Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase)
 47,916 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A sensitive and selective method was developed for the first time to quantify simultaneously the normal and formaldehyde (FA)-modified bases in human placental DNA treated with 100 ppm FA for 20 h at 37 degrees Celsius. Digestion of DNA to deoxynucleosides with DNase I, phosphodiesterase and alkaline phosphatase occurred in that order with centrifugation steps. The normal and FA-modified deoxynucleosides were then resolved from one another and reagent blank interferences to produce selective separation through high performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detection at 254 nm. A C(18) reversed-phase column facilitated the resolution using 5 mm ammonium acetate and a gradient of 0-6% methanol at fl ow rates of 0.3-1.4 mL/min before column cleaning. The lower quantifiable limits for deoxyadenosine, deoxyguanosine, deoxycytidine, thymidine, N(6)-hydroxymethyldeoxyadenosine (N(6)-dA), N(2)-hydroxymethyldeoxyguanosine (N(2)-dG) and N(4)-hydroxymethyldeoxycytidine (N(4)-dC) were 11, 7.6, 12, 15, 10, 10 and 22 pmol, respectively. The abundance order of the modified deoxynucleosides was N(6)-dA > N(2)-dG > N(4)-dC. dT did not form hydroxymethyl derivatives. The respective concentrations were about 6.0, 10.0 and 23 pmol of modified deoxynucleosides in 80 micro g of human placental DNA after treatment with 100 micro g/mL of formalin for 20 h at 37 degrees Celsius. The stabilities of N(6)-dA and N(2)-dG were much better at -20 degrees Celsius than at 25 degrees Celsius, where the respective halftimes were about 50.1 and 21.0 h.
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PMID:Quantitation of normal and formaldehyde-modified deoxynucleosides by high-performance liquid chromatography/UV detection. 1534 Sep 72

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are persistent environmental pollutants. This study compared effects of two PCB mixtures, Aroclors 1221 (A1221) and 1254 (A1254) on serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), urea, creatinine and uric acid in female rats. Histopathological changes in the liver and kidney were also examined. A group of adult Wistar rats served as controls. Groups II and III were subcutaneously injected with A1221 and A1254 at 10 mg/kg every other day for 6 weeks. At the end of this period, all animals were decapitated and blood samples were collected. Serum urea, creatinine, uric acid, ALT, AST and ALP levels were determined. Liver and kidney were collected for histopathological examination. They were fixed in formaldehyde and processed for light microscopy. Both A1221 and 1254 significantly elevated serum ALT (p < 0.05) and AST (p < 0.01) levels compared to the control group. Serum ALP values were significantly increased by A1221 (p < 0.05), but they were unaffected in the A1254 group. Treatment with both A1221 and A1254 significantly increased serum levels of urea (p < 0.05), creatinine (p < 0.01) and uric acid (except in the A1221 group; p < 0.005). Distinct histopathological changes including renal corpuscular atrophy, peritubular vascular congestion and dilated cortical tubules, sinusoidal dilatation, congestion and mononuclear cell infiltration were observed. These findings suggest that PCBs may cause nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity in female rats.
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PMID:Comparative evaluation of hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic effects of aroclors 1221 and 1254 in female rats. 1618 Feb 46

The preparation and characterization of gold-coated magnetic particles are described for use as more efficient solid-phase materials in immunoassay development. A thin gold coating on commercial tosylated magnetic polystyrene particles (4.5 microm) is achieved via an electroless plating method involving initial reaction of the particles with Sn(II), followed by redox deposition of Ag0, that serves as a catalytic site for the subsequent reduction of Na3Au(SO3)2 in the presence of formaldehyde to yield the adhered gold layer. Scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray analysis, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy indicate the presence of the desired Au0 outer layer. To characterize the improved yield of antibody binding sites on such gold-coated phases, the modified particles are reacted with the free thiols of Fab' fragments of an anti-alkaline phosphatase (ALP) antibody to orient all the antigenic binding sites in a favorable direction. After equilibration with ALP, the amount of ALP bound to the surface of such particles is nearly 2.5-fold greater than on non-gold-coated particles possessing the same amount of immobilized anti-ALP Fab', but oriented randomly on the surface. The new gold-coated magnetic particles are further used as a solid phase for developing a sandwich-type enzyme immunoassay to detect C-reactive protein (CRP) using horseradish peroxidase as the enzyme label. The gold-coated magnetic particles with anti-CRP monoclonal Fab' reagents provide assays with enhanced assay slope (1.8-fold), lower nonspecific adsorption, and a detection limit improvement of nearly 10-fold (0.14 vs 1.9 ng/mL) compared to the same Fab' anti-CRP immobilized on the initial tosylated polystyrene magnetic particles. The improved assay performance is attributed to the more favorable binding orientation of the self-assembled monolayer of Fab' fragments on the gold-coated particles compared to the random orientation on the non-gold-coated surfaces.
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PMID:Gold-coated magnetic particles for solid-phase immunoassays: enhancing immobilized antibody binding efficiency and analytical performance. 1640 47

