Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase)
47,916 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The Ca2+-mobilizing action of thrombin was demonstrated in a cell-free platelet membrane system consisting of open sheets of plasma membrane plus sealed membrane vesicles that accumulate Ca2+ and release Ca2+ in response to IP3. Thrombin plus GTP, acting on plasma membrane (not vesicles), produced a soluble factor (destroyed by alkaline phosphatase) that released Ca2+ from the vesicles. This effect of thrombin/GTP was blocked by a monoclonal antibody that binds to vesicles and prevents Ca2+ release by IP3. Pertussis toxin plus NAD ADP-ribosylated plasma membrane polypeptides of 39 and 41 kDa and blocked Ca2+ release by thrombin/GTP, but not by IP3.
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PMID:Stimulus-response coupling in a cell-free platelet membrane system. GTP-dependent release of Ca2+ by thrombin, and inhibition by pertussis toxin and a monoclonal antibody that blocks calcium release by IP3. 310 84

Fly photoreceptor membranes were used to test the effect on defined biochemical reactions of light and of compounds causing photoreceptor excitation. Complementary electrophysiological studies examined whether putative second messengers excite the fly photoreceptor cells. This analysis revealed the following sequence of events: photoexcited rhodopsin activates a G protein by facilitating GTP binding. The G protein then activates a phospholipase C that generates inositol trisphosphate, which in turn acts as an internal messenger to bring about depolarization of the photoreceptor cell. Binding assays of GTP analogs and measurements of GTPase activity showed that there are 1.6 million copies of G protein per photoreceptor cell. The GTP binding component is a 41-kDa protein, and the light-activated GTPase is dependent on photoconversion of rhodopsin to metarhodopsin. Analysis of phospholipase C activity revealed that this enzyme is under stringent control of the G protein, that the major product formed is inositol trisphosphate, and that this product is rapidly hydrolyzed by a specific phosphomonoesterase. Introduction of inositol trisphosphate to the intact photoreceptor cell mimics the effect of light, and bisphosphoglycerate, which inhibits inositol trisphosphate hydrolysis, enhances the effects of inositol trisphosphate and of dim light. The interaction of photoexcited rhodopsin with a G protein is thus similar in both vertebrate and invertebrate photoreceptors. These G proteins, however, activate different photoreceptor enzymes: phospholipase C in invertebrates and cGMP phosphodiesterase in vertebrates.
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PMID:Coupling of photoexcited rhodopsin to inositol phospholipid hydrolysis in fly photoreceptors. 311 47

Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) is soluble in low ionic strength solutions but shows a strong tendency toward assembly with increasing ionic strength as revealed by electron microscopy and turbidity measurements. Increasing K+, Na+, and Li+ concentrations cause an increase followed by a decrease in GFAP turbidity with a maximum at 200 mM, but their effects are much weaker than effects of divalent cations at the same ionic strength. Ca2+, Mg2+, Mn2+, and Ba2+ promote assembly at millimolar concentrations, and 10 microM Cu2+ causes rapid aggregation. The critical concentration for GFAP assembly was 0.08 +/- 0.04 mg/mL in 2 mM Tris-HCl, 60 mM KCl, and 1 mM CaCl2, pH 6.8. The Mr 38,000 rod domain of GFAP obtained by limited chymotryptic digestion is more soluble in 100 mM imidazole hydrochloride buffer, pH 6.8, than the intact molecule, and removal of the end pieces greatly reduces the ability of GFAP to form filaments. BNPS-skatole (2-[(2-nitrophenyl)sulfenyl]-3-methyl-3-bromoindolenine) treatment releases a Mr 30,000 N-terminus and a Mr 20,000 C-terminus. The Mr 30,000 polypeptide shows a higher affinity than the Mr 20,000 fragment for intact GFAP. Arginine and lysine at low concentrations slightly accelerate GFAP assembly, but above 100 mM both amino acids inhibit assembly. ATP, GTP, CTP, and UTP do not show significant effects on GFAP assembly. Dephosphorylation by alkaline phosphatase slightly reduces the assembly ability of GFAP, but phosphatase-treated GFAP still is assembly competent.
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PMID:Factors modulating filament formation by bovine glial fibrillary acidic protein, the intermediate filament component of astroglial cells. 319 99

