Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase)
47,916 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Extracts of Emblica officinalis (EO), Phyllanthus amarus (P. amarus) and Picrorrhiza kurroa (P. kurroa) significantly inhibited hepatocarcinogenesis induced by N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA) in a dose dependent manner. The anticarcinogenic activity of these extracts were evaluated by their effect on tumour incidence, levels of carcinogen metabolizing enzymes, levels of liver cancer markers and liver injury markers. Animals treated with NDEA alone showed 100% tumour incidence and significantly elevated tissue levels of drug metabolizing enzymes such as glutathione S-transferase (GST) and aniline hydroxylase (AH). Treatment of extracts significantly reduced these levels. Levels of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) were also found to be elevated both in serum and tissues of tumour bearing animals, while they were significantly reduced in the treated group. Similar reduction was seen in tissue levels of reduced glutathione. Serum levels of lipid peroxide (LPO), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and glutamate pyruvate transaminase (OPT), which are markers of liver injury, were also elevated. Morphology of liver tissue and levels of marker enzymes indicated that these extracts offered protection against chemical carcinogenesis.
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PMID:Effect of Emblica officinalis, Phyllanthus amarus and Picrorrhiza kurroa on N-nitrosodiethylamine induced hepatocarcinogenesis. 1021 33

Aqueous extract of Lycovin has been found to be a potent inhibitor of lipid peroxide formation, (IC50 = 500 micrograms/ml) and scavenger of hydroxyl radical (IC50 = 44 micrograms/ml) and superoxide radical (IC50 = 30 micrograms/ml) in vitro. Lycovin syrup 1.5 ml and 7.5 ml/kg body wt administered orally, reduced the development of sarcoma induced by 20 MC by 35% and 70% respectively. Lycovin syrup was also found to inhibit the hepatocarcinogenesis induced by NDEA. The tumour incidence was 100% in the control group, while none of the drug treated animals developed tumour. Liver weight, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), GSH-S-transferase (GST), reduced glutathione, (GSH) and aniline-4-hydroxylase in liver were elevated in NDEA alone treated animals. The serum parameters indicative of liver injury such as bilirubin, lipid peroxides, alkaline phosphatase and glutamate pyruvate transaminase were also elevated by NDEA administration. These elevated parameters were significantly reduced in animals treated with Lycovin syrup along with NDEA in a dose dependent manner. Even though the exact mechanism of action is not known at present, the observed anticarcinogenic activity may be due to the inhibition of P.450 enzyme activity and subsequent inhibition of the production of the ultimate carcinogen as well as scavenging of oxygen free radicals during promotion of the transformed cell.
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PMID:Antioxidant and anticarcinogenic activity of Lycovin--an indigenous herbal preparation. 1086 83

Among the 10 commonly used therapeutic agents investigated, concurrent oral administration of tetracycline (140 mg/kg) twice daily on Days 1-5 post-coitum (pc) interfered with the post-coital anti-implantation activity and almost completely abolished estrogen antagonistic activity of the single anti-implantation (1.5 mg/kg, orally) dose of dl-ormeloxifene administered on Day 1 pc, resulting in the occurrence of resorbed implantations in 50% of the females. However, no such interaction was evident when tetracycline was administered intramuscularly or when ormeloxifene was administered at twice its anti-implantation dose. There was no effect of ormeloxifene and/or tetracycline treatment on serum estradiol and progesterone levels, and all animals presented apparently normal corpora lutea. Ormeloxifene administered per se inhibited aminopyrine-N-demethylase (AD), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PDH) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) in the liver on the day of maximal endometrial receptivity, which was prevented by tetracycline co-administration. Aniline hydroxylase and AD were not detected in small intestine or uterus in vehicle control or any of the treatment groups. There was, however, no effect of ormeloxifene plus tetracycline treatment on serum total alkaline phosphatase activity. Findings suggest that interference with anti-implantation action of ormeloxifene by tetracycline might be due primarily to the almost complete abolition of its estrogen antagonistic activity at the uterine level, effected by decreased bioavailability of ormeloxifene and/or its active metabolite(s) by altered enterohepatic recirculation because of the effect on gut microflora. This might alternatively be related to an increased rate of its metabolism and elimination from the system via prevention of ormeloxifene-induced inhibition of hepatic AD, G-6-PDH, and GST, which, by effecting a decreased rate of metabolism, might be responsible for prolonged (approximately 120 h) duration of estrogen antagonistic/anti-implantation action of ormeloxifene in this species.
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PMID:Interaction with anti-implantation and estrogen antagonistic activities of dl-ormeloxifene, a selective estrogen receptor modulator, by tetracycline in female Sprague-Dawley rats. 1174 77