It is well known that formaldehyde (FA) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) are cytotoxic and potentially carcinogenic. Although the individual effects of these reactants on cells have been investigated, the cytotoxicity exerted by the coexistence of FA and ROS is poorly understood. The present study was carried out to evaluate oxidant/antioxidant status and biochemical changes occurring after chronic formaldehyde toxicity in liver tissue and plasma of rats and protective effect of vitamin E (vit E) against oxidative damage. Eighteen rats were divided into three groups: (1) control rats, (2) rats treated with FA (FAt), and (3) rats treated with FA plus vit E (FAt + vit E) groups. After the treatment, the animals were sacrificed and liver tissues were removed for biochemical investigations. As a result, FA treatment significantly increased the levels of tissue malondialdehyde (MDA), protein carbonyl (PC), nitric oxide (NO) and the activity of xanthine oxidase enzyme (XO). On the other hand, FA exposure led to decrease in superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities in liver tissues compared to control. FA caused significant decreases in total protein (TP) and albumin (ALB) whereas increases in aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and interleukine-2 (IL-2) levels in plasma. Vit E treatment abolished these changes at a level similar to the control group. It was concluded that vit E treatment might be beneficial in preventing FA-induced liver tissue damage, and therefore have potential for clinical use.
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PMID:Vitamin E protects against oxidative damage caused by formaldehyde in the liver and plasma of rats. 1693 16

A new methodology for the preparation of enzyme-labeled protein polymers bearing pendent haptens was developed through the combination of chemical modification and posttranslational protein modification catalyzed by microbial transglutaminase (MTG). As a model hapten, trinitrobenzene (TNB) was chosen and chemically conjugated with the accessible Lys residues of beta-casein. The resultant trinitrophenylated beta-casein was further modified with formaldehyde to render the residual Lys residues inert toward self-cross-linking by MTG. Escherichia coli alkaline phosphatase (AP), comprising a specific peptide tag carrying a MTG-reactive Lys residue, was then conjugated to the Gln residues in beta-casein-TNB conjugates. The resultant AP-labeled beta-casein-bearing pendent TNB moieties (AP-betaCT) showed comparable specific activity with native AP. It was found that only the AP-betaCT with a sufficient number of pendent TNBs are capable of binding to a surface adsorbed with anti-TNP and anti-TNT antibodies, indicating the presence of polyvalent interactions. The utility of AP-betaCT was demonstrated by competitive immunoassays for trinitrophenol (TNP) and trinitrotoluene (TNT), with detection limits of 0.99 microg/L and 0.18 microg/L, respectively. The present study demonstrates the potential of dual labeling of protein scaffolds by chemical and enzymatic protein manipulation to create a new proteinaceous architecture.
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PMID:An enzyme-labeled protein polymer bearing pendent haptens. 1732 27

In current and past practice, murine or primate embryonic stem (ES) cells are usually cultured on live nurse cells for growth that keeps the cells in an undifferentiated state. It is troublesome, however, to prepare nurse cells for each cell culture and it is difficult to completely remove the nurse cells when they are transferred. In this study, mouse and monkey ES cells were therefore grown on chemically fixed mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) or human amniotic epithelial (HAE) cells. MEF cells were fixed by incubation in a glutaraldehyde or formaldehyde solution. HAE cells were immortalized by transfection of hTERT and chemically fixed with the same reagents. When mouse ES cells were cultured on these chemically fixed cells, the mouse ES cells grew well and expressed alkaline phosphatase, SSEA-1, and Oct-3/4 as their markers, indicating their undifferentiated state. The monkey ES cells also grew well and expressed alkaline phosphatase, SSEA-4, and Oct-4 as their markers, indicating their undifferentiated state. Freeze-drying HAE or MEF cells did not change their ability to support the undifferentiated growth of ES cells. Additionally, the chemically fixed cells could be utilized repeatedly in the culture of ES cells. These results demonstrate that chemically fixed nurse cells are useful for the maintenance of ES cells in an undifferentiated state in culture.
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PMID:Chemically fixed nurse cells for culturing murine or primate embryonic stem cells. 1736 92

Propofol (2,6-diisopropylphenol) is inadequably soluble in water and is therefore formulated as a lipid emulsion. This may have disadvantages when propofol is used to provide total intravenous anaesthesia or especially during long-term sedation. There has been considerable interest in the development of new propofol formulations or propofol prodrugs. GPI 15715 or fospropofol (Aquavan injection; Guilford Pharmaceutical, Baltimore, MD) is the first water-soluble prodrug that has been thoroughly studied in human volunteers and patients. GPI 15751 or fospropofol is cleaved by alkaline phosphatase to phosphate, formaldehyde and propofol. Formaldehyde is rapidly metabolised to formate. Although a formate accumulation is the principal pathomechanism responsible for the toxicity of methanol ingestion, so far there has been no report of toxicity due to the administration of fospropofol or other phosphate ester prodrugs, such as fosphenytoin. Fosphenytoin has been successfully introduced into the market for the treatment of status epilepticus in 1996. The main side-effects were a feeling of paraesthesia after rapid i.v. administration of GPI 15715 or fospropofol, which has also been described for fosphenytoin. The pharmacokinetics of GPI 15715 or fospropofol could be described by a combined pharmacokinetic model with a submodel of two compartments for GPI 15715 and of three compartments for propofol(G). The liberated propofol(G) compared to lipid-formulated propofol showed unexpected pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic differences. We found a significantly greater V(c), V(dss), significantly shorter alpha- and beta-half-life and a longer MRT (mean residence time) for propofol(G). The pharmacodynamic potency of propofol(G) appears to be higher than propofol when measured by EEG and clinical signs of hypnosis. In summary, GPI 15715 or fospropofol was well suited to provide anaesthesia or conscious sedation.
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PMID:Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of GPI 15715 or fospropofol (Aquavan injection) - a water-soluble propofol prodrug. 1817 95

