Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase)
47,916 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Three groups of patients receiving methoxyflurane or halothane or pethidine after thiopentone suxamethonium induction were compared. Using multivariate Student t tests with simultaneous confidence intervals, significant differences in the test battery of uric acid, creatinine, blood urea nitrogen and sodium in the methoxyflurane series compared with the other series was found, indicating transient impaired kidney function. Likewise, there was a significant difference between the methoxyflurane and the other series in the s.g.p.t., s.g.o.t., alkaline phosphatase and bilirubin test battery, indicating impaired liver function. This was found after doses less than 16 ml which, so far, had been considered to be without any toxic effects.
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PMID:Changes in kidney and liver function after methoxyflurane (penthrane) anaesthesia. 125 15

Delta9- Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) was administered subcutaneously to female New Zealand white strain rabbits for 13 days. The animals were randomly divided into six groups of five animals each of which consisted of untreated controls, vehicle (undiluted propylene glycol)-treated, and THC treatment at dose levels of 100, 30, 10, and 3 mg/kg/day. All animals survived for the duration of the study. The THC-treated rabbits did not gain significant body weight which seems to be due to a decreased food consumption. There were some variations in various hematologic values, but they all were within the normal range for our laboratory. Blood chemistry evaluations showed decreased serum levels of potassium, glucose, blood urea nitrogen, alkaline phosphatase, and albumin/globulin (A/G) ratio and an increase in cholesterol levels of all treated animals. A significant increase in billirubin values was noted in the animsls of the 3- and 10-mg/kg groups. The injection site in the skin of the THC-treated rabbits showed signs of local irritation (erythema and subcutaneous abscesses). There was a reduction in absolute and percent of body weight of the liver and absolute weight of the lungs of the treated animals. However, no histopathologic alterations were observed. It may be concluded that THC treatment subcutaneously for 13 days in rabbits up to a dose level of 100 mg/kg/day did not produce any significant toxicity, except anorexia and some local dermal irritation.
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PMID:Toxicity of delta9 -tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) administered subcutaneously for 13 days to female rabbits. 127 84

The diagnosis of pancreatic disease is difficult. The first step is clinical suspicion, based on the symptoms and signs. If pancreatic disease is suspected, investigation is necessary to prove this diagnosis. Investigation aims to answer two questions: a) is there pancreatic disease and b) if so, what type? The first question may be answered by demonstrating abnormal pancreatic function, using pancreatic function tests, whereas the second is answered by using techniques to demonstrate structural (anatomical) abnormalities of the pancreas. a) The methods to establish abnormal pancreatic function consist of 1. tests to demonstrate abnormal digestive capability, 2. tests to study pancreatic exocrine secretion, and 3. tests to study endocrine secretion. The tests of group 1 are: chemical fat balance study before and during enzyme replacement therapy, faecal nitrogen balance study, and the demonstration of either the malabsorption of vitamins A, D and K or the sequelae of their malabsorption (low serum calcium, high alkaline phosphatase, prolonged prothrombin time, etc.). Abnormal vitamin B12 absorption also may be present. 2. The tests designed to study pancreatic exocrine secretion are determination of the presence or absence of proteolytic enzymes in the stool, the secretion test, the pancreozymin stimulation test and the Lundh test. The serum amylase and lipase values are of little help in assessment of pancreatic function. 3. The tests to study endocrine function are the glucose tolerances test (which frequently gives abnormal results in pancreatic disease), and radioimmunoassays for insulin and gastrointestinal hormones (which may be increased in patients with functioning tumours of the islet cells). b) The techniques used to establish structural abnormalities of the pancreas are: duodenal cytology (during secretin tests), radiological techniques (abdominal survey films, barium meal, hypotonic duodenography, roentgenography of the biliary tract, barium enema, and angiography,) gastroscopy, duodensocopy, endoscopy and retrograde pancreatography, echography, scan and laparotomy. The relative value of these tests is discussed.
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PMID:Diagnosis of chronic pancreatic disease. 127 46

