Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase)
 47,916 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Mercuric chloride (HgCl2) is an industrial agent with toxic effects on the immune system, kidney, lung, and nervous tissue, but little is known about its effect on bone. Metallothionein (MT) is a cysteine-rich metal-binding protein that exerts cytoprotective effects against heavy metal toxins. It has been reported that the susceptibility of renal and pulmonary toxicity of mercury was markedly enhanced in MT-null mice compared to control mice. However, there is no report about the effects of anti-metallothionein (anti-MT) Ab induction on mercury toxicity. We investigated the effect of anti-MT Ab induction on mercury-induced bone injury. BALB/c mice were injected with MT (10 microg/mouse ic) five times to induce anti-MT Ab and then treated with HgCl2 (1 mg/kg sc) three times per week for 3 weeks. MT immunization plus HgCl2 treatment dramatically decreased bone mineral density (BMD), and the humoral bone formation indices, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and osteocalcin. MT immunization or HgCl2 treatment alone did not affect either BMD or serum ALP activity and osteocalcin levels. MT immunization impeded HgCl2-induced increase of MT expression in the liver and led to an increase of mercury in serum and the liver but a decrease in the kidney. Furthermore, serum titers of IgE and IgG1 were significantly elevated in the MT-immunized plus HgCl2 treatment group compared with those in the HgCl2 treatment group. Similar results were also observed in splenic secretions of IL-4 and IL-10 based on anti-CD3 Ab stimulation. Taken together, our results indicate that anti-MT Ab induction causes mercury-induced bone injury in BALB/c mice and also enhances mercury-related immune disorders.
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PMID:Induction of anti-metallothionein antibody and mercury treatment decreases bone mineral density in mice. 1249 Jan 34

HgCl2 (5.0 mg/kg body weight) induced toxicity led to significant elevation of lipid peroxidation (LPO) level but decline in the glutathione content in liver of Swiss albino mice. In serum of HgCl2 treated mice there was significant elevation in serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT) and serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT) activities but significant decline in the alkaline phosphatase activity. Animals treated with O. sanctum extract (10 mg/kg body weight, po) before and after mercury intoxication showed a significant decrease in LPO level, SGOT and SGPT activities and increase in serum alkaline phosphatase activity and glutathione (GSH) content. Ocimum treatment alone did not alter SGOT, SGPT and alkaline phosphatase activities but significantly enhanced reduced glutathione. The results suggest that oral administration of Ocimum extract provides protection against HgCl2 induced toxicity in Swiss albino mice.
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PMID:Ocimum sanctum aqueous leaf extract provides protection against mercury induced toxicity in Swiss albino mice. 1258 43

Mercury is a highly toxic metal which induces oxidative stress. Metallothionein and heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) are stress proteins involved in response to different stimuli. In the present study rats were administered per oral application by gavage, a single daily dose (0.1 mg/kg) of HgCl(2) for 3 consecutive days. To find a relation between these two stress proteins and mercury, parameters of liver injury, redox state of the cells, and the expression and protein levels of HSP70 and metallothionein by Northern and Western blot analysis were assayed either in blood or in liver. HgCl(2) at the doses of 0.1 mg/kg induced liver injury detected by a slight increase in serum aspartate aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase activities and by the enhanced levels of bilirubin. Oxidative stress was detected by a significant decrease in protein-SH and an increase in thiobarbituric acid reactive substances in liver following one dose of mercury. mRNA and protein levels of both metallothionein and HSP70 increased progressively from first to third doses of mercury. We conclude that against low doses of mercury that produce a slight liver injury and oxidative stress, the liver rapidly responds by inducing the expression of metallothionein and HSP70. We suggest that metallothionein induction attenuates the decrease in protein-SH induced by the first dose of mercury, since metallothionein increases the pool of thiol groups in the cytosol eliminating oxygen radicals and inhibiting lipid peroxidation. From these results we can suggest that the changes observed in these stress proteins by the effect of mercury appear to be a response rapidly induced at transcriptional and at translational levels.
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PMID:Relationship between expression of HSP70 and metallothionein and oxidative stress during mercury chloride induced acute liver injury in rats. 1281 12

