Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase)
47,916 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Serum chemistry values were obtained from 64 adult San Joaquin kit foxes (Vulpes macrotis mutica) in western Kern County, California (USA). The goal of the study was to establish normal chemistry values for this endangered species. No significant differences were found for mean values of alanine aminotransferase (217.1 IU/l), alkaline phosphatase (44.2 IU/l), cholesterol (145.6 mg/dl), total protein (5.8 g/dl), creatinine (0.63 mg/dl), calcium (8.2 mg/dl), albumin (3.0 g/dl), glucose (129.2 mg/dl), amylase (196.8 IU/l), sodium (153.7 mEq/l) and phosphorus (5.42 mg/dl) between sexes or seasons. Significant differences were noted for aspartate aminotransferase, blood urea nitrogen and potassium between seasons. Possible disturbances in normal hepatic and renal functions were noted.
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PMID:Serum chemistry values of the endangered San Joaquin kit fox (Vulpes macrotis mutica). 151 73

An improved understanding of medical problems of alcoholic patients can be gained from commonly encountered laboratory test results. Liver function tests--such as measures of alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and lactate dehydrogenase--may provide evidence of altered hepatic activity of different types, such as obstruction and hepatocellular injury. Other test results may indicate impaired hepatic function, such as measurements of albumin, bilirubin, prothrombin time, and blood urea nitrogen. Alterations are also common in electrolytes, blood glucose, magnesium, phosphate, uric acid, and acid-base balance. Disturbances in hematologic function are not infrequent in alcoholic patients, including anemias from many causes, altered granulocyte responses, and thrombocytopenia.
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PMID:Clinical significance in alcoholic patients of commonly encountered laboratory test results. 159 68

We determined approximately 15,000 laboratory values in 236 individuals between the ages of 60 and 90 y, 22 individuals between 90 and 99 y, and 69 individuals greater than or equal to 100 y, and compared these with values in young adults. We tested 47 different analytes in the 60-90-y group and 93 analytes in the greater than or equal to 90-y group. Na, K, Cl, and CO2 values were either identical or showed minimal change with age; pH decreased slightly. Differences in Ca values were only minor, but ionized Ca increased slightly. Phosphate decreased in men, but changed only minimally in women; parathyroid hormone increased with age. Increases with age were also observed for glucose, insulin, and C-peptide. Among the enzymes, alkaline phosphatase increased in women, but in men only greater than 90 y; gamma-glutamyltransferase increased in both sexes. Creatine kinase (CK) decreased slightly in individuals greater than 70 y and markedly in those greater than 90 y of age, whereas CK-MB decreased markedly greater than 70 y, reaching the detection limit in individuals greater than 90 y. Lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme 5 decreased slightly with age. Urea nitrogen increased gradually with age, but creatinine increased only in individuals greater than or equal to 90 y. The increase in urea is not paralleled by a loss of protein in urine, suggesting that the possible cause of azotemia may not always be renal pathology. Urate increased in women but not in men. Liver function, as measured by total bilirubin and liver enzymes, was exceedingly well maintained. Concentrations of most proteins show little change, except for slight decreases in prealbumin, albumin, and transferrin, proteins used as an index of nutritional status. IgA values increased, IgG ranges were wider, IgM and IgD decreased, and the range for IgE was narrower than in young adults. Cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglyceride values increased with age, but decreased in individuals greater than or equal to 90 y. Among the trace elements, magnesium changed little, zinc and lead decreased, and copper values increased with age. Total triiodothyronine and thyroxine decreased, with concomitant increases in thyroid-stimulating hormone. More individuals had increased microsomal antibodies and thyroglobulin titers in the aging population than in the young. In men, the free, percent free, bioactive, and total testosterone values decreased, but luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) values increased. In women, estrone and estradiol values decreased, with concomitant increases in LH and FSH. Androstenedione and progesterone decreased in both sexes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Laboratory values in fit aging individuals--sexagenarians through centenarians. 159 90

Egyptian scorpion venom was collected by electrical stimulation of the telson. Rats were injected with the lyophilized venom in 3 different doses (100, 200 and 400 micrograms/kg). Blood samples were drawn by heart puncture before and 4 h after venom administration. Serum was separated and collected for determination of glucose, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, uric acid (UA), total proteins, cholesterol, sodium, potassium, calcium, inorganic phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase (AST, GOT), alanine aminotransferase (ALT, GPT), lactate dehydrogenase and creatine phosphokinase (CPK). Serum glucose, creatinine, GOT, GPT and LDH were increased significantly in all treatments. At the same time serum BUN and CPK were elevated significantly with a dose-response relationship. On the other hand, serum total proteins, uric acid, cholesterol, calcium and potassium were significantly decreased 4 h after administration of the 3 doses. These changes in clinical chemistry parameters are most probably related to the toxic effect of the venom on the target organs.
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PMID:Effect of scorpion Leiurus quinquestriatus (H&E) venom on the clinical chemistry parameters of the rat. 160 45

