaction times and temperatures from the mammalian methodology provided conditions fe various integumental cells were compared for possible interrelationships. The basic foundations for future work with the dermis of poikilothermic vertebrates on an experimental basis were established. In addition, a previously undescribed non-pigmented dermal cell, the "x"-cell, was found to have enzymatic characteristics similar to both melanophores and lipophores. The "x"-cell may be the common precursor of both types of pigment cells.
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PMID:Cytochemical characterization of goldfish (Carassius auratus L.) dermis with special reference to the pigment cells. 82 86

Blood and bone marrow cells of pangolins have been examined histochemically. Sudanophilia, PAS positivity and acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase reactivity were confined to cells of the granulocytic and monocytic series, while peroxidase reactivity was confined to cells of the erythroid series. In this latter respect the pangolin is unique among mammals so far studied.
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PMID:Histochemistry of blood and bone marrow cells in pangolins. 85 92

Detailed morphologic and enzyme cytochemical analysis was carried out by electron microscopy on granules of mature granulocytes obtained from the circulating chicken blood. Heterophils possessed three types of granules: large, rod-shaped, dense (Type I); medium sized, oval, light (Type II); and small-core (Type III). Acid phosphatase activity was present in Type I granules, but peroxidase and alkaline phosphatase were not demonstrable. The cytochemical nature of Types II and III granules remains unknown. Eosinophils contained only one type of granule, which was circular and had electron-opague contents. Both peroxidase and acid phosphatase, but not alkaline phosphatase, were present, indicating that the granules are lysosomes like the granules of mammalian eosinophils. Basophils possessed two types of granules, the characteristic large basophilic granules (Type I) and small dense granules (Type II). Acid phosphatase activity was found in only a small proportion of Type I granules: peroxidase and alkaline phosphatase were not demonstrable.
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PMID:Electron microscopic and enzyme cytochemical studies on granules of mature chicken granular leucocytes. 88 74

An improved method is described for the enumeration of lymphocyte surface markers in whole peripheral blood using reagents labelled with alkaline phosphatase. A suspension of washed whole blood is exposed to the labelled reagents and then smeared on slides. Endogenous peroxidase in monocytes is detected by the diaminobenzidine reaction amplified by osmication, and this identifies more cells than are recognised as monocytes by morphological criteria in Romanovsky-stained films. Lymphocytes are identified as peroxidase-negative mononuclear cells and those binding alkaline phosphatase-labelled reagents are demonstrated by treating the smears with naphthol ASMX phosphoric acid and fast red TR salt. By avoiding the loss of lymphocytes which is inevitable in any procedure for isolation of mononuclear cells from the blood, and by permitting elimination of monocytes from the counts, this method enables the proportion and absolute number of different circulating lymphocyte populations to be accurately enumerated. In the peripheral blood of seventeen normal individuals alkaline phosphatase rabbit F(ab)'2 anti-human immunoglobulin stained the following numbers (mean +/- s.d.) of lymphocytes, 9-0 +/- 1-5%, 214 +/- 66/microliter (B cells), and specific rabbit anti-T-cell serum followed by alkaline phosphatase goat F(ab)'2 anti-rabbit immunoglobulin stained 77 +/- 3%, 1846 +/- 488/microliter (T cells). The method, which is applicable to any surface marker which can be detected on living cells in suspension with a soluble reagent, provides permanent preparations which are counted in an ordinary light microscope and permits the use of counterstaining to reveal cellular morphology. Provided that appropriate specific reagents are available it is therefore suitable for routine clinical application.
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PMID:Enumeration of lymphocyte populations in whole peripheral blood with alkaline phosphatase-labelled reagents. A method for routine clinical use. 89 Oct 32

The morpho-functional features of peripheral blood leukocytes were studied in 50 rabbits with experimental myocardial infarction at various intervals after ligation of the anterior interventricle artery. Changes in the leukocytes were compared with the morphological picture of myocardial infarction. In the acute period of experimental myocardial infarction not only quantitative changes were found to occur but also functional values of leukocytes changes: the content of glycogen and the activities of peroxidase and phagocytic activity of granulocytes were reduced, while the activity of alkaline phosphatase increased. Electron microscopic examinations of lymphocytes revealed ultrastructural changes in mitochondria. In the subacute period of the disease some of the values showed a trend for normalization. In the period of recuperation when the zone of infarction in rabbits is replaced by crude fiber connective tissue all the values under study in the peripheral blood became normal. The exceptions were the animals with extensive as well as complicated myocardial infarctions.
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PMID:[Morphological indicators of the peripheral blood leukocytes at different periods of development of myocardial infarct (experimental study)]. 90 13

