Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase)
47,916 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The aim of this study was to detect early renal changes in the rat. Female Wistar rats received oral doses of cyclosporine (12.5, 25 or 50 mg/kg daily). The duration of the experiment was 1, 2, and 3 weeks. Controls received the vehicle only (olive oil). The following alterations were seen by light microscopy: Hypertrophy of the juxtaglomerular apparatus (PAS stain). Cytoplasmic droplets of neutral fat (Oil Red 0) in clusters of cortical tubules, probably belonging to the same nephron. Both the above phenomena increased with dosage and duration of treatment and were absent in controls. In the fat containing tubulus (FCT) brush border staining (alkaline phosphatase) was decreased or absent. Since after PAS the brush border was visualized in many FCT, it is concluded that many FCT were proximal tubulus (PT) of which the brush border has been damaged. In FCT mitochondrial staining (Cytochrome oxidase activity) was strongly decreased or absent. Mean lysosomal volume (acid phosphatase and dipeptidase II) is increased in the PT; in some cyclosporine animals, lysosomes were enlarged, while in others they were comparable to controls. Electron microscopy showed in some PT cells an increased number of empty vacuoles and focal alteration of mitochondria. Normal mitochondria were present next to grossly altered mitochondria. Autophagocytosis of mitochondria was clearly present. The lysosomes appeared swollen and contained electron dense material, not organised in the typical 50 A pattern of myeloid figures. These morphological changes suggest a defect of mitochondrial metabolism, leading to lipid deposition in PT. The mitochondrial metabolism can be disturbed by a direct toxic effect of cyclosporine or indirectly via ischemia.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Cyclosporine nephrotoxicity: comparative cytochemical study of rat kidney and human allograft biopsies. 301 37

Human myeloid maturation proceeds within the bone marrow and results in a mature neutrophil that is released into the peripheral circulation. Previous reports have indicated that neutrophils from bone marrow demonstrate decreased adherence, impaired phagocytosis, and decreased nitroblue tetrazolium dye reduction when stimulated. Due to lack of a suitable method for isolating purified bone marrow neutrophils, these studies have been performed by microscopic techniques. We now report a method for isolating 1 X 10(8) neutrophils [bands plus polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs)] from 10 mL of bone marrow aspirate sample. By means of a discontinuous Percoll-gradient centrifugation through densities of 1.085, 1.095, and 1.10 g/mL a leukocyte-rich suspension of bone marrow can be separated into three leukocyte layers. By combining the lower two leukocyte layers (M2/3), a population of neutrophils consisting of 26% bands and 63% PMNs is seen. When compared with peripheral blood PMNs, these bone marrow neutrophils had a lower alkaline phosphatase activity, decreased ingestion of Oil Red O-coated particles, impaired superoxide release on stimulation with the chemotactic peptide Fmet-leu-phe (FMLP) or the tumor promotor phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), and less activity of the NADPH-dependent oxidase. These results indicate that morphologically mature neutrophilic cells within the bone marrow exist in a still functionally immature state.
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PMID:Purification and functional evaluation of mature neutrophils from human bone marrow. 301 53

Immunocytochemical and histochemical properties of macrophages present in the subcutaneous chronic inflammatory responses surrounding adult Onchocerca volvulus (nodules) in human tissues were examined. Macrophages with strong non-specific esterase (NSE) and acid phosphatase (AcPase) activities but weak adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity and HLA-DR expression (NSE+++, AcPase+++, ATPase-/+, HLA-DR-/+) were present in the centre of nodules. Many of the cells adhering to the surface of worms were NSE+++, AcPase+++, ATPase-, HLA-DR+++. The inner zone of the fibrous capsule of nodules contained macrophages with the profile NSE+++, AcPase-, ATPase-/+, HLA-DR-/+. A fourth type, NSE+++, AcPase-/+, ATPase-/+, HLA-DR+++, was located in the outer zone of the capsule, frequently within perivascular accumulations of macrophages, lymphocytes and plasma cells. Active fibroblasts were identified at the inner edge of the fibrous capsule by alkaline phosphatase staining. A feature of all nodules examined was the presence of lipid-filled macrophages, demonstrated by Oil Red O stain; these cells were usually situated in zones adjacent to the centre of nodules, and were of the NSE++, AcPase++, ATPase-/+, HLA-DR-/+ type. Lipid accumulation was not found to be related to the clinical status of the patients studied. The origin and functional significance of this lipid is unknown.
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PMID:A histocytochemical study of the macrophages present in tissue responses to adult Onchocerca volvulus. 344 Jul 61

