Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase)
47,916 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAADP) has been shown to mobilize Ca(2+) from intracellular stores in a wide variety of organisms, ranging from plants to humans. We have developed a novel enzyme cycling assay for NAADP that involves coupled reactions catalyzed by four enzymes. In this system, NAADP is first converted into nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide (NAAD) by alkaline phosphatase, after which the NAAD is converted to NAD, AMP, and PPi by NAD synthetase (NADS) in the presence of ATP and ammonia. The NAD is then amplified using an enzyme cycling system driven by glucose dehydrogenase and diaphorase. The resultant formation of formazan dye is measured spectrophotometrically based on the increase in absorbance at 450 nm. Using this method, NAADP (20-400 nM) was assayed, and a highly linear correlation was obtained between the NAADP concentration and the increase in absorbance at 450 nm. The cycling rate was approximately 95 cycles/min. In addition, the within-run coefficients of variation (CVs) for 25, 50, and 100 nM NAADP solutions were 9.33, 4.86, and 3.13%, respectively. Interference by NAD analogs (e.g., NAAD, NADP) in the sample was eliminated prior to running the assay by treating the sample with NADS and NAD nucleosidase (NADase). In sum, our findings indicate this enzyme cycling assay to be readily applicable for determination for NAADP in a variety of biological samples and to be particularly appropriate for use with an autoanalyzer.
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PMID:An enzymatic cycling assay for nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate using NAD synthetase. 1739 43

We present a case of a 75-year-old man with end-stage renal disease caused by immunoglobulin A nephropathy who developed hepatic encephalopathy 15 months after starting continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis therapy. Liver test results were normal except for hyperammonemia (ammonia, 317 microg/dL [186 micromol/L]) and mildly increased alkaline phosphatase and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase levels. Abdominal ultrasonography showed normal liver architecture, and color Doppler ultrasonography showed a normal splenic-portal axis with hepatopetal blood flow. Histological examination of a laparoscopic liver biopsy specimen showed moderate fibrosis limited to portal tracts without necrosis or inflammation. Magnetic resonance angiography and percutaneous transhepatic portal angiography showed a large shunt between the left gastric and azygous veins, with blood flowing from the portal vein to the superior vena cava. The patient was transferred to hemodialysis treatment, and although his condition improved slightly, episodes of encephalopathy did not disappear. Surgical ligation of the left gastric vein was performed. In the 8 months after surgery, he has experienced no further episodes of hepatic encephalopathy or hyperammonemia. We speculate that increased intra-abdominal pressure and vasodilation caused by peritoneal dialysis solutions in a patient with a spontaneous portosystemic shunt resulted in ammonia-rich blood flow from the portal vein to the superior vena cava and encephalopathy. In addition, it is possible that chronic hepatic hypoxia caused by hypoperfusion from portosystemic shunting contributed to the development of liver fibrosis. To our knowledge, this is the first report of spontaneous portosystemic shunt encephalopathy in a patient with a noncirrhotic liver undergoing peritoneal dialysis.
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PMID:Portosystemic encephalopathy in a patient treated with peritoneal dialysis. 1753 29

The Molecular Adsorbent Recirculating System (MARS) clears the blood from catabolites that either occur free in the plasma water (through dialysis), such as uremic toxins and ammonia, or are bound by albumin, such as hepatic toxins. The latter are transferred from the albumin in the blood to the albumin circulating in a closed loop where toxins are removed by adsorption on resins (charcoal and ion-exchange resin). The efficacy of this extracorporeal blood purification method in the treatment of acute or acute-on-chronic liver failure (also associated with renal failure) has been demonstrated in numerous studies. Fifty-one patients, 5 affected by acute liver failure and 46 by acute-onchronic liver failure (8 of them with additional renal failure) were treated with MARS. The results demonstrated that the method, which effectively removes ammonia, bilirubin, bile acids and uremic toxins, reduces the blood concentration of these molecules. It thereby improves the patient's clinical condition and biochemical parameters including cholinesterase, alkaline phosphatase and prothrombin activity, eliminating, in addition, the drug-refractory pruritus that is a very frequent symptom in cholestatic liver disease. These results agree with those reported in the literature concerning the efficacy of MARS in the replacement of the detoxifying function of kidneys and liver.
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PMID:[Development of extracorporeal blood purification methods: Molecular Adsorbent Recirculating System (MARS) for hepatic and renal function replacement]. 1792 57

