Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase)
 47,916 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Fifteen of 36 hyperthyroid patients had elevation in serum alkaline phosphatase activity. There was no difference in mean thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), age, or duration of illness between the groups with high alkaline phosphatase and normal alkaline phosphatase levels. After treatment, serum alkaline phosphatase levels rose as T4 levels declined; at 3 months, the mean serum alkaline phosphatase value rose from 7.1 Bodansky units to 10.3 Bodansky units (P less than 0.005), while the mean T4 value fell from 18 microgram/dl to 7.2 microgram/dl (P less than 0.005). In some patients, serum alkaline phosphatase values have remained elevated for more than 1 year, despite continued normality in thyroid variables. Before therapy, isoenzyme patterns analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis were qualitatively normal. As therapy was instituted, the isoenzyme patterns changed markedly, with increased amounts of bone alkaline phosphatase appearing in the serum as T4 levels were declining and total alkaline phosphatase was rising. Thyroid tissue homogenates from patients with Graves' disease were found to have very low levels of alkaline phosphatase activity and an isoenzyme pattern quite distinct from that found in the serum.
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PMID:Alkaline phosphatase isoenzyme patterns in hyperthyroidism. 58 89

Rats and hamsters were fed ETU at levels of 0, 5, 17, 60, 200 mg/kg in the diet. Body weights, food consumption, seric enzyme activities (GPT, alkaline phosphatase), hepatic enzyme activities (GPT, alkaline phosphatase G6PDH), cholesterolemia, thyroid weight and others organs, histology were the criteria studied. ETU was found causing hypercholesterolemia for the 2 species at 5 mg/kg dietary levels. Thyroid impairement is predominant in rat and hepatic impairment is predominant in hamster. ETU was found to be not carcinogenic for hamsters even at 200 mg/kg level and carcinogenic for rats at 60 mg/kg level for males and 200 mg/kg level for females.
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PMID:[Difference in the sensitivity of the hamster and the rat to the effects of long-term administration of ethylenethiourea]. 100 99

Thyroid specimens from 19 patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT), 11 with Graves' disease (GD), 4 with nontoxic goiter (NTG), 1 with subacute thyroiditis (SAT), 1 with thyroid adenoma and 4 from normal thyroids were investigated by alkaline phosphatase anti-alkaline phosphatase (APAAP) immunocytochemical technique. A group of monoclonal antibodies against the corresponding T cell activation antigens were used. The positive rates of all the four activation antigens in thyroid gland mononuclear cells (TG-MNC) were significantly higher in HT than in NTG (P less than 0.05-0.01). However, the differences between HT and GD were insignificant (P greater than 0.05) except for HLA-DR antigen. The activation antigen-positive (especially TLiSA 1+) TG-MNC were often seen intruding into thyroid lumens of HT. All the abnormal specimens expressed HLA-DR antigens on thyroid follicular cells (TFC) in different degrees (+/- to +3), and the degree in HT was significantly higher than that in GD (P less than 0.01) or NTG (P less than 0.05). The level of DR expression on TFC correlated significantly with the infiltrating degrees of T-activation-antigen-positive cells (P less than 0.01). This indicates that aberrant DR expression in vivo is closely related to the activation of intrathyroidal T cells.
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PMID:[Intrathyroidal T cell activation and HLA-DR antigen expression on thyroid follicular cells in autoimmune thyroid diseases]. 132 36

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) regulates the function of the thyroid gland. Its determination at low concentrations in serum is useful in the diagnosis of hyperthyroidism. In this paper, it is detected using a spectrophotometric enzyme-amplified immunoassay. The reporter enzyme is alkaline phosphatase and its substrate is flavin adenine dinucleotide phosphate (FADP). Reaction with alkaline phosphatase converts FADP into flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), which, unlike FADP, re-activates apo-D-amino acid oxidase (apo-AOD). Re-activation of apo-AOD allows the product of the reporter enzyme to be amplified. The lower limit of detection for TSH by this method is 0.06 microU cm-3. This compares with 0.54 microU cm-3 for an identical assay in which p-nitrophenyl phosphate was the substrate for alkaline phosphatase. Contaminating alkaline phosphatase was removed from the reagents by affinity chromatography.
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PMID:Spectrophotometric enzyme-amplified immunoassay for thyroid stimulating hormone. 144 31