32 healthy persons, 12 men and 20 women, 19 to 48 years of age, were examined in the three positions--recumbent, sitting and erect. Blood was taken by venepuncture after 15 minutes stay in the position. The analyses were carried out with the discrete analyzer "PA-1000", flame photometer, chlorine titrator "Radiometer" and osmometer "Knauer". The statistical assessment was performed by the pair analysis. The changing of the body position from recumbent to sitting and to erect leads to a significant increase of the concentrations of the total protein and albumin which cannot pass through the capillary endothelial barrier following the changes in the hydrostatic and filtration pressure. The capillary endothelial barrier is permeable for the low-molecular compounds whose concentrations change insignificantly. Cholesterol and triglycerides are an exception since they are bound to nonfilterable lipoprotein complexes. Reliable increase of creatinine is found only in the women examined. Calcium which in the serum is protein-bound also increases significantly. A significant increase is found also of the activity of the enzymes creatine kinase, alkaline phosphatase and gamma GTP. The changes of the activity of the enzymes AsAT, AlAT, LDH and hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase are insignificant.
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PMID:[Effect of body position on substrates, enzymes and electrolytes in the serum of healthy subjects]. 321 28

We have isolated from the high salt wash of rabbit reticulocyte ribosomes two forms of the polypeptide chain initiation factor 2 (eIF-2) which differ with respect to their beta-subunit, GDP content, and sensitivity to Mg2+ in ternary (eIF-2 X GTP X Met-tRNAf) and binary (eIF-2 X GDP) complex formation. The form of eIF-2 eluting first from a cation exchange (Mono S, Pharmacia) column has a beta-subunit of lower molecular weight (eIF-2(beta L] and a more acidic pI value than the form eluting at a higher salt concentration (eIF-2(beta H]. These two forms of eIF-2 beta-polypeptides are also detected in reticulocyte lysates when the proteins are resolved by two-dimensional isoelectric focusing-dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis followed by immunoblotting. The peptide mapping of the isolated beta-subunits after limited proteolysis by papain, pancreatic protease, alpha-chymotrypsin, or Staphylococcus aureus V8 protease further demonstrates that the two forms of beta-subunits are not the product of a non-specific proteolytic action that occurred during the purification procedure, but rather reflects the existence in vivo of both forms of eIF-2. The GDP content of eIF-2(beta L) and eIF-2(beta H) is approximately 0.85 and 0.22 mol of GDP/mol of eIF-2, respectively. The KD for GDP of eIF-2(beta L) was lower (2.2 X 10(-9) M) than that of eIF-2(beta H) (6.0 X 10(-8) M). In the presence of 1 mM Mg2+, the activities of eIF-2(beta L) and eIF-2(beta H) in forming a binary and a ternary complex are inhibited 90 and 25%, respectively. The extent of Mg2+ inhibition and its reversal by the guanine nucleotide exchange factor is directly proportional to the amount of GDP bound to eIF-2. No inhibition by Mg2+ is observed when eIF-2-bound GDP is removed by alkaline phosphatase. In the presence of the guanine nucleotide exchange factor, both forms of eIF-2 are equally active in ternary complex formation, and the complex formed is quantitatively transferred to 40 S ribosomal subunits.
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PMID:The isolation and characterization from rabbit reticulocytes of two forms of eukaryotic initiation factor 2 having different beta-polypeptides. 330 29

The T3-binding activity of salt-extractable nuclear proteins from rat liver was affected when ATP (2-10 mM; pH 8.0) was added concomitantly with T3 in the incubation medium. Scatchard analysis revealed that the equilibrium association constant was significantly reduced [5 mM ATP, 0.3 +/- 0.1 (+/- SE) 10(10) M-1; control, 1.1 +/- 0.15 X 10(10) M-1], but the maximum binding capacity remained unchanged. Similar values of inhibition were obtained when unbound receptors were preincubated with ATP. ATP achieved its maximal effect after 45 min of incubation at 30 C. Dilution experiments indicated that the effect of ATP was reversible. The inhibiting potency of nucleoside triphosphates at pH 8.0 was in the following order: ATP = CTP greater than GTP, whereas UTP had no effect. Nonhydrolyzable analogs of ATP were also inhibitory, and HPLC fractionation showed an approximately 98% recovery of ATP after incubation with nuclear extract. The adenine ring with at least two phosphates was essential, since ADP was as potent as ATP, whereas AMP had no effect. When the pH of the incubation medium was lowered to 7.3, the T3-binding activity was inhibited by ATP in the 0.1-1 mM range. Magnesium (3 mM) greatly increases the ATP effect at pH 7.3, but not at pH 8. The T3-binding activity was also drastically reduced when calf intestine alkaline phosphatase was added concomitantly in the incubation medium. Eight micrograms per ml enzyme were necessary to inhibit the T3 specific binding by 50% (30 C for 45 min). Scatchard analysis showed that the receptor affinity for T3 was decreased (control, 1.1 +/- 0.02 x 10(10) M-1; alkaline phosphatase, 0.41 +/- 0.03 x 10(10) M-1; n = 6), whereas the maximum binding capacity remained unchanged. Incubations performed with increasing concentrations of beta-mercaphoethanol (2.5, 5, 10, and 25 mM) revealed that the phosphatase inhibitory effect is thiol dependent. The inhibition was maximal at 2.5 mM and progressively decreased at 5 and 10 mM. No inhibition occurred at 25 mM. When a saturating concentration of T3 was employed, the specific binding was decreased at low thiol concentrations. These observations show that the nuclear T3 receptors may be modulated by ATP/ADP and phosphorylation/dephosphorylation processes. It is proposed that in vitro dephosphorylation leads to rapid oxydation of sulfhydryl groups which are essential for optimum T3 binding.
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PMID:Effects of adenosine triphosphate and alkaline phosphatase on solubilized 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine-binding activity. 340 84