That most patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) have either very low levels or no leukocyte alkaline phosphatase activity (LAP) is an established fact. In view of our new findings7 that normal mature human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) contain two types of granules, azurophils (1/3) and specifics (2/3), and that alkaline phosphatase is present only in specific granules, we undertook the present studies to determine whether these neoplastic PMN lack a specific granule population or simply lack the enzyme. The cellular buffy coats of five patients with CML (Ph1 plus, LAP minus) were fixed in glutaraldehyde, incubated for peroxidase to identify the azurophil population, and examined by electron microscopy. It was found that the specific granule population was present in all mature PMN. Counts of both azurophil and specific granules per cell were slightly lower than normal but were within an 80%-90% overlap of the normal range. We therefore conclude that the low level of LAP in patients with CML reflects a deficiency of the enzyme rather than a missing granule population. Although the mature PMN appeared relatively normal (with few exceptions), circulating myeloblasts and promyelocytes revealed several abnormalities, the most notable being the presence of large bundles of cytoplasmic microfilaments. The blood of two patients in the terminal phase of disease was reexamined. Most of their cells were immature, with aberrations similar to those in myeloblasts and promyelocytes in the chronic phase of the disorder. In addition, however, we discovered three adnormal populations of mature PMN: (1) PMN containing both populations of granules but lacking peroxidase, (2) PMN lacking specific granules, and (3) PMN lacking azurophil granules. Our findings emphasize the value of electron microscopy and cytochemistry in detecting abnormalities of maturation in the cytoplasm of leukemic PMN.
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PMID:Azurophil and specific granules of blood neutrophils in chronic myelogenous leukemia: an ultrastructural and cytochemical analysis. 105 64

To detect antibodies to T. Spiralis in sera, the IF methods with the cuticle of T. spiralis larvae (the tube test) was compared to the cryostat method. In the latter method, cryostat sections were prepared from isolated T. spiralis larvae or from tongue or diaphragm musculature in which encysted T. spiralis larvae were present. In this case, both cuticle and internal structures were employed as antigenic sites. The cryostat method proved to be more sensitive than the tube test. With the cryostat method, specific antibodies were detected in sera of experimentally infected mice 14 days after infection, whereas with the tube test, antibodies were detected on Day 24 postinfection and consistently thereafter. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was then studied. Quantitation of specific antibodies was achieved with alkaline phosphatase- or peroxidase-labeled antispecies immunoglobulin in antigen-coated tubes. The enzyme that remained in the tube after washing provided a measure of the amount of specific antibodies in the serum. A saline extract of T. spiralis larvae served as the antigen. In the experimental models studied (T. spiralis-infected rabbits and pigs), ELISA proved to be more sensitive than IF. At Day 3 postinfection and thereafter, specific antibodies could be detected. ELISA was modified to satisfy requirements for routine application.
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PMID:Application of immunofluorescence and immunoenzyme methods in the serodiagnosis of Trichinella spiralis infection. 110 73

Subcellular distribution study of cytoplasmic organelles was performed on human polymorphonuclear leukocytes after homogenization in 0.34 molar sucrose by differential centrifugation and sucrose density gradient centrifugation of the homogenate. The whole homogenate and each fraction was assayed for nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT)-reductase with and without 1 mM potassium cyanide, and the distribution of this enzyme was compared to the distribution of lysozyme, peroxidase, beta-glucuronidase, and acid and alkaline phosphatase. Enzyme recovery was 97 per cent and ranged between 74 and 124 per cent. Latent activity of all enzymes except NBT-reductase, acid, and alkaline phosphatase was demonstrated by observing a four- to sixfold increase in activity after the addition of Triton-X 100. Maximal relative specific activity using either DPNH or without cyanide for NBT-reductase was found in the 100,000 x g differential centrifugation fraction and was concentrated in the less dense top fraction of the sucrose density gradient. The distribution pattern was similar to acid and alkaline phosphatase. In contrast, the maximal concentration of beta-glucuronidase and peroxidase was found in the heavier 7,200 x g granule fraction and in the more dense bottom fractions of the sucrose density gradient. Maximal lysozyme activity was concentrated in the 30,000 x g granule fraction and in the fractions located between the heaviest and lightest fractions of the sucrose density gradient. The lack of latent activity and the similarity of subcellular distribution of NBT-reductase to acid and alkaline phosphatase, two enzymes associated with microsomes and plasmalemal membranes in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN), indicates that NBT-reductase is also a nonlysosomal enzyme located in microsomes or in plasmalemal membranes. These findings support the previously described histochemical observations that initial reduction of NBT to formazan occurs on the PMN plasmalemal surface membrane at the point of particle attachment. In addition, they suggest that alteration of the surface membrane of the PMN by particle attachment or other surface forces may activate NBT-reductase, leading to an accumulation of formazan in the region of the altered membrane as the phagocytic vacuole is formed.
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PMID:Subcellular distribution of nitroblue tetrazolium reductase (NBT-R) in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN). 118 38

Human blood eosinophils obtained from untreated patients with large numbers of circulating eosinophils were purified and lysed. An eosinophil contains 2.65 times as much peroxidase, 2.44 times as much beta-glucuronidase, approximately two times as much acid beta-glycerophosphatase, and 1.2 times as much protein as a neutrophil. Lysate filtration allowed isolation of eosinophil granules by isopycnic ultracentrifugation in sucrose. The granules had a mean density of rho 1.24 g/ml, and contained peroxidase, beta-glucuronidase, and acid beta-glycerophosphatase. They totally lacked muramidase and alkaline phosphatase. Electron micrography confirmed the isolation.
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PMID:Isolation and partial characterization of human eosinophil granules. Comparison to neutrophils. 121 24


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