Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase)
 47,916 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Total protein and activities of: alpha-amylase, alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase in haemolymph of the freshwater snail Lymnaea stagnalis, naturally infected with digenetic larvae were investigated. There were no any changes in these parameters in the snails infected with Cercaria tenuispina that occupies mainly hematocele sinuses. Significant increase of activities of all examined enzymes in haemolymph of the snails infected with larvae belonging to the Furcocercariae group was ascertained. These changes were proportional to the degree of injury of the digestive gland, examined with the use of the thymol turbidity test. Total protein level was significantly higher only in haemolymph of snails with higher values of this test.
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PMID:[Level of total protein and activities of selected enzymes in hemolymph of Lymnaea stagnalis (L.) (Gastropoda: Pulmonata) naturally infected with digenetic fluke larvae]. 823 8

Blood samples were collected from 61 P. vivax infected fresh and recurrent malaria patients and liver function parameters studied. Plasma albumin, A/G ratio were found decreased significantly (p < 0.001) when compared to controls. Among the group of recurrent malaria patients with more than five attacks lowest values were found and the decrease was directly correlated with the number of attacks. The enzyme activities of plasma LDH, SGPT and thymol turbidity were found increased significantly with the increase in the number of attacks (p < 0.001). The increase was more pronounced in more than 5 attack (R3) group. The levels of total, conjugated and free bilirubin and the enzyme activities of SGOT, alkaline phosphatase were also found increased significantly in all the recurrent malarial groups, when compared to controls, without any correlation between the number of attacks. The isoenzyme pattern of plasma LDH was not altered in either fresh or recurrent malarial attack groups when compared to controls.
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PMID:Liver function tests in recurrent P. vivax malaria. 905 46

The aim of the present study was to find the cause of inter-laboratory differences in laboratory test data and to examine whether control assessment helps to reduce inter-laboratory differences. Blood and serum samples of one healthy subject and one subject with liver cirrhosis were analyzed by 11 laboratories in the Okayama City area. No differences were found in the assay units of 26 tests surveyed. However, considerable differences were observed in test data, reference interval, and clinical level (CL), though most laboratories pointed out that the test data for the normal subject was within the reference intervals and those for the patient with liver cirrhosis showed abnormalities in tests for liver function. The difference in reference intervals was serious in the tests of direct bilirubin (D-Bil), thymol turbidity test (TTT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGTP) and choline sterase. Marked differences in CLs were found in the tests of D-Bil, TTT, ALP, GGTP, creatine phosphokinase, amylase, heavy density lipoprotein cholesterol and white blood cell count. However, three hepatologists independently suggested that such inter-laboratory differences would not seriously affect a clinical decision on the disease status of the cirrhotic patient. Most tests that showed a trend error in a recent quality control survey appeared to have the same trend in the present study. These results indicate that inter-laboratory differences occur at various levels and control assessment are helpful in establishing, and therefore reducing, the level of inter-laboratory differences.
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PMID:Inter-laboratory difference among eleven clinical laboratories in the Okayama City area. 981 Apr 36

Objective. To investigate the effect of simulated weightlessness on serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP), calcium, magnesium, chlorine and phosphorus. Method. 6 healthy males, aged 24.8 +/- 6.1, were exposed to -6 degrees HDT bed rest for 21 d. Activity of serum alkaline phosphatase, serum contents of calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), chlorine (Cl) and phosphorus (P) ions were assayed before HDT (d-3), on the 3rd, 10th and 21st day during HDT and after HDT (d+2). Ca was measured by methyl thymol blue method, P was determined with ultraviolet spectrophotography, determination of Mg and Cl were made with enzyme method, ALP was examined with 4-nitrobenzene phosphate method. Result. Serum Ca2+ levels were significantly higher at d10, d2l and d+2 than the value of d-3 (P<0.01). P3+ levels declined significantly on d2l as compared with d-3 (P<0.01). During the HDT and after HDT, Mg2+ declined to a level below that before HDT (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Cl- were significantly higher at d2l and d+2 than the value of d-3 (P<0.01). ALP level was higher on d2l than on d-3 (P<0.01). Conclusion. 21 d HDT induced increase of Ca, Cl, ALP, and decline of Mg and P. The changes may reflect the imbalance of metabolism.
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PMID:[Changes of serum alkaline phosphatase and electrolytes during 21 d head down bed-rest]. 1222 72