We showed previously that human thyroglobulin (hTG) contains anionic complex carbohydrate units with up to four sulfate groups, some containing both sulfate and sialic acid. Recent reports indicate that the carbohydrate units of hTG may also contain phosphate, but these reports are not all in accord. The purpose of this study was to confirm the presence of phosphate on the carbohydrate units of hTG and to determine whether phosphate coexists with other acidic moieties, such as sulfate and sialic acid, on the same carbohydrate units. Alkaline phosphatase and acid hydrolysis were used to detect phosphate on the sulfated carbohydrate units of hTG derived from normal and neoplastic tissues. Thyroid fragments from two patients were incubated for 16 h in [35S]sulfate-containing medium, and hTG was purified. Complex carbohydrates were released from hTG with endoglycosidase-F and analyzed at pH 2.2 on a HPLC ion exchange column. Sulfate-containing peaks were monitored by radioactivity, and sialic acid-containing ones were identified by their reduced charge after neuraminidase or acid treatment. None of the sulfate-labeled carbohydrate peaks shifted after alkaline phosphatase treatment alone, indicating that none of them contained phosphomonoesters. Several of the sulfate-labeled peaks shifted after acid hydrolysis, some to positions of decreased charge, due to removal of sialic acid, and some to positions of increased charge, suggesting the presence of phosphodiesters. The latter was confirmed by the observation that some of the newly formed peaks were susceptible to alkaline phosphatase digestion. Thus, acid hydrolysis converted phosphodiesters into alkaline phosphatase-susceptible phosphomonoesters, most likely mannose-6-phosphate. We conclude that some anionic complex carbohydrate units of hTG contain exclusively sulfate, while others contain combinations of sulfate, sialic acid, and phosphodiesters. Phosphodiesters are present in the sulfated carbohydrate units of hTG from normal as well as neoplastic thyroid tissue.
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PMID:Anionic carbohydrate groups of human thyroglobulin containing both phosphate and sulfate. 185 82

2-Mercaptobenzimidazole (2-MBI), used in rubber processing, is a suspect carcinogen structurally related to ethylene thiourea. The inhalation toxicity of 2-MBI was evaluated in male and female F344/N rats exposed 6 hr/day, 5 days/week to respirable aerosols generated by spray atomization of aqueous suspensions of the 2-MBI powder and subsequent drying of the resulting aerosols. Twelve exposures at target concentrations of 0, 6.3, 12.5, 25.0, 50.0, or 100 mg/m3 of 2-MBI produced a dose-related reduction in body weight gains, thyroid follicular cell hyperplasia, adrenal cortex fatty change, and pituitary atrophy. Sub-chronic exposures were conducted at target concentrations of 0, 3.1, 6.2, 12.5, 25.0, and 50.0 mg/m3 of 2-MBI. Rats at greater than or equal to 25 mg/m3 displayed hunched posture, hypoactivity, and reduced body weight gain, with compound related mortality at the highest exposure level. Anemia; increased SGPT, SGOT, alkaline phosphatase, sorbitol dehydrogenase, BUN, and cholesterol; and reduced free fatty acid were seen in rats at greater than or equal to 25 mg/m3. Increased thyroid weight and thyroid follicular cell hyperplasia were noted in both sexes at greater than or equal to 6.2 mg/m3, with reduced triiodothyronine and thyroxine levels in both sexes at greater than or equal to 12.5 mg/m3. Thyroid follicular cell hyperplasia was also seen in rats at 3.1 mg/m3. Thymus weights were significantly reduced in both sexes at all exposure levels with liver weight increases at greater than or equal to 6.2 mg/m3. Exposure-related histopathologic changes included pituitary cytoplasmic vacuolization, adrenal cortex necrosis, lymphoid depletion, thymic atrophy, liver cell hypertrophy, renal mineralization and tubular atrophy, and hypocellularity of the bone marrow.
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PMID:Prechronic inhalation toxicity studies of 2-mercaptobenzimidazole (2-MBI) in F344/N rats. 201 41

The authors have examined the enzyme histochemical staining of surgically removed human thyroid tissue in an attempt to identify markers that might be useful in the histopathologic diagnosis of thyroid neoplasms. Fresh thyroid glands and other tissues were fixed in cold (4 degrees C) 4% paraformaldehyde and embedded in glycol methacrylate. Forty-two specimens were studied in thin sections, which gave excellent histologic detail and enzyme preservation. Cytologic detail was similar to that in Papanicolaou-stained smears, with good definition of nuclear inclusions and grooves, particularly in cases of papillary carcinoma. The enzyme histochemical reactions studied were as follows: adenosine triphosphatase, alkaline and acid phosphatases, alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase, and 5'-nucleotidase. Thyroid epithelial cells and the benign neoplasms derived from them were typically positive for 5'-nucleotidase, alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase, and acid phosphatase, and negative for adenosine triphosphatase and alkaline phosphatase. Staining for adenosine triphosphatase was present in papillary and follicular carcinomas and was seen in benign glands only under certain circumstances such as Graves' disease. The adenosine triphosphatase reaction therefore appears to be helpful in distinguishing between benign and malignant neoplasms derived from thyroid epithelium in humans and may be a useful adjunct to routine morphology.
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PMID:Enzyme histochemistry and thyroid neoplasia. 301 Jun 99