Ifosfamide (IF) is an alkylating cytostatic derived from nitrogen mustard. In addition to its well-known urotoxic effects (hemorrhagic cystitis), several cases of Fanconi syndrome following IF therapy have been reported. No information is available concerning the pathomechanisms of this tubulotoxicity. We used the permanent renal epithelial cell line LLC-PK1 in order to investigate whether major metabolites of IF (i.e. 4-OH-IF, acrolein and chloracetyldehyde) induced the transport defects most frequently detected after IF therapy in vivo. LLC-PK1 cells of passages 162-177, grown in plastic culture dishes, were used in a confluent state. Sodium-dependent and independent fluxes of l-[3H]alanine and of D-[3H]glucose were determined by standard techniques. Activities of marker enzymes of apical and basolateral membranes, of mitochondria and of endoplasmic reticulum were determined in cell homogenates. IF itself has no detectable effect on fluxes of l-alanine and D-glucose in LLC-PK1 cells. The IF metabolite 4-OOH-IF induces a clear inhibition of sodium-dependent fluxes of both substrates after a 24-hour exposure of cells to 100 mumol/l of 4-OOH-IF. Chloracetaldehyde induces a biphasic response of sodium-dependent fluxes of l-alanine with increased uptake rates at low concentrations (< 200 mumol/l) and with a short incubation time, while higher concentrations and long exposure of the cells leads to a reduction in sodium coupled transport. Glucose transport is affected in a comparable way, however, in contrast to alanine transport, chloracetaldehyde also stimulates sodium-independent fluxes of glucose. Acrolein is the most toxic substance tested. It severely damages cell monolayers at concentrations beyond 75 mumol/l. Sodium-coupled glucose and alanine transport is inhibited by acrolein at concentrations higher than 50 mumol/l. Sodium-coupled glucose transport is more sensitive to all metabolites tested than alanine transport. While acrolein strongly affects both transport systems, marker enzymes of the apical plasma membrane, i.e. alkaline phosphatase and leucine amino-peptidase, are not significantly inhibited, suggesting a specificity of the toxic effect for the transport proteins. We conclude that LLC-PK1 cells represent a good model for further investigation of the pathogenesis of Fanconi syndrome after IF therapy. Sodium-dependent transport systems are more sensitive to acrolein than other cell surface proteins.
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PMID:Inhibition of sodium-dependent transport systems in LLC-PK1 cells by metabolites of ifosfamide. 128 22

Blood samples were collected from 91 rusa deer (Cervus timorensis russa), immediately after being shot. Serum mean biochemical values from shot deer are presented for blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, creatine kinase, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, total bilirubin, total protein, albumin, calcium, and phosphorus. Mean total protein and albumin increased with age. There was an age-associated increase of gamma globulins. Mean creatine kinase activity and creatinine, albumin and phosphorus concentrations were higher in stags than in hinds. Pregnant hinds had lower mean creatine kinase activity and phosphorus and higher mean alanine aminotransferase and total protein than non-pregnant hinds. Mean calcium concentration increased when deer were agitated before bleeding.
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PMID:Serum biochemical values of rusa deer (Cervus timorensis russa) in New Caledonia. 128 72