Acute liver failure (ALF)-related encephalopathy was previously characterized by MR spectroscopy of single voxels containing both grey and white matter brain tissue. Quantitative multivoxel MRS was used here to compare grey and white matter brain tissue concentrations of glutamate/glutamine (Glx) and lactate in ALF and associate the results with other liver function parameters. Five pediatric patients with ALF-related encephalopathy and five controls, examined after successful liver transplantation, were examined by brain MRI/MRS. ALF patients had higher Glx and lactate concentrations in brain white matter than controls (Glx + 125%: P < 0.01; lactate + 33%, P < 0.05) and higher Glx in grey matter (Glx + 125%: P < 0.01). Within the group of ALF patients positive correlations were found between grey or white matter lactate concentration and serum ammonia (P < 0.05), and negative correlations between grey or white matter Glx and venous pH (P < 0.001). This is the first study presenting evidence of high Glx levels in both white and grey matter brain tissue in ALF-related encephalopathy. The elevations in CNS Glx and lactate concentrations appear to relate to hepatic detoxification (ammonia, venous pH), rather than to liver parenchymal integrity (aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase) or biliary cholestasis (bilirubin, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, alkaline phosphatase).
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PMID:Quantitative multivoxel 1H MR spectroscopy of the brain in children with acute liver failure. 1849 80

A new phosphorescent labeling reagent named self-ordered ring (ESOR) of eosin Y (E) was developed. And the application of the determination of bioactive matter by affinity adsorption solid substrate-room temperature phosphorimetry (AA-SS-RTP) based on ESOR labeling lectin was studied. Results showed that pink and homogeneous ESOR could be formed by E on polyamide membrane (PAM) in the presence of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and ammonia water. ESOR could emit strong and stable room temperature phosphorescence (RTP) signal of E in the presence of heavy atom perturber. Specific affinity adsorption (AA) reactions could be carried out between the products of concanavalin agglutinin (Con A), triticum vulgaris lectin (WGA) labeled with ESOR and alpha-fetoprotein variant (AFP-V), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), glucose (G), respectively. Not only did the products of the affinity adsorption reactions preserve good RTP characteristic of E, but also the DeltaIp (DeltaIp=Ip2-Ip1, Ip1 is the RTP intensity of blank reagent, Ip2 is the RTP intensity of sample) of these products was proportional to the content of AFP-V, ALP and G, respectively. According to the facts above, a new method of AA-SS-RTP for the determination of AFP-V, ALP and G was established, based on ESOR labeling lectin. Detection limits (LD) of this method were 0.040 fg spot(-1) for AFP-V, 0.045 fg spot(-1) for ALP and 0.090 fg spot(-1) for G. And it has been successfully applied to the determination of AFP-V in human serum as well as the survey and forecast of human diseases. This method had high sensitivity, good repeatability, long RTP lifetime and little background interference with lamdamaxem at the long wavelength area. Meanwhile, the mechanism for the determination of trace AFP-V by AA-SS-RTP based on Con A labeled with ESOR was also discussed.
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PMID:Determination of bioactive matter by affinity adsorption solid substrate-room temperature phosphorimetry based on lectin labeled with self-ordered ring of eosin Y. 1856 42

Blood samples were obtained from two sub-species of captive houbara bustards (Chlamydotis undulata undulata and Chlamydotis undulara macqueenii) in order to establish normal blood chemistry reference values. The two sub-species were housed under the same conditions, the only difference being that C. u. undulata were fed exclusively on concentrated feed (in the form of pellets) and C. u. macqueenii were fed on a mixture of concentrated feed, minced meat and mixed vegetables/fruits. Twenty one different tests were conducted using a Kodak Ektachem DT II dry-chemistry system. Significant differences between the two sub-species were found for glucose, creatinine, total bilirubin, total protein, albumin, globulin, albumin/globulin ratio, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, ammonia, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, cholesterol and triglycerides. The results obtained from this study provide important reference blood chemistry values for the two sub-species and demonstrate a possible effect of different dietary regimes or simply a genotypic variation between the sub-species.
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PMID:Normal blood chemistry of the Houbara bustard (Chlamydotis undulata). 1864 48

A 53-year-old male patient was admitted to our hospital with abdominal pain in the right upper quadrant. There was no change in laboratory investigations other than a slight increase in serum levels of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT). Computed tomography (CT) of the abdomen showed multiple hepatic nodular lesions in the liver. Tru-cut biopsy of the lesions was reported as well-differentiated neuroendocrine carcinoma. The patient received sandostatin treatment. After a few days, the patient was hospitalized in the intensive care unit with disturbance of consciousness and clinical features suggestive of encephalopathy. Serum ammonia level was found highly elevated. After the treatment with L-ornithine-L-aspartate, a remarkable improvement in the level of patient's sensorium occurred as well as a reduction in serum ammonia level within a few days. Transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) was performed one week later. The patient's condition began to worsen along with increase in serum ammonia level and he died because of hyperammonemic encephalopathy. There are case reports of hyperammonemia with some malignancies such as multiple myeloma, plasma cell leukemia, and leiomyosarcoma, or in some patients who have received chemotherapy. This case may suggest an association between hyperammonemia and neuroendocrine tumors.
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PMID:Hyperammonemic encephalopathy in a patient with primary hepatic neuroendocrine carcinoma. 1903 Oct 17