Previously it was reported that aniline exposure in rats induces increased lipid peroxidation and formation of malondialdehyde (MDA)-protein adducts in the spleen. In order to further elucidate the role of MDA-protein adducts in the splenic toxicity of aniline, studies were conducted to detect and localize these adducts in the spleen. Rabbit polyclonal antisera to MDA-keyhole limpet hemocyanin were employed for immunohistochemical localization and Western blot analyses of MDA-protein adducts in the spleens of aniline-treated (65 mg/kg/d aniline in the drinking water for 30 d) and control rats. For immunohistochemical localization of MDA-protein adducts in the spleen, a new approach using alkaline phosphatase-fast red (red color) to demonstrate bound primary antibodies was adopted, providing a sharper and increased contrast compared to horseradish peroxidase-diaminobenzidine (brown color) methodology. This new approach allowed us to differentiate the changes in aniline-treated spleens, which had extensive brownish deposits of iron proteins. Spleens from aniline-treated rats showed intense staining for these adducts in the red pulp areas (where iron was also localized), especially within the sinusoidal macrophages. Spleens from control rats showed only mild staining for adducts and only traces of iron. Western blot analyses of splenic microsomal proteins from aniline-treated and control rats showed the presence of 13 different MDA-modified proteins. However, 26-, 32-, and 14-kD proteins were more prominent in the aniline-treated rats. The colocalization of MDA-protein adducts with iron in the red pulp of the spleen suggests that iron-catalyzed lipid peroxidation leading to formation of MDA-protein adducts could be a potential mechanism for splenic toxicity of aniline.
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PMID:Malondialdehyde-protein adducts in the spleens of aniline-treated rats: immunochemical detection and localization. 1258 93

Immunoassays have developed to become an important analytical tool in life sciences for detection of endogenous and exogenous targets. Among the most important enzyme labels horseradish peroxidase (HRP), alkaline phosphatase (AP), and beta-D-galactosidase (GAL) is HRP the smallest enzyme and plays nowadays an outstanding role. The oldest substrates are chromogens widely applied for localization of sites of peroxidase (PO) activity in histochemistry as well as for colorimetric applications. They are represented by a diversity of aromatic amines and phenols. Encouraged by development of light excitation and measuring techniques and the commercial availability of highly sensitive equipment, luminescent labels represent the most sensitive and worthwhile detection tools to date. In contrast to chromogens fluorescent labels for detection PO activity are confined only to a few substrates developed more recently. These substrates are mostly applied in histochemistry at a short time scale due to their frequently high solubility. At the long time scale sole exception is so far the tyramine based fluorochome deposition technique (more general: catalytic reporter deposition, CARD). Despite quite different staining behavior both fluorometric and product deposition related principles are based on 4-hydroxy phenylalkyl substrates. The following article reviews basic principles of peroxidatic substrate degradation processes including chromogenic and fluorescent approaches with emphasis on recent advances in development of chromogens and fluorogens for application in histology. As a result of systematic efforts towards the design of substrates, the range of classical precipitating chromogens as well as fluorescent techniques could be complimented by novel highly sensitive substrates with superior staining capabilities: a) Metal chelating 2-hydroxy benzylamines are derived from classical aniline substrates (two steps) and utilize metal catalytic effects in an efficient intramolecular way. The enzymatically yielded dark colored polycondensation products are applicable in histochemistry, in colorimetry and especially as precipitating electron opaque labels with enhanced osmiophilic properties for light and electron microscopy. b) Fluorescent 4-hydroxy-styryl derivatives are capable of oxidative selfanchoring reactions at the cellular level close to sites of PO activity. In contrast to deposition of tyramine conjugated fluorochromes an altered fluorochrome with improved fluorescence properties is furnished during oxidative crosslinking of the substrate. This results in a highly specific and photostable fluorescence response and an outstanding low background staining. Histochemical and immunohistochemical applications are presented.
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PMID:Recent advances in catalytic peroxidase histochemistry. 1289 47