The histochemistry and ultrastructure (SEM and TEM) of the spermatheca of Biomphalaria glabrata was investigated to elucidate the function of this organ and to compare its structure and function to similar organs found in other species. The spermatheca has a debris-filled lumen surrounded by a thin wall of tissue. The cells adjacent to the lumen are of three columnar epithelial cell types. Two cell types have abundant microvilli and mammalian cell-like organelle distribution and morphology. The above cell types differ in the electron density of their cytoplasms, nuclear morphologies, and organelle content. The third cell type differs from the other two in its cytoplasmic makeup. However, the most distinctive difference is the presence of large numbers of cilia at the apical surface with no evidence of microvilli. These columnar cells rest on a basal lamina adjacent to a two to three cell thick muscle layer. The entire organ is surrounded by an adventitia of unusual morphology. Histochemical investigation demonstrated that DNAase, RNAase, and protease are present in the lumen, alkaline phosphatase is associated primarily with the microvilli, small amounts of acid phosphatase are concentrated in the midcell area of the columnar epithelium, and ATPase activity is localized in the muscle cells and just below the absorptive surface of the microvillous cells. The luminal contents and adventitial areas are Sudan Black B positive, all areas of the lumen and organ wall are PAS positive, the cell nuclei and amorphous masses in the lumen showed Feulgen staining, and large vesicles in the columnar cells were Oil Red O positive. Apparently, the spermatheca of B. glabrata is both a digestive and absorptive structure. Although this organ shares functional similarities with those found in opisthobranchs and terrestrial pulmonates, the epithelia of the spermatheca differ dramatically in these groups.
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PMID:Structure and function of the spermatheca in a snail host of schistosomiasis, Biomphalaria glabrata. 364 39

A method for the isolation of intact phagocytic vesicles from guinea pig peritoneal-exudate granulocytes and human peripheral-blood leukocytes is presented. After leukocytes ingested the particles of a stable emulsion of paraffin oil, the uningested emulsion was washed away and the cells were homogenized. The homogenate was placed in the middle of a three-step discontinuous sucrose gradient and centrifuged for 1 hr at 100,000 g. The phagocytic vesicles, containing the low density paraffin-oil particles, were simultaneously washed and collected by floatation, while the other organelles, chiefly granules, sedimented through the lower wash layer, and the particle-free supernatant remained in the middle of the gradient. Emulsion particles stained with Oil Red O were employed to assay the rate of phagocytosis and to mark the location of the particles in subcellular fractions. The dye was extracted from washed cells or cell fractions with dioxane and colorimetrically quantified. The purity of phagocytic vesicles obtained by this method was assessed by electron microscopy, chemical analysis, and assay of enzyme composition. Granule-associated enzymes, acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, beta-glucuronidase, and peroxidase were present in the phagocytic vesicles and originated from the granules. Cyanide-resistant NADH (reduced form of diphosphopyridine nucleotide) oxidase was also found. Enzymes associated with the vesicles exhibited latency to Triton X-100. Uptake of particles and the transfer of total protein and phospholipid into phagocytic vesicles occurred simultaneously Accumulation of acid and alkaline phosphatase in the vesicles continued until phagocytosis ceased. Peroxidase, NADH oxidase, and beta-glucuronidase activities in the phagocytic vesicles, on the other hand, were maximal by 30 min and increased little thereafter even when phagocytosis was still going on.
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PMID:Isolation and properties of phagocytic vesicles from polymorphonuclear leukocytes. 410 63