A series of modified trp operator sequences has been prepared by the incorporation of seven different base analogues. Four of the analogues allow the site-specific deletion of functional groups present on the dA-dT and dT-dA base pairs at positions -4/+4 and -5/+5 in the trp operator. The remaining three analogues permit the incorporation of structural analogues of the native dA-dT or dG-dC base pairs. The duplex operator sequences all exhibit Tm values well above ambient temperature (48-70 degrees C), and these values generally correlate very well with the number of interstrand hydrogen bonds present. The affinity between the trp repressor and 14 modified operator sequences was examined using a recently developed alkaline phosphatase protection assay. The results from the analogue sequences used in this study suggest that the structure of the dA-dT or dT-dA base pairs at positions -4/+4 and -5/+5, respectively, has relatively little effect upon the solution binding by the trp repressor, but the protein is very sensitive to the orientation of the amino and carbonyl functional groups at the -4/+4 positions, which are involved in the formation of an interbase hydrogen bond present in the major groove. (The term structure in this case refers to the hydrogen bonding structure of the base pairs. We recognize that the introduction of conservative functional group deletions or reversals may affect other structural criteria such as hydration.) The deletion of individual functional groups from the operator sequence suggests that the carbonyl at dT+4 is critical for formation of the high-affinity sequence-specific complex. Additionally, the thymine methyl group at dT+4 and the N7 nitrogen of dA+5 appear to be critical contacts necessary for high-affinity binding by the repressor. The thymine carbonyl and the adenine N7 nitrogen are each responsible for approximately -1.5 kcal/mol of apparent free energy of binding. The thymine methyl provides a somewhat smaller contribution of -0.7 kcal/mol. Deletion of either of the adenine amino groups at dA-4 or dA+5 results in a sequence that binds to the repressor with a higher affinity than observed with the native sequence; this can be explained in that the functional groups lost are not critical for binding, and the resulting increased flexibility of the operator, or the creation of a more hydrophobic surface at these sites, enhances van der Waals contacts between the protein and the nucleic acid.
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PMID:Interactions between the trp repressor and its operator sequence as studied by base analogue substitution. 161 Aug 35

A putative reservoir of functional plasma membrane proteins, the secretory vesicle identified by latent alkaline phosphatase and tetranectin, has previously been demonstrated based on indirect evidence (Borregaard, N., Miller, L. J., and Springer, T. A. (1987) Science 237, 1204-1206; Borregaard, N., Christensen, L., Bjerrum, O. W., Birgens, H. S., and Clemmesen, I. (1990) J. Clin. Invest. 85, 408-416). Difficulties in separating plasma membranes from this entity by density gradient centrifugation has prohibited discriminative dynamic and quantitative studies of secretory vesicles and plasma membranes. By combining density centrifugation with free flow electrophoresis we overcame this obstacle. Freshly prepared unperturbed human neutrophils were subjected to nitrogen cavitation followed by density centrifugation on Percoll gradients. Light membrane fractions containing plasma membranes and secretory vesicles were applied to high voltage free flow electrophoresis on an Elphor VaP 22. Plasma membrane vesicles, identified by HLA class I antigen mixed enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Bjerrum, O. W., and Borregaard, N. (1990) Scand. J. Immunol. 31, 305-313) and 125I applied to cells before cavitation, were clearly separated from secretory vesicles. Electron microscopy revealed a morphology typical of plasma membranes in the former fraction and a population of vesicles with markedly different appearance in the latter. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis profiles demonstrated distinct differences in protein patterns between the two fractions. Superoxide generating capacity induced by sodium dodecyl sulfate and cytosol, an entity traditionally ascribed to the plasma membrane, was largely confined to fractions containing secretory vesicles. Thus, the majority of membrane-bound NADPH oxidase components of light membranes of human neutrophils colocalize with secretory vesicles.
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PMID:Separation of human neutrophil plasma membrane from intracellular vesicles containing alkaline phosphatase and NADPH oxidase activity by free flow electrophoresis. 163 31