The individual and combined effects of dietary toasted soybean meal (3.13-25%) and dietary licorice root extract (0.38-3.0%) on selected liver and intestinal enzyme levels and on clinical chemistry and histopathological parameters were evaluated on male F344 rats. All parameters were measured one and three months after the 50-day-old rats were started on the diets. By use of newly developed high-performance liquid chromatography-based analytic methods, measurable levels of daidzein (2.67 micrograms/ml) and glycyrrhetinic acid (7.87 micrograms/ml) were detected in the sera of rats on the 25% soybean and 3% licorice diets, respectively. Histopathological evaluations of organs and tissues yielded only nonsignificant strain-related changes. At all dosages, there were no significant soybean- or licorice-related anatomic lesions or hematologic changes. In the clinical biochemistry profile, soybean meal caused moderate but significant dose-dependent decreases in serum cholesterol and increases in alkaline phosphatase, blood urea nitrogen, and phosphorus, which remained within the normal range. Liver glutathione transferase, catalase, and protein kinase C showed significant inductions (up to 50%) in response to increasing doses of soybean meal and licorice extract, with evidence for only marginal interaction between the two additives. Their effects on the intestinal mucosa were not significant. Ornithine decarboxylase levels, an indicator of promotional activity, were unchanged or repressed by the additives. The favorable effects of up to 25% toasted soybean meal and 3% licorice root extract on the levels of the four enzymes, without unfavorable changes in clinical parameters, might account in part for the chemopreventive activities of these additives. These effects would be in addition to direct inhibitory effects of known components in these additives on these or other enzymes or modulation of hormone activity that is not evaluated in this study.
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PMID:Effect of dietary soybean and licorice on the male F344 rat: an integrated study of some parameters relevant to cancer chemoprevention. 129 95

A study was conducted on 20 "Rahmani" male lambs of 16 kg body weight fed on normal feed level and high vitamin A level (NF-HV); normal feed level and normal vitamin A level (NF-NV); low feed level and high vitamin A level (LF-HV) or low feed level and normal vitamin A level (LF-NV) till slaughter weight of 35-40 kg. Average daily gains of lambs were 211, 148, 117 and 87 g for the NF-HV, NF-NV, LF-HV and LF-NV groups, respectively. The corresponding feed conversions were 4.3, 5.9, 5.0 and 6.4 kg DM/kg gain. Raising feed intake and vitamin A level enhanced nutrients digestibility and nitrogen balance. Rumen liquor reflected higher pH value in animals fed higher intake (NF) in the first two diets. Both feed intake and vitamin A levels enhanced volatile fatty acids and ammonia concentrations in the rumen liquor. Feed intake and vitamin A levels positively affected haemoglobin content, packed cell volume, glucose, urea, total protein, vitamin A, insulin, cholesterol, phospholipids, glutamate oxaloacetate and glutamate pyruvate transaminases and alkaline phosphatase in blood Vitamin A, insulin, cholesterol and phospholipids in blood increased gradually over the experimental period. Dressing percentages were 56.2, 49.6, 49.1 and 44.6% for the experimental groups, respectively. Liver content of glycogen and vitamin A increased with increasing feed intake and vitamin A levels. It is concluded that higher levels of vitamin A supplementation (than usually recommended) is required during fattening of lambs. Low energy and normal vitamin A levels are not recommended in lambs feeding.
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PMID:Effect of feed intake and dietary vitamin A levels on sheep performance. 129 61

We sought to determine if there were any differences in the results of clinical laboratory tests between blood samples collected from the orbital venous plexus and the posterior vena cava of adult male rats. Thirty healthy adult male Sprague Dawley rats were anesthetized by ether inhalation, and blood samples were collected successively from the orbital venous plexus (OVP) and the posterior vena cava (PVC) for hematologic (n = 10), serum chemistry (n = 10), and coagulation (n = 10) analyses. The prothrombin and partial thromboplastin times of samples from the OVP were prolonged (17% and 288%, respectively) when compared with samples from the PVC. Respective hematologic biases were as follows: red blood cell count (7%), hemoglobin (6%), hematocrit (5%), mean corpuscular volume (-3%), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (-1%), mean corpuscular hemoglobin content (1%), white blood cell count (13%), and platelet count (-7%). Respective serum chemistry biases were as follows: sorbitol dehydrogenase (-7%), glucose (-7%), blood urea nitrogen (-10%), creatinine (-2%), total protein (4%), albumin (2%), globulin (9%), alkaline phosphatase (5%), lactate dehydrogenase (-6%), aspartate aminotransferase (-5%), alanine aminotransferase (-2%), total bilirubin (0%), direct bilirubin (0%), magnesium (-17%), sodium (4%), potassium (0), chloride (4%), calcium (-2%), phosphorous (-17%), cholesterol (3%), triglycerides (24%), creatinine kinase (-8%), 5'nucleotidase (0%), and total bile acids (4%). For hematologic testing, there were no biologically significant differences between samples collected from the OVP and PVC. The coagulation times and serum Mg and P showed biologically significant differences between samples collected from the OVP and PVC.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Effect of bleeding site on clinical laboratory testing of rats: orbital venous plexus versus posterior vena cava. 132 Jan 64