The use of styrene in the production and processing of polymers, varnishes and paints is a prerequisite for a broad skin contact with the solvent, hence conditions for occupational effect on the workers, manifested with frequent contact toxic dermatitis. That determined the scope of this work, aiming at the specifying of the occupational risk in case of repeated dermal contact with styrene. The experiment was carried out in the course of 28 days on 70 albino male rats, treated daily, dermally with 4 ml/kg and 8 ml/kg from the substance and on groups with a following 14--day rehabilitation. The following methods were used in the investigation: histological (H.E.), histochemical (Sudan III, Sudan schwartz and PAS-reactions under the control of alpha-amilase), enzyme-histochemical (activity of alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatases, ATP, SDH, LDH and G16PDH) and electron microscopic. The repeated skin application of styrene was established to induce changes in the organism of the experimental animals, localized mainly in the liver and carrying the character of fatty dystrophia. The latter is directly proportional to the dose applied and the exposure duration. After a 14-day rehabilitation period, the dystrophia abates and the processes of proliferation and regeneration predominate in the organ, regardless of the enzyme disorders established in the oxidation-reduction processes of liver, with the higher styrene dose (8 ml/kg). The authors presume that the dynamic follow up of the adaptation mechanisms in liver, in case of repeated dermal contact with styrene, determines reversible tissue deviations in organism of the experimental animals, being dose-effect dependent. The authors are in the opinion that the occupational risk in production and processing of polystyrene is minimum when observing the sanitary instructions for safe contact.
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PMID:[Occupational risk after repeated skin exposure to styrene]. 717 69

A 35-years old female with Jordans' anomaly was reported. She had been treated for diabetes mellitus and hypertension at another hospital. She was admitted to our hospital for operation for diabetic retinopathy on July 9, 1992. Wright-Giemsa stained peripheral blood smear revealed multiple vacuoles in the cytoplasm of the granulocytes and monocytes. Histochemical studies of these vacuoles showed positive for Sudan III but negative for peroxidase, alkaline phosphatase and PAS staining. Electron microscopic examination revealed that lipid containing vacuoles had no clear membrane and were not associated with cell organelles. Laboratory findings of the serum showed hyperglycemia (FBS 188mg/dl), high HbA1c level (9.4%) and mild type IIa hyperlipidemia. Abdominal sonogram and abdominal CT showed no remarkable abnormalities except for mild fatty liver. Her elder sister and daughter had similar morphological findings in granulocytes, monocytes and lymphocytes.
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PMID:[A case of Jordans' anomaly]. 786 17

Osteoblasts and adipocytes originate from common mesenchymal precursors. With aging, there is a decrease in osteoprogenitor cells that parallels an increase of adipocytes in bone marrow. We observed that rabbit serum (RS) induces adipocyte-like differentiation in human osteosarcoma SaOS-2/B10 and MG-63 cell lines, in rat ROS17/2.8 cells, and in mouse calvaria-derived osteoblastic MB1.8 cells, as evidenced by the accumulation of Oil Red O positive lipid vesicles and the decrease in alkaline phosphatase expression. Both SaOS-2/B10 and MG-63 cells, but not ROS17/2.8 nor MB1.8 cells, express significant levels of PPARgamma mRNA, a member of the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR) family that has been implicated in the control of adipocyte differentiation. However, both ROS17/2.8 and MG-63 cells express significant levels of the adipocyte selective marker, aP2 fatty acid binding mRNA, which can be further increased by RS. These cell types express PPARdelta/NUC-1 but not PPARalpha, indicating that cells that do not express either PPARgamma or PPARalpha are capable of differentiating into adipocyte-like cells. Transfection experiments in COS cells showed that compared with fetal bovine serum (FBS), RS is rich in agents that stimulate PPAR-dependent transcription. The stimulatory activity was ethyl acetate extractable and was 35-fold more abundant in RS than in FBS. Purification and analysis revealed that the major components of this extract are free fatty acids. Furthermore, the same fatty acids, a mixture of palmitic, oleic, and linoleic acids, activate the PPARs and induce adipocyte-like differentiation of both ROS17/2.8 and SaOS-2/B10 cells. These findings suggest that fatty acids or their metabolites can initiate the switch from osteoblasts to adipocyte-like cells.
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PMID:High fatty acid content in rabbit serum is responsible for the differentiation of osteoblasts into adipocyte-like cells. 944 95