We report a new approach to the measurement of alkaline phosphatase concentration based on the use of a disposable poly(aniline) microelectrochemical transistor. The measurement is carried out in a two cell configuration in which the poly(aniline) microelectrochemical transistor operates in acid solution and is connected to the alkaline buffer solution containing the analyte by a salt bridge. Disposable microelectrochemical transistors were reproducibly fabricated by electrochemical deposition of poly(aniline) onto photolithographically fabricated gold microband arrays. Using these devices alkaline phosphatase was detected by employing p-aminophenyl phosphate as the substrate for the enzyme and using glucose and glucose oxidase to recycle the p-aminophenol generated upon enzyme catalysed hydrolysis of the phosphate. Recycling the p-aminophenol with glucose and glucose oxidase amplified the detection of alkaline phosphatase approximately tenfold. Using this approach we obtain linear calibration curves for alkaline phosphatase up to 5 nM within 70 s on single use devices.
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PMID:The measurement of alkaline phosphatase at nanomolar concentration within 70 s using a disposable microelectrochemical transistor. 1521 47

A hydroalcoholic (50%) extract of Emblica officinalis (fruit) (EO-50) reduced the severity of hepatic fibrosis induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) and thioacetamide (TAA). Improved liver function was observed by measuring the levels of aspartate aminotransaminase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and bilirubin in serum. Hepatic parameters monitored were the levels of glutathione (GSH), lipid peroxidation (LPO) and hydroxyproline and the activities of catalase, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), Na+,K+-ATPase and cytochrome P450 (CYP 450 2E1) (aniline hydroxylation). The results suggested that EO-50 effectively reversed profibrogenic events possibly due to its promising antioxidative activity.
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PMID:Reversal of fibrogenic events in liver by Emblica officinalis (fruit), an Indian natural drug. 1599 20

Human cerebral malaria is caused by a protozoan parasitic with no cure till date. The isolation of brain capillaries i.e. microvessels has permitted the in vitro study related to cerebral function. Microvessels were isolated from normal and P. yoelii infected mice brain cortex and subjected to biochemical characterization by the following enzyme markers viz alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyI transpeptidase and monoamine oxidase and electron microscopically. Limited studies have been carried out in relation to drug metabolizing enzymes in cerebral microvessels of rodents. The present studies have been carried out in relation to status of drug metabolizing enzymes during P. yoelii infection in cerebral microvessels of mice. The data obtained depicted a clear cut impairment of cytochrome P450 (a terminal monooxygenase) and related indices viz b5, benzopyrene hydroxylase, aminopyrene-n-demethylase, aniline hydroxylase except NADH cytochrome e reductase which increased during P. yoelii infection in mice as compared to normal. Further the oral drug administration (arteether) treatment brought back the altered MFO system normal a week alter cessation of drug treatment.
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PMID:Studies on drug metabolizing enzymes during arteether treatment of Plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis infected mice cerebral microvessels. 1663

Chemoprevention is an important alternative approach to control cancer. Chemical substances with multiple inhibitory properties would be a welcome addition to the class of chemopreventive drugs. In this