Mercury (Hg) is a persistent soil pollutant that affects soil microbial activity. We monitored the changes in soil microbial biomass and activity of enzymes, including alkaline phosphatase, arylsulfatase, fluorescein diacetate (FDA) hydrolytic activity, and o-diphenol oxidase (o-DPO) in three soils contaminated with different concentrations of Hg. Increasing levels of Hg, from 0.5 to 10 micromol/g of dried soil, generally depressed microbial activity; however, the effects of Hg on soil microbial activity depended on soil type and composition, particularly organic matter content. o-DPO was less affected by Hg than the other three enzymes tested. Our results indicate that the analysis of microbial biomass content and soil-enzyme activities may be used to predict the soil quality contaminated with Hg.
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PMID:Effects of mercury on microbial biomass and enzyme activities in soil. 1295 9

To examine the effects of heavy metals such as cadmium and mercury on calcium homeostasis, plasma calcium and calcitonin were measured in goldfish. Cadmium induced hypocalcemia both at 4 and at 8 days. In methylmercury-treated goldfish, the plasma calcium level increased at 2 days and then decreased at 8 days. The plasma calcitonin level increased in correspondence with the increased plasma calcium by methylmercury treatment, although cadmium did not cause a significant change. To elucidate the mechanism in detail, fish scales, which have both osteoclasts and osteoblasts and are similar to mammalian membrane bone, were used in the present study. We measured tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity as respective indicators of activity in both types of cells. TRAP activity in the scales decreased by treatment of cadmium and methylmercury at 6 h incubation. Particularly, cadmium (even at 10(-13) M) significantly suppressed TRAP activity, suggesting that this system is utilized as an acute biosensor for cadmium. ALP activity decreased after exposures of 64 and 96 h, although the activity did not change after 6, 18, and 36 h. In addition, mRNA expression of the estrogen receptor and insulin-like growth factor 1, which participate in osteoblastic growth and differentiation, was less than the control values by treatment with both metals. This study demonstrates that mercury directly acts on the bone cells and influences calcium homeostasis and indicates that, in a short-term exposure, mercury has a different action from that of cadmium and induces hypercalcemia.
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PMID:Both mercury and cadmium directly influence calcium homeostasis resulting from the suppression of scale bone cells: the scale is a good model for the evaluation of heavy metals in bone metabolism. 1531 64

Administration of mercuric chloride (HgCl2; 5.0 mg/kg body weight) to male Swiss albino-mice resulted in significantly higher levels of testicular acid phosphatase (ACP) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities as compared to control. In combination group where S. fusiformis (800 mg/kg body weight) was given before and after HgCl2 treatment, the mercury induced toxicity reduced in terms of decreased levels of ACP and ALP activities in the testis. The animal treated with only Spirulina did not show any alteration in ACP and ALP values. It is suggested that oral administration of Spirulina can modulate mercury induced testicular toxicity.
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PMID:Modulatory potential of Spirulina fusiformis on testicular phosphatases in Swiss albino mice against mercury intoxication. 1551 Oct 4

In the present research work, the preparation and characterization of bioactive glass-ceramic scaffolds for bone substitutes are described. The scaffolds were prepared by starch consolidation of bioactive glass powders belonging to the SiO2-Na2O-CaO-MgO system using three different organic starches (corn, potatoes and rice) as reported in a previous screening process. The scaffolds, characterized by scanning electron microscopy, showed a porous structure with highly interconnected pores. The pores sizes assessed by mercury intrusion porosimetry put in evidence the presence of pores of 50-100 microm. The structure of the scaffolds was investigated by X-ray diffraction and revealed the glass-ceramic nature of the obtained material. The mechanical properties of the scaffolds were evaluated by means of compressive tests on cubic samples and the obtained results demonstrated their good mechanical strength. The in vitro bioactivity of the scaffolds was tested by soaking them in a simulated body fluid (SBF) and by subsequently characterizing the soaked surfaces by SEM, EDS and X-ray diffraction. Good in vitro bioactivity was found for the starting glass and for the obtained scaffolds. Moreover, the scaffold bioresorption, tested by measuring the samples weight loss in SBF at different periods of time, showed a partial resorption of the scaffolds. Cell culture testing of the three different scaffolds indicated no differences in cell number and in alkaline phosphatase activity; the morphology of the osteoblasts showed good spreading, comparable to bulk material which was used as the control.
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PMID:Microstructural and in vitro characterization of SiO2-Na2O-CaO-MgO glass-ceramic bioactive scaffolds for bone substitutes. 1616 99