Osteoblasts and adipocytes are derived from common bone marrow stromal cells that play crucial roles in the generation of osteoclasts. Activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARgamma) induces adipogenic differentiation of stromal cells; however, whether this would affect osteoblast/osteoclast differentiation is unknown. Thus, we examined the effects of the thiazolidinedione (TZD) class of antidiabetic agents that activate PPARgamma on osteoblast/osteoclast differentiation using mouse whole bone marrow cell culture. As reported, all TZDs we tested (troglitazone, pioglitazone, and BRL 49653) markedly increased the number of Oil Red O-positive adipocytes and the expression of adipsin and PPARgamma 2. 1alpha,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25-(OH)2D3] did not affect adipogenic differentiation induced by TZDs. TZDs did not affect alkaline phosphatase activity, an early marker of osteoblastic differentiation, despite their marked adipogenic effects. TZDs decreased the number of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-positive multinucleated osteoclast-like cells induced by 1,25-(OH)2D3 or PTH. Troglitazone dose dependently inhibited basal and 1,25-(OH)2D3- and PTH-induced bone resorption as assessed by pit formation assay. Interleukin-11 blocked the induction by troglitazone of adipogenesis, but had no effect on the inhibition of osteoclast-like cell formation. These results indicate that TZDs are potent inhibitors of bone resorption in vitro. Inhibitory effects of TZDs on osteoclastic bone resorption was not osteotropic factor specific and did not appear to be related to their adipogenic effects. Thus, TZDs may suppress bone resorption in diabetic patients and prevent bone loss.
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PMID:Thiazolidinediones inhibit osteoclast-like cell formation and bone resorption in vitro. 1053 32

The stromal cell population in bone marrow has been the focus of much attention since it has been shown that this cell population can be expanded and differentiated into cells with the phenotype of bone, cartilage, muscle, stroma, neural, and fat cells. We evaluated umbilical cord blood (UCB) for the presence of these cells. From the mononuclear fraction of UCB, we demonstrated the presence of a subset of cells that have been maintained in continuous culture for more than 6 months (>10 passages). These adherent cell populations express adhesion molecules CD13+, CD29+, and CD44+, but not antigens of hematopoietic differentiation. Exposure of these cells to osteogenic agents resulted in an increase in expression of alkaline phosphatase and the appearance of hydroxyapatite nodules by Von Kossa staining. Incubation with adipogenic agents resulted in morphological change and staining with Oil Red O. In addition, when exposed to basic fibroblast growth factor and human epidermal growth factor the cells underwent changes consistent with cells of neural origin. These changes were demonstrated by a combination of immunofluorescent labeling and Western immunoblots for neural-specific markers. Thus, similar to what has been previously reported with bone marrow, cord blood contains a population of cells that can be expanded in culture and are able to express the phenotype of multiple lineages. Cord blood multilineage cells are slower to establish in culture, have a lower precursor frequency and a lower level of bone antigen expression, and lack constitutive expression of neural antigens when compared to bone marrow, suggesting a more primitive population. Cord blood may prove to be a new source of cells for cellular therapeutics for stromal, bone, and, potentially, neural repair.
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PMID:Multilineage differentiation activity by cells isolated from umbilical cord blood: expression of bone, fat, and neural markers. 1176 Jan 45


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