Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase)
47,916 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A novel technique for the histochemical demonstration of acid phosphatase (AcPase) and alkaline phosphatase (AkPase) in hard tissues has been proposed. Fresh, unfixed, undecalcified samples of rat tooth germs and surrounding structures were embedded in LR Gold resin at -20 degrees C. Sections of 2 microns were taken and subsequently processed for enzyme histochemistry. AkPase reaction product appeared as strong linear staining outlining cell boundaries and was present in the enamel organ, dental pulp, and osteoblast cells. Tartrate-resistant AcPase staining was seen exclusively in the osteoclasts of developing alveolar bone. Our results demonstrated that the use of unfixed, undecalcified LR Gold resin-embedded specimens for histochemistry is a novel technique which may be of value for certain studies when decalcification of specimens is undesirable. The technique appears to give good preservation of enzyme activity combined with the ability to prepare sections with excellent morphological detail.
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PMID:Histochemical studies of acid and alkaline phosphatases in rat tooth germs with undecalcified resin-embedded specimens. 161 83

Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TrACP) is abundant in alveolar macrophages, suggesting that these cells might contribute to the activity of this isoenzyme in sera of patients with conditions characterized by activation of alveolar macrophages. TrACP was therefore measured in patients with pulmonary sarcoidosis and cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis and compared with values in controls. Since osteoclasts are known to be the main source of TrACP in serum several indices of bone-turnover were also measured: serum bone-specific alkaline phosphatase and urine hydroxyproline:creatinine ratios. Patients with Paget's disease of bone constituted a reference group presenting increased bone turnover. TrACP was not significantly higher in the lung-disease groups than in controls, although there was a strong positive correlation with angiotensin-converting enzyme in pulmonary sarcoidosis. As expected, TrACP activity was elevated together with the other indices of bone turnover in Paget's disease. It is unlikely that TrACP from alveolar macrophages contributes significantly to serum acid phosphatase activity in lung disease.
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PMID:Circulating levels of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase in macrophage-activated lung disease. 162 21

Tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) has been proposed as a new biochemical marker for bone resorption. We have compared this new marker, TRAP, with the classical biochemical markers of bone remodelling, serum alkaline phosphatase (sAP), serum osteocalcin (sBGP), and with the urinary hydroxyproline/creatinine ratio (uOHProl/creatinine), a routine marker of bone resorption. Serum TRAP was significantly higher in pagetic patients (n = 43) than in control subjects (n = 12) (13.02 +/- 4.7 vs 5.48 +/- 1.31 IU/L, P less than 0.001) and a significantly positive linear correlation was found between the sTRAP and uOHProl/creatinine ratio (y = 0.0051x - 0.0069, r = 0.82, P less than 0.001), between sTRAP and sAP (y = 19.3x - 85.0, r = 0.71, P less than 0.001) and also between sTRAP and sBGP (y = 0.02x + 2.23, r = 0.52, P less than 0.01). Serum TRAP levels were higher than the upper limit of normality in all our pagetic patients except for two, whose uOHProl/creatinine levels were in the normal range. We conclude that (1) sTRAP could be a parameter as sensitive as uOHProl/creatinine in the diagnosis of Paget's disease; (2) sTRAP and uOHProl/creatinine are both good markers of bone resorption; (3) the correlation found between sTRAP and formation markers (sAP and sBGP) makes sTRAP a marker of disease activity in Paget's disease of bone; (4) the assay of sTRAP is easier, faster, and of lower cost than the urinary hydroxyproline determination. We suggest that sTRAP determination could be used as a routine marker of bone resorption in Paget's disease of bone, as is the case with uOHProl determination.
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PMID:Clinical usefulness of serum tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase in Paget's disease of bone: correlation with other biochemical markers of bone remodelling. 189 90

Acid and alkaline phosphatase were determined in 107 breast cancer patients to study their potential value in case of bone metastases. The patients were divided into 4 groups: A, patients without metastases (n = 34); B, metastatic patients without bone lesions (n = 37); C, patients with metastases in and outside of bones (n = 24), D, patients with bone-only metastases (n = 12). Tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TR-ACP), and bone alkaline phosphatase (bone-ALP) were significantly higher in patients with metastases than in patients without. However, no difference in TR-ACP was observed between subgroups of metastatic patients.
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PMID:Plasma acid and alkaline phosphatase in patients with breast cancer. 206 38