Commercial samples of GTP and guanosine 5'-tetraphosphate were analyzed, with or without previous treatment with alkaline phosphatase, by high-pressure liquid chromatography on a Hypersil ODS column. They showed the presence of diguanosine 5',5"'-Pl,Pn-tri, tetra-, and pentaphosphates in varying amounts depending on the sample, but usually in proportions of around 0.3%.
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PMID:Presence of diguanosine tri, tetra-, and pentaphosphates in commercial samples of GTP and guanosine 5'-tetraphosphate. 340 37

We have demonstrated that the purified guanine nine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) may be isolated as a complex with NADPH. Complete inhibition of the GEF-catalyzed exchange of eukaryotic initiation factor 2-bound GDP for GTP was observed in the presence of either 0.5-0.75 mM NAD+ or NADP+. Incubation of GEF with ATP results in the phosphorylation of its Mr 82,000 polypeptide. This phosphorylation is strongly inhibited by heparin but is not affected by heme or H8 (N-[2-(methylamino)ethyl]-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide dihydrochloride), an inhibitor of cAMP- and cGMP-dependent protein kinases and protein kinase C. The purification of GEF was modified to eliminate any contaminating kinase activity and the isolated protein appears to be homogeneous as judged by NaDodSO4/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and silver staining. The Mr 82,000 subunit of GEF is phosphorylated only upon addition of ATP and casein kinase II. The extent of phosphorylation is approximately equal to 0.55 mol of phosphate per mol of GEF, and this results in a 2.3-fold increase in the guanine nucleotide exchange activity. Following treatment of the phosphorylated GEF with alkaline phosphatase, the activity of the protein is reduced by a factor of 5. Rephosphorylation of GEF increases its specific activity to that of the phosphorylated protein. The results of this study suggest that phosphorylation/dephosphorylation of GEF plays a role in regulating polypeptide chain initiation.
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PMID:Phosphorylation of the guanine nucleotide exchange factor from rabbit reticulocytes regulates its activity in polypeptide chain initiation. 342 26

A membrane fraction enriched in plasma membrane marker enzymes K+-dependent p-nitrophenyl phosphatase, 5'-nucleotidase and alkaline phosphatase was prepared from rat parotid glands using Percoll self-forming gradient. This fraction contained an ATP-dependent CA2+ transport system which was distinct from those located on the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria of parotid glands. The Km for ATP was 0.57 +/- 0.07 mM (n = 3). Nucleotides other than ATP such as ADP, AMP, GTP, CTP, UTP or ITP were unable to support significant Ca2+ uptake. ATP-dependent Ca2+ uptake displayed sigmoidal kinetics with respect to free Ca2+ concentration with a Hill coefficient of 2.02. The K0.5 for Ca2+ was 44 +/- 3.1 nM (n = 3) and the average Vmax was 13.5 +/- 1.1 nmol/min per mg of protein. The pH optimum was 7.2. Trifluorperazine inhibited Ca2+ transport with half maximal inhibition observed at 30.8 microM. Complete inhibition was observed at 70 microM trifluorperazine. Exogenous calmodulin however had no effect on the rate of transport. Na+ and K+ ions activated Ca2+ transport at 20 to 30 mM ion concentrations. Higher concentrations of Na+ or K+ were inhibitory.
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PMID:Characterisation of an ATP-dependent Ca2+ transport system in a plasma membrane enriched fraction from rat parotid. 345 46

We have recently shown that rat liver 60 S ribosomal subunits active in protein synthesis can be reconstituted from inactive core particles lacking 30% of the total proteins, mainly L10a, L12, L22, L24, A33 and the acidic phosphoproteins P1-P2, obtained by treatment of 60 S subunits with dimethylmaleic anhydride [(1987) Eur. J. Biochem. 163, 15-20]. In this study, an ethanol extract of the 60 S subunit which contains only P1 P2 was also shown to be effective in reconstitution with the DMMA-core-particles: it strongly stimulated the EF-2-dependent GTP hydrolysis and, to a lesser extent, polyphenylalanine synthesis; like the DMMA wash it shifted the thermal denaturation curve of the DMMA-core particles towards that of control subunits. Prior dephosphorylation of the ethanol extract by alkaline phosphatase inhibited the reconstruction process.
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PMID:Role of acidic phosphoproteins in the partial reconstitution of the active 60 S ribosomal subunit. 358 68


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