A 28-day oral toxicity test of tetrachlorvinphos (TCV) was conducted in male and female Slc: Wistar rats by gavage at dose levels of 0, 10, 100 or 1000 mg/kg/day. The male and female rats showed dose-related inhibition of serum cholinesterase activity and erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase activity. At a dose of 1000 mg/kg, body weight gain was decreased in males, and there were 6 deaths in females. Adrenal gland, liver, kidney and thyroid gland weights were increased. The adrenal lesions were characterized by vacuolization and swelling of the cortex cells. The hepatic lesions consisted of vacuolization and necrosis of the hepatocytes. The renal lesions consisted of regeneration and necrosis of the tubular epithelial cells. These lesions were mostly observed at a dose of 1000 mg/kg. After a 14-day recovery period in the 1000 mg/kg group, the changes of cholinesterase, total cholesterol, gamma-glutamyltransferase, alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase and blood urea nitrogen in serum were restored or showed a tendency toward recovery. However, the lesions in the kidney and adrenal remained. More than 14 days are therefore considered to be needed for recovery. At doses of more than 10 mg/kg, significant inhibition of the serum cholinesterase activity in both sexes, erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase activity in males, and lesions of the adrenal gland in females were observed. Target organs for TCV-treated rats were the adrenal, liver and kidney. It was concluded that the NOEL under this experimental condition is less than 10 mg/kg/day.
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PMID:[Twenty-eight-day repeated dose toxicity test for tetrachlorvinphos in Wistar rat]. 136 60

Fischer 344 rats were exposed to three concentrations of exhaust generated by an M85 methanol-fueled engine (methanol with 15% gasoline) without catalyst for 8 h/d, 7 d/wk for 7, 14, 21, or 28 d. Concentration- and time-dependent yellowing of the fur was prominent in all treated groups. Concentration-dependent increases in the erythrocyte count, hematocrit, hemoglobin concentration, formaldehyde in plasma, and carboxyhemoglobin in the erythrocytes, and decrease in serum alkaline phosphatase activity were seen after all exposure periods. Histopathologically, lesions were found in the nasal cavity and lungs after 7 d of exposure. Squamous metaplasia of the respiratory epithelium of level 1 (level of the posterior edge of the upper incisor teeth) lining of the nasoturbinate and/or maxilloturbinate and infiltration of neutrophils into the submucosa, and decreases of Clara cells in the terminal bronchiolus and of cilia in the bronchiolar epithelium, were observed in the high-concentration group (carbon monoxide, 94 ppm; formaldehyde, 6.9 ppm; methanol, 17.9 ppm; nitrogen oxides, 52.7 ppm; nitrogen dioxide, 10.6 ppm). The histopathological extents of several lesions increased slightly with the exposure time. Slight squamous metaplasia and hyperplasia of the respiratory epithelium at level 1 were also observed in the medium-concentration group (one in three of the high-concentration group). No histopathological changes were found in the olfactory epithelium of the nasal cavity. In the low-concentration group (one in nine of the high-concentration group), no marked histopathological changes in these organs were observed. These results may suggest that the lesions observed in the nasal cavity of rats exposed to methanol-fueled engine exhaust were mainly caused by formaldehyde, although other components in the exhaust also may have affected nasal cavity and/or lungs to less extent.
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PMID:Toxicity to rats of methanol-fueled engine exhaust inhaled continuously for 28 days. 138 57


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