Caramel Colour IV, a type of caramel colour used in the manufacture of cola soft drinks, was evaluated for subchronic and chronic toxicity in rats, and carcinogenicity in Fischer-344 (F344) rats and B6C3F1 mice. In each of the studies, Caramel Colour IV was mixed with demineralized water and the solutions given to the animals ad lib. in the drinking fluid. The concentrations of Caramel Colour IV in the drinking fluid were adjusted periodically to achieve the desired caramel colour intake per kg body weight. In the range-finding studies, groups of 30 rats/sex were given Caramel Colour IV at levels of 0, 15, 20, 25 or 30 g/kg for 13 wk, and groups of 10 male rats were given levels of 0, 2.5, 5, 10 or 15 g/kg for 6 wk followed, for some dose groups, by a 2-wk withdrawal period, and then re-initiation of dosing for another 2 wk. In the rat chronic toxicity study, levels of Caramel Colour IV of 0, 2.5, 5, 7.5 or 10 g/kg were given to groups of 25 rats/sex for 12 months. The test groups in the rat and mouse carcinogenicity studies were composed of 50 animals/sex and each species was given the caramel colour at levels of 0, 0, 2.5, 5 or 10 g/kg for 24 months. In each of the studies, treated animals tended to have dose-related lower water consumption than controls. This was attributed to poor palatability of the drinking fluid, and was generally associated with decreased food consumption and body weights. Rats given caramel colour often had soft or liquid malodorous faeces although there were no treatment-related ante-mortem observations in mice. Blood biochemical changes in the rat (i.e. reduced blood urea nitrogen, alkaline phosphatase and total serum protein) appeared to be related to dietary influences and were not considered toxicologically significant. There were no treatment-related alterations in haematological variables or treatment-related differences in survival or in the incidence of benign or malignant tumours among treated and control groups and no toxicologically important pathological findings. On the basis of these studies, Caramel Colour IV was not toxic or carcinogenic in F344 rats or B6C3F1 mice. The highest dose level tested in the long-term studies (10 g/kg) was considered to be the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL).
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PMID:Toxicity and carcinogenicity studies of Caramel Colour IV in F344 rats and B6C3F1 mice. 164 85

Serum samples from 254 wild-caught Aotus nancymai were analyzed to determine the reference intervals for serum chemistry parameters in this species. Findings show values of total bilirubin, creatinine, alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase, urea nitrogen, serum albumin, and gamma glutamic transpeptidase having a non-normal distribution. Based on nonparametric tests, significant differences between male and female values were observed for cholesterol, serum calcium, and gamma glutamic transpeptidase. Males were significantly heavier than females. The reference intervals presented were estimated by the nonparametric percentile method.
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PMID:Serum chemistry of the wild caught karyotype I night monkey (Aotus nancymai). 165 42

Experiments were carried out to study the digestibility of a cassava (gari) diet and its effect on growth in young male dogs. Three groups of dogs were fed on diets with rice (control), cassava (gari), and rice + cyanide respectively as the carbohydrate source. Each diet contained 130 g crude protein (nitrogen x 6.25)/kg, was supplemented with vitamins and minerals, and was fed for 14 weeks. Variables measured were body-weight gain, bone growth, plasma alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1) activity, total serum 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3) and some plasma free amino acids. The apparent digestibilities of dry matter, protein and fat were not significantly different in the three groups, but the digestibility of gari fibre was significantly lower than the digestibility of rice fibre when fed to dogs (P less than 0.05). Proximate analysis of the faeces showed that the group of dogs fed on the gari diet had faeces which had a significantly higher moisture content than the faeces of the other groups (P less than 0.05), and also a significantly higher fibre content (P less than 0.05). There was no significant difference in body-weight gain and bone growth between the control and gari-fed groups of dogs, but these variables were significantly lower in the dogs fed on the rice + cyanide diet (P less than 0.05). At the end of the 14-week experimental period total serum T3 and plasma alkaline phosphatase activity were not significantly different between the control group of dogs and the gari-fed group, but were significantly lower in the rice + cyanide group. Plasma free methionine, leucine, isoleucine and valine concentrations were higher in the rice + cyanide group of dogs than in the control group and the gari group, indicating that these amino acids were accumulating and not being utilized for protein synthesis and growth to the same extent in the rice + cyanide group of dogs as in the other groups. It was concluded that the digestibilities of cassava starch and rice starch were the same in the dog but that rice fibre was more digestible in the dog than cassava fibre. It was also concluded that growth proceeded normally when a balanced gari diet or a balanced rice diet containing 130 g crude protein/kg was fed to dogs, but growth was retarded when a balanced rice + cyanide diet containing 130 g crude protein/kg was fed to dogs because total serum T3 concentration became greatly depressed.
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PMID:Digestibility of a nutritionally-balanced cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) diet and its effect on growth in young male dogs. 166 68

Glutamine synthetase from Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803 is inactivated by ammonium addition to cells growing with nitrate as the nitrogen source. The enzyme can be reactivated in vitro by different methods such as alkaline phosphatase treatment, but not phosphodiesterase, by raising the pH of the crude extract to values higher than 8, by increasing the ionic strength of the cell-free extract, or by preincubation with organic solvents, such as 2-propanol and ethanol. These results suggest that the loss of glutamine synthetase activity promoted by ammonium involves the non-covalent binding of a phosphorylated compound to the enzyme and support previous results that rule out the existence of an adenylylation/deadenylylation system functioning in the regulation of cyanobacterial glutamine synthetase.
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PMID:In vitro reactivation of in vivo ammonium-inactivated glutamine synthetase from Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. 168 95


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