Thymol, Linalool and Eugenol showed considerable molluscicidal effect against Biomphalaria alexandrina, Bulinus truncatus and Lymnneae natalensis. The thymol was the potent one at least LC50 and LC90) followed by euganol then linalool. L. natalensis were more sensitive to these compounds followed by B. truncatus and then B. alexandrina. The LC50 & LC90) of thymol were 22 and 34 ppm against B. alexaldrina, 20 and 30 ppm for B. truncatuts and 18 and 29 ppm for L. nalalensis. These values were higher with Eugenol, 28 and 48 ppm for B. alexuadrina, 24 and 44 ppm for B. truncatus and 22 and 40 ppm for L. natalensis. Linalool showed highest values of LCs5 and LC90 against B. alexandrina, 34 and 56 ppm, against B. truncatus 30 and 52 ppm and for L. natalensis 28 and 48 ppm, respectively. Maintaining of B. alexandrina at LC10 of Thymol for one week induced an inhibitory effect in the level of some enzymes (AchE, SDH). It led to increase in the activity of other enzymes (ACP, ALP & G-6-PD). Acetylcholine-sterase activity (AchE) of treated B. alexandrina was significantly reduced by 45.9% when compared to control. The results showed a significant decrease in succinate dehydrogenase activity (SDH) by 46.4% together with a concomitant increase in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity level (G-6-PD) by 47.5% in comparison with control. The activities of acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase enzymes were found to be higher in the treated snails than in control ones. The percentage increases were 47.2% & 73.2% respectively. The results also showed an elevation in the hemolymph glucose content of treated snails by 51.9% while the tissue glycogen content was reduced by 48.1%. The infection of B. alexandrina with S. mansoni miracidia was greatly reduced by thymol LC10 (sublethal dose). The infection rate reduction was 43.1%. The treated snails' prepatent period was prolonged (34.2 +/- 3.3 days) compared to control (28.4 +/- 1.2 days). A highly significant reduction of total cercarial production per snail occurred in experimental snails as compared to control.
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PMID:Molluscicidal effect of three monoterpenes oils on schistosomiasis and fascioliasis vector snails in Egypt. 1692 71

The frequency and magnitude of hepatotoxic reactions were compared in 147 new cases of pulmonary tuberculosis within the first three months of chemotherapy (CT) by standard regimen 1 [H, R, Z, S (E)] (Group 1) and regimen 2B [the same drugs + kanamycin (amikacin) and fluoroquinolones] (Group 2). Their efficiency was evaluated from 6 serum indices--the level of bilirubin, the activities of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (AP), and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGTP), and thymol test results. Tests were monthly carried out. The results were separately analyzed in patients with and without baseline abnormalities in the indices being tested. Within the first two months of CT, the patients without baseline abnormalities showed the slightly higher frequency and magnitude of hepatotoxic reactions on receiving regimen 2B. Following 3 months of CT combined with hepatoprotectors, the patients treated by standard regimen 1 had solitary laboratory signs of hepatic damage, but there was a regular elevation of GGTP in the regimen 2B group. After a month of regimen 1 CT in combination with hepatoprotectors, the patients with baseline abnormalities has positive changes in all the studied indices. In the patients treated by regimen 2B in combination with hepatoprotectors, the changes were the same, except for GGTP that remained to be at the increased baseline levels. Following 2 months of CT, in Group 1 positive changes continued in the studied markers and, with regimen 2B treatment, abnormal changes began increasing again. After 3 months abnormal changes were single in the markers of hepatic damage with regimen 1 treatment and there was a repeated significant rise in the values of AP and GGTP with regimen 2B. It is concluded that in addition to ALT and AST, GGTP is of great informative value in controlling the hepatotoxic effects of CT.
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PMID:[Evaluation of hepatic function in new cases of pulmonary tuberculosis due to the use of standard chemotherapy regimens I and IIB]. 1938 45

Infective hepatitis ia an acute inflamatory condition of liver. It is usually manifested in the form of Jaundice. In this clinical study Kalmegh(Andrographis paniculata Nees) was given in the decoction form to the patients of infective hepitis. The results were assessed on the basis of clinical and biochemical parameters. A marked symptomatic improvement in majority of the cases was observed. A statistically highly significant decrease was noted in various liver function tests viz., serum bilirubin, thymol turbidity, alkaline phosphatase, S.G.O.T.; S.G.P.T. and serum globulin fraction of protein. Moreover it increased significantly total serum globulin fraction of protien. Moreover it increased significantly total serum protein level along with albumin fraction. On the total assessment 80% cases of this series were cured and 20% patients were relieved. Therefore, Kalmegh appears to be a useful remedy for the treatment of infective hepatitis.
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PMID:Clinical studies on kalmegh (andrographis paniculata nees) in infective hepatitis. 2255 84