Three different porous scaffolds were tested. The first two were prepared by sintering bovine bone. The third scaffold was prepared using three-dimensional gel-lamination, a new rapid prototyping method, and was named as hydroxyapatite artificial bone. X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis confirmed that the samples were mainly highly crystalline hydroxyapatite ceramics. Scanning electron microscopy and mercury intrusion porosimetry measurement showed that the pores were interconnected and pore sizes ranged from several microns to hundreds of microns. Mouse osteoblast-like cells grown on the three scaffolds retained their characteristic morphology. Cell proliferation and differentiation, analyzed by methylthiazol tetrazolium (MTT) and alkaline phosphatase activity assays, were significantly higher on the hydroxyapatite artificial bone than on the other two scaffolds tested. All the scaffolds provided good attachment, proliferation and differentiation of bone cells. These results indicate that the scaffolds have a favorable interaction with cells, they support cell growth and functions, and therefore these scaffolds may have great potential as bone substitutes. The three-dimensional gel-lamination method is proven to be an attractive process to design and fabricate bone scaffolds with favorable properties, and therefore, has promising potential for bone repair applications.
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PMID:Characterization and osteoblast-like cell compatibility of porous scaffolds: bovine hydroxyapatite and novel hydroxyapatite artificial bone. 1693 63

The epidermis of vertebrates is the body's principal barrier against environment and its possible contaminants. The presence of keratins, as well as specific detoxifying molecules or enzyme activities, in the various epidermis layers is believed to be involved in providing protection from harmful environmental influences. Anuran integument is poorly hornified and thus permeable to some endogenous and exogenous compounds and thus serves as a good bioindicator of overall environmental conditions. In the present investigation, we studied the epidermis of Rana kl. esculenta adult specimens collected at two different rice fields, relatively unpolluted and heavily polluted, respectively. Environmental pollution was assayed by chemical analysis performed on both sediments and animals. We evaluated the structural aspects of the epidermis at both light and electron microscopy levels and the pattern of keratinization by immunohistochemistry. Furthermore, we studied the activities of some enzymes (acid and alkaline phosphatase, nitric oxide synthase-related nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate dehydrogenase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, catalase, nonspecific esterases, and succinic dehydrogenase) involved mainly in membrane transport, xenobiotics, and oxidative metabolism. Compared with controls, in polluted animals we found the following results: (1) an increase in pollutant levels (i.e., cadmium, mercury, and lead); (2) less keratinized superficial cells in the epidermis; and (3) changes in most enzyme activities in keratinocytes and mitochondria-rich cells (particularly glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and esterases, both important to counteract oxidative and toxic stress). Taken as a whole, the present data indicate the morphofunctional plasticity of the frog epidermis in response to environmental contamination.
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PMID:Morphofunctional evidence of changes in principal and mitochondria-rich cells in the epidermis of the frog Rana kl. esculenta living in a polluted habitat. 1699 33

The efficacy of the methanolic fraction (MF) of Tribulus terrestris fruit extract on mercury intoxicated mice, Mus musculus has been studied. At a median-lethal dose of mercuric chloride (12.9 mg/kg body wt.) administration an enhanced level of glutamate oxaloacete transaminase (GOT), glutamate pyruvate transminase (GPT) and simultaneously decreased level of acid phosphatase (ACP) and alkaline phosphatase (ALT) activities were noticed in the liver. Due to the mercury toxicity the liver cells are damaged to cause the alterations in their enzymes. During the recovery period, all the enzymological parameters are restored to reach near normal level. The result suggested that the oral administration of MF of T. terrestris fruit extract has (6 mg/kg body wt.) provided protection against the mercuric chloride induced hepatic damage in the mice, M. musculus.
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PMID:Recovery of phosphatase and transaminase activity of mercury intoxicated Mus musculus (Linn.) liver tissue by Tribulus terrestris (Linn.) (Zygophyllaceae) extract. 1704 51


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