The present study was planned to investigate the antioxidant, antinociceptive, and anti-inflammatory activities of atorvastatin and rosuvastatin (1, 3 and 10 mg/kg, p.o.) in various animal models. The antinociceptive effect was assessed by chemically- (formalin, acetic acid) and thermally- (hot plate) induced nociception, while anti-inflammatory effect was evaluated using carrageenan-, formaldehyde-induced paw oedema and cotton pellet-induced granuloma. The effect of atorvastatin and rosuvastatin on liver antioxidant enzymes like superoxide dismutase, glutathione, LPO, CAT along with the effect on lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) was evaluated in the cotton pellet-induced granuloma model. Atorvastatin and rosuvastatin showed significant decrease (p < 0.05) in carrageenan- and formaldehyde-induced rat paw oedema and reduced granuloma formation in the cotton pellet-induced granuloma method (p < 0.01) while the levels of LDH and ALP were also significantly decreased (p < 0.05). The liver antioxidant enzyme levels were found to be restored (p < 0.05). Atorvastatin and rosuvastatin also showed antinociceptive activities (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01) in the acetic acid- and formalin-induced nociception in mice, while there was no significant activity in the hot plate method. The present findings suggest that atorvastatin and rosuvastatin possess dose-dependent antioxidant, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory activities.
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PMID:Antioxidant, antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of atorvastatin and rosuvastatin in various experimental models. 2053 41

The process to successfully synthesize polybenzoxazine (PBO)-based aerogels has recently been optimized; however, the biocompatibility of these materials has never been investigated. PBO is synthesized from bisphenol A and aniline, which are both precursors to many commonly used biomaterials, including polyurethane. Surface-wise these new aerogels resemble the innate extracellular matrix of bone and if these new aerogels exhibit acceptable biocompatibility, they may be used as a scaffold for bone tissue engineering. Here, we aimed to characterize some of the physical properties of PBO aerogels, PBO aerogels co-polymerized with resorcinol and formaldehyde (RF) and their conversion to carbon aerogel, while determining the compatibility of all of these materials towards human osteoblasts. Biocompatibility was determined with a live/dead cell cytotoxicity assay, a metabolic activity assay, alkaline phosphatase activity and osteocalcin production, after incubation with PBO-based aerogels for up to 5 days. PBO aerogels co-polymerized with RF tended to have a low density, porosity and elastic modulus and provided the weakest substrate for bone cell growth. PBO-derived carbon aerogels tended to have a high density, a large porosity and improved mechanical properties and provided the best substrate for bone cell growth. These results suggest that PBO based carbon aerogels have a suitable biocompatibility towards osteoblasts and that they may be able to be used for bone tissue engineering scaffolds.
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PMID:Characterization of the physical properties and biocompatibility of polybenzoxazine-based aerogels for use as a novel hard-tissue scaffold. 2161 31

Methanol is primarily metabolized by oxidation to formaldehyde and then to formate. These processes are accompanied by formation of superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide. This article reports data on the effect of methanol-induced oxidative damage in experimental rats and the role of aqueous extract of Opuntia vulgaris fruit extract (OE) to counteract the toxicity induced by methanol. The animals were exposed to methanol at a dose of 2.37 g/kg body weight intraperitoneally for 30 days. OE was found to contain large amounts of polyphenols and carotenoids and significant antioxidant capacities highlighted by scavenging activities for 2,2-diphenyl-l-picrylhydrazyl. The treatment with methanol exhibited a significant increase in serum hepatic and renal biochemical parameters (alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, bilirubin, urea, and creatinine). Methanol intoxication significantly increased hepatic and renal lipid peroxidation evaluated by thiobarbituric acid reactive substances in treated rats as compared to controls. However, hepatic and renal antioxidant enzymes namely superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase were significantly decreased in methanol-treated animals as compared to controls. The results concluded that treatment with OE prior to methanol intoxication has significant role in protecting animals from methanol-induced hepatic and renal histopathological and oxidative damage.
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PMID:Differential oxidative stress responses to methanol in intraperitoneally exposed rats: ameliorative effects of Opuntia vulgaris fruit extract. 2193 33


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