Therapy of rats with CCl4 hepatitis with Stellaria media L. water-soluble polysaccharide fraction in a dose of 100 mg/kg reduces serum activities of transaminases (ALT and AST), alkaline phosphatase, bilirubin, and the thymol test values. In the liver, the density of inflammatory infiltration of the organ parenchyma, total count of necrotic hepatocytes, fatty and protein degeneration are reducing. Hence, water-soluble polysaccharide fraction, isolated from the terrestrial part of Stellaria media L., is characterized by hepatoprotective activity.
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PMID:Evaluation of hepatoprotective activity of water-soluble polysaccharide fraction of Stellaria media L. 2365 90

We have reported the synthesis, characterization, in vitro release profile and preliminary pharmacological investigations of an antioxidant mutual prodrug of diacerein with thymol in our earlier communication. The present work reports the results of in vivo release studies and extensive pharmacological evaluation of this prodrug in collagenase- induced osteoarthritis and monosodium iodoacetate- induced hyperalgesia in Wistar rats. In vivo release was thoroughly studied in Wistar rats upon oral administration of the prodrug. In rat blood, release of 92.7% of diacerein and 20.5% of thymol was observed. From these studies we hypothesized that activation of prodrug could be mediated by physiological pH of blood (7.4) and serum esterases. Pharmacological screening of prodrug in collagenase and monoiodoacetate-induced osteoarthritis at a dose of 6.8 mg/kg, (BID) exhibited significant reduction in knee diameter (p<0.001), increase in paw withdrawal latency (p<0.001), and locomotor activity (p<0.001) with significantly higher anti-inflammatory and anti-osteoarthritic activities as compared to parent drug. The biochemical studies indicated a significant step-up in glucosaminoglycan level (p<0.001) and reduction in the C-reactive protein (p<0.001) and sulfated alkaline phosphatase levels (p<0.001). The histopathological and radiological studies confirmed the additive anti-osteoarthritic effect of prodrug as compared to plain diacerein. Antioxidant potential of prodrug was significantly more (p<0.001) while ulcer index was significantly lower (p<0.01) than diacerein. Interestingly, the diarrhea observed in diacerein- treated animals was not evident in animalstreated with prodrug, thymol and their physical mixture. Our findings indicate promising potential of this antioxidant prodrug to be used for long-term and safer management of OA.
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PMID:Diacerein-thymol prodrug: in vivo release and pharmacological screening in experimental models of osteoarthritis in Wistar rats. 2567 6

Human alveolar echinococcosis (AE) is caused by the fox tapeworm Echinococcus multilocularis and is usually lethal if left untreated. The current strategy for treating human AE is surgical resection of the parasite mass complemented by chemotherapy with benzimidazole compounds. However, reliable chemotherapeutic alternatives have not yet been developed stimulating the research of new treatment strategies such as the use of medicinal plants. The aim of the current study was to investigate the efficacy of the combination albendazole (ABZ)+thymol on mice infected with E. multilocularis metacestodes. For this purpose, mice infected with parasite material were treated daily for 20 days with ABZ (5 mg/kg), thymol (40 mg/kg) or ABZ (5 mg/kg)+thymol (40 mg/kg) or left untreated as controls. After mice were euthanized, cysts were removed from the peritoneal cavity and the treatment efficacy was evaluated by the mean cysts weight, viability of protoscoleces and ultrastructural changes of cysts and protoscoleces. The application of thymol or the combination of ABZ+thymol resulted in a significant reduction of the cysts weight compared to untreated mice. We also found that although ABZ and thymol had a scolicidal effect, the combination of the two compounds had a considerably stronger effect showing a reduction in the protoscoleces viability of 62%. These results were also corroborated by optical microscopy, SEM and TEM. Protoscoleces recovered from ABZ or thymol treated mice showed alterations as contraction of the soma region, rostellar disorganization and presence of blebs in the tegument. However both drugs when combined lead to a total loss of the typical morphology of protoscoleces. All cysts removed from control mice appeared intact and no change in ultrastructure was detected. In contrast, cysts developed in mice treated with ABZ revealed changes in the germinal layer as reduction in cell number, while the treatment with thymol or the ABZ+thymol combination predominantly showed presence of cell debris. On the other hand, no differences were found in alkaline phosphatase (AP), glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) and glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT) activities between control and treated mice, indicating the lack of toxicity of the different drug treatments during the experiment. Because combined ABZ+thymol treatment exhibited higher treatment efficiency compared with the drugs applied separately against murine experimental alveolar echinococcosis, we propose it would be a useful option for the treatment of human AE.
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PMID:In vivo activity of albendazole in combination with thymol against Echinococcus multilocularis. 2619 Jan 30


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