Thyroid function was investigated in 123 yusho patients who were exposed to toxic levels of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) 16 years ago. In yusho patients, compared with the patients without evidence of yusho or normal controls, the serum triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) levels were significantly higher, while thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) levels measured by sensitive assay were normal. There was no difference in serum levels of albumin, alkaline phosphatase, total cholesterol, and thyroxine binding globulin (TBG) between the two groups and the prevalence of positive antithyroid autoantibodies was almost the same, suggesting that hyperthyroxinemia in yusho patients was not due to increased TBG binding or abnormal autoimmune mechanism. Serum free T4 levels, however, were not elevated, although T4/TBG ratio was significantly higher. The thyroid hormone levels were higher than normal value in 4 of 123 yusho patients but only 1 case had clinical symptoms such as excessive perspiration. Despite higher serum PCBs in yusho patients, there was no correlation between PCB levels and levels of T3, T4, or TSH. The present results suggest hyperthyroxinemia without obvious clinical symptoms in yusho patients long after exposure to PCBs.
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PMID:Thyroid function in "yusho" patients exposed to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB). 312 Dec 98

Thyroid hormones are essential for cartilage growth and maturation. In order to assess their actions during different periods of skeletal development, [125I]-triiodothyronine (T3) binding capacity in epiphyseal cartilage and triiodothyronine concentrations in serum were quantitated in bovine fetuses of the second and third trimesters of gestation (equivalent to fetal sizes of 10-90 cm crown-rump (CR) length), and related to the alkaline phosphatase activities in the same cartilaginous tissues. Nuclear T3 binding levels, which were initially low during 10-30 cm CR, rose to a peak value (1.7 pmol/mg DNA) at the end of the second trimester (40-50 cm CR). Then, following a sharp decline at 50-60 cm CR, T3 binding rose to a moderate level in the later gestational period (60-90 cm CR). Serum total triiodothyronine rose transiently in fetuses of 30-50 cm CR to a peak level (34 ng/100 ml), and subsequently increased continuously in the later period (60-90 cm CR). Alkaline phosphatase activities measured in epiphyseal chondrocytes rose significantly in fetuses of 60-90 cm CR. The coincident rise of cartilage triiodothyronine binding capacity and serum circulating triiodothyronine levels in the late second trimester suggests that this thyroid hormone induces its own binding sites in bovine epiphyseal cartilage; the dramatic increase in the level of serum triiodothyronine during the third trimester of gestation is temporally related to the increase in alkaline phosphatase activity of chondrocytes, as well as other recognized developmental changes in the fetal bovine skeletal tissues.
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PMID:Gestational changes of thyroid hormone action in the developing fetal bovine epiphysis. 312 43

To investigate certain physiological aspects of the mode of action of zeranol or Ralgro on growth, behavior and carcass quality of young bulls, concentrations of 19 blood components and weights of eight organs were determined. Experimental animals consisted of 36 untreated steers, 36 untreated bulls, 36 bulls implanted with zeranol at 3 mo of age and subsequently at 5, 8 and 10 mo and 36 bulls implanted with zeranol at 6 mo of age and subsequently at 9 and 11 mo. In addition, half of the animals in each group were subjected to moderate pre-slaughter stress (mixing and trucking 160 km); the other half was subjected to minimum pre-slaughter stress (no mixing and 4 km transport). Concentrations of cortisol, urea nitrogen and albumin in serum were higher (P less than .01) and those of glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), alkaline phosphatase (AP) and creatinine were lower (P less than .05) in steers than in intact males. Concentrations of GOT, LDH, and creatinine were higher (P less than .05) in implanted than those in control males. Pre-slaughter stress had a significant effect on several traits measured in blood or serum. Thyroid glands were smaller (P less than .01) in steers than in control and implanted males. Testes were smaller (P less than .01) in the zeranol-implanted than in untreated males. Results indicate that zeranol had only a minor effect on the 19 blood components studied, but it did reduce testicle size. Castration had a major impact on several of the blood components. Pre-slaughter management had a significant effect on several blood components.
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PMID:Blood and serum components and organ weights in steers, bulls and zeranol-implanted bulls. 355 52


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