A 3-year old male presented with complaints of pruritus, abdominal pain for 3 weeks and jaundice. Stools were acholic. There was jaundice, liver palpable 3 cm below right costal margin, no ascites or palpable masses. Serology revealed albumin 2.9 g/dl; ammonia of 31 mmol/l; elevated conjugated bilirubin, GGT, ALT, AST and alkaline phosphatase; alpha fetoprotein 1.3 ngm/ml; BhCG 9.1 IU/; PT 12.3 secs, INR 0.9; negative hepatitis A,B,C serology. CT scan showed a non-calcified heterogeneously enhancing mass centered at the liver hilum. MRCP showed a large heterogeneously enhancing, partially solid mass in the region of the porta hepatic. Liver biopsy revealed patternless proliferation of polymorphic oval to spindled shaped neoplastic cells. There was bile ducts distortion. Immunohistochemistry revealed positivity for vimentin, desmin.These findings were diagnostic for biliary rhabdomyosarcoma.There was no evidence of metastasis. Chemotherapy was initiated. Repeat imaging 6 months after initiation of treatment showed improvement in the degree of intrahepatic ductal dilatation and decrease in tumor bulk size. Rhabdomyosarcoma is the most common malignant tumor of the biliary tree in childhood. It is difficult to diagnose and delayed diagnosis influences the prognosis.
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PMID:Biliary rhabdomyoscarcoma mimicking choledochal cyst. 1933 43

Microbes live in diverse communities yet their physiologies are typically studied in axenic culture. To begin to address this dichotomy, whole-genome microarray analyses were used and revealed that several major metabolic pathways were affected in Synechococcus sp. WH8102, a model phototroph, when grown with Vibrio parahaemolyticus, a model heterotroph. In co-cultures with V. parahaemolyticus, although phosphate was not depleted, Synechococcus sp. WH8102 may have experienced phosphate stress since the expression of phosphate acquisition genes increased and alkaline phosphatase activity was higher than in monocultures. Expression of cell wall synthesis genes and the components of a zinc transporter were also upregulated. In contrast, a ferric uptake regulation (Fur) family gene was downregulated as were genes that encode proteins rich in iron or involved in detoxifying oxygen radicals. Nitrogen use may also have been affected in co-cultures as the gene expression changes share similarities with ammonia-grown Synechococcus. This study demonstrates the multiple impacts that interspecific microbial interactions can have on the physiology of a major primary producer and the importance of investigating microbial physiology from a community perspective.
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PMID:Whole-genome microarray analyses of Synechococcus-Vibrio interactions. 1965 54

Alfalfa-Siberian wild rye intercropping is the predominant cropping system used to produce forage in China. In this study, the effects of intercropping and intercropping-rhizobial inoculation on soil enzyme activities, microbial biomass and bacterial community composition in the rhizosphere were examined. In both treatments, the yield of alfalfa, microbial biomass and activities of soil urease, invertase and alkaline phosphatase in the alfalfa rhizosphere were markedly increased, whereas there was a slight increase in the yield of Siberian wild rye, few impacts on soil microbial biomass, and decreased enzyme activities (except for urease) in the Siberian wild rye rhizosphere. Terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) of 16S rRNA genes indicated that Alphaproteobacteria, Betaproteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, Deltaproteobacteria, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria and Bacteroidetes were the major bacterial groups in the rhizosphere of both plants. However, intercropping and rhizobial inoculation induced some shifts in the relative abundance of them. Nitrosomonas and Nitrosospira groups were detected in all treatments by the T-RFLP patterns of ammonia monooxygenase subunit A (amoA) gene, but the relative abundance of Nitrosomonas increased and that of Nitrosospira decreased in the intercropping-rhizobial inoculation treatment. Both treatments tended to increase the diversity of amoA. Conclusively, the two treatments clearly affected soil microbial composition and soil enzyme activities, which might be reflected in changes in yield.
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PMID:Influence of intercropping and intercropping plus rhizobial inoculation on microbial activity and community composition in rhizosphere of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and Siberian wild rye (Elymus sibiricus L.). 1970 74


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