Alkaline phosphatase, long implicated in biomineralization, is a feature of the osteoblast phenotype. Yet in cultured bone cells, only a fraction stain positive histochemically. To determine whether osteoblast enzyme expression reflects cellular heterogeneity with respect to cell cycle distribution or length of time in culture, the activities of alkaline phosphatase, tartrate-resistant and -sensitive acid phosphatases, and non-specific esterases were assayed kinetically and histochemically. In asynchronous subconfluent cultures, less than 15% of the cells stained positive and assayed activity was 0.04 IU/10(6) cells/cm2. After 1 week, the percent of alkaline phosphatase positive-staining cells increased 5-fold, while activity increased 10-fold. Non-specific esterases and tartrate-sensitive acid phosphatase were constitutive throughout time in culture, whereas tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase activity appeared after 2 weeks. Cell cycle analysis of human bone cells revealed a growth fraction of 80%, an S phase of 8.5 h, G2 + 1/2 M of 4 h, and a G1 of 25-30 h. In synchronous cultures induced by a thymidine-aphidicolin protocol, alkaline phosphatase activity dropped precipitously at M phase and returned during G1. A majority of the alkaline phosphatase activity lost from the cell surface at mitosis was recovered in the medium. Tartrate-sensitive acid phosphatase and non-specific esterase levels were relatively stable throughout the cell cycle, while tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase activity was not assayable at the density used in synchronous cultures. From these data, variations in alkaline phosphatase activity appear to reflect the distribution of cells throughout the cell cycle.
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PMID:Human bone cell enzyme expression and cellular heterogeneity: correlation of alkaline phosphatase enzyme activity with cell cycle. 236 38

The concomitant presence of B antigens and of the antigen recognized by the monoclonal antibody Leu-M5 (CD11c) on neoplastic lymphoid cells has been reported to be largely restricted to hairy cell leukemia (HCL). The authors studied Leu-M5 reactivity of neoplastic cells from 59 patients whose specimens were referred with a stated diagnosis of HCL by using the alkaline phosphatase anti-alkaline phosphatase technique on peripheral blood (PB) and bone marrow (BM) specimens. Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (AcP-T) activity was also studied. In 49 patients, HCL had been confirmed previously by BM biopsy, and specimens were evaluated for disease status during or after therapy with interferon (IFN) or 2'-deoxycoformycin. The remaining ten patients were newly referred for confirmation of the diagnosis of HCL before therapy. In all 55 patients in whom the BM biopsy demonstrated HCL, virtually every leukemic cell was Leu-M5 reactive, and the reaction proved, in some cases, to be helpful in the detection of small numbers of hairy cells in PB or BM preparations. AcP-T reactivity was demonstrated in the neoplastic cells of 52 of these 55 patients, including all but 3 of those receiving IFN, and was helpful in confirming persistent leukemia when interpretation of BM biopsy sections was difficult because the numbers of hairy cells were small. However, in four of the ten newly referred patients, BM biopsy showed features of splenic lymphoma with villous lymphocytes, rather than HCL. The neoplastic cells of these four patients were of B-cell origin and in three were Leu-M5 reactive. The authors' study indicates that Leu-M5 is present in nearly all hairy cells, but its presence in conjunction with other B-cell markers is not specific for HCL.
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PMID:Evaluation of Leu-M5 (CD11c) in hairy cell leukemia by the alkaline phosphatase anti-alkaline phosphatase technique. 245 31

This study was conducted to determine if the adverse effects of anticonvulsant drug therapy and nonambulancy on bone status could be overcome with vitamin D therapy in severely handicapped individuals. Six male and five female gastrostomy fed, nonambulant, epileptic, profoundly mentally retarded individuals ranging in age from 7 to 17 years were given vitamin D therapy at a dosage of 4,000 IU/m2 body surface area/day for 6 months. Photon absorptiometry and biochemical indices of bone status were measured to follow the effects of therapy. Bone mineral content expressed as a percentage of normal improved by 11 percent (p less than 0.01), from 59.6 to 66.1 percent. Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase, total alkaline phosphatase, and the bone isoenzyme activities declined 11 percent, 18 percent, and 11 percent respectively. These reductions were not statistically significant but they were consistent with the improvements observed by photon absorptiometry. The results of our study suggest that a conservative supplement of vitamin D will improve the bone status of severely disabled youths.
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PMID:Bone status in nonambulant, epileptic, institutionalized youth. Improvement with vitamin D therapy. 284 66

Cytochemical localization of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), tartrate-sensitive acid phosphatases (TSAP), alkaline phosphatase, and nonspecific esterase was used to characterize perivascular cells within cartilage canals. In the distal femoral epiphyses of 5- to 7-day-old mice, three stages of canal development can be distinguished, and at each developmental stage different perivascular cells were present with morphological characteristics of degradative cells. Vacuolated cells resembling macrophages, fibroblastic cells, and chondroclasts were present adjacent to the matrix in superficial, intermediate, and deep canals, respectively. In order to characterize these perivascular cells cytochemically, nonspecific esterase and TSAP staining was used to identify macrophages, alkaline phosphatase staining was used to identify fibroblastic cells, and TRAP staining was used to identify chondroclasts. There were no cells present in the canals at any developmental stage that were positive for TSAP or strongly positive for nonspecific esterase, placing doubt on the identity of the vacuolated cells as macrophages. Alkaline phosphatase-positive perivascular cells were present in the intermediate and deep canals adjacent to matrix containing alkaline phosphatase-positive chondrocytes. These alkaline phosphatase-positive cells were found in the same location within canals as the fibroblastic cells. Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase was localized in chondroclasts at the tips of deep canals but was not confined exclusively to chondroclasts. Except for the very early stage of canal development prior to chondrocyte hypertrophy, TRAP-positive cells were present at the tips of superficial and intermediate canals as well as at the tips of the deep canals.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Cytochemical localization of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, and nonspecific esterase in perivascular cells of cartilage canals in the developing mouse epiphysis. 343 40

Forty-seven human leukaemia/lymphoma cell lines belonging to myelocytic, monocytic, non-T/non-B, T-, and B-lineage and representing different levels of maturation as well as fresh cells from normal and leukaemic subjects were examined for immunological markers and cytochemically for acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase (pH 5.8 and 8.0), alpha-naphthyl butyrate esterase (pH 5.8 and 8.0), non-specific esterase, chloroacetate esterase, chymotrypsin-like protease, deoxyribonuclease II, beta-glucuronidase, sudan black, and periodic acid Schiff's staining. Strong sudan black, nonspecific esterase, and chloroacetate esterase reaction was obtained only for myelocytic and monocytic cell lines with the reaction intensity increasing progressively in more mature cells. Focal acid phosphatase reaction like T-ALL was found in all T-ALL cell lines, whereas myeloid/monocytoid lines had semicircular distribution and B-cell lines cytoplasmic distribution of activity. Acid phosphatase activity appeared to decline with maturation along both myeloid and T-cell lineage. High activity of alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase and alpha-naphthyl butyrate esterase both at pH 5.8 and 8.0 and of beta-glucuronidase was found in myeloid/monocytoid lines although both B- and T-cell lines in contrast to peripheral blood B-cells also had significant esterase activity. alpha-Naphthyl butyrate esterase activity declined with increasing cell maturation along myeloid lineage. Except for weak activity in two B-cell lines alkaline phosphatase was not detected in any cell lines. Monocyte esterase activity was inhibited by sodium fluoride whereas acid phosphatase, only from hairy cell leukaemia line, was resistant to L-tartarate. Although periodic acid Schiff's staining could not distinguish myeloid, T-, B-, or non-T/non-B cell lines it gave characteristic reaction (large number of coarse granules against a clear background forming a ring around the nucleus) with erythroblastic leukaemia cell line and along myeloid series its intensity increased in more mature cells. Deoxyribonuclease II and chymotrypsin-like protease staining were not discriminatory. The results of this study show that cytochemical staining characteristics of various leukaemia/lymphoma cell lines are comparable to those of corresponding cells from patients and that the intensity and pattern of expression of these activities are related to cell type and degree of cell maturation. These studies give further credence to the use of these cell lines in cell differentiation, differential drug cytotoxicity, and many other studies.
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PMID:Cytochemical comparison of immunologically characterized human leukaemia/lymphoma cell lines representing different levels of maturation. 619 Apr 91

Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase activity determined by enzyme immunoassay was higher in the serum of cancer patients than that in normal blood donors. The highest activity was found among patients having malignancy metastatic to bone. The classic colorimetric method showed a broad range of values among normal blood donors, and the contrast between normal and cancer patients was less obvious. Most of the cancer patients had normal to low alkaline phosphatase activities.
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PMID:Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase in serum of cancer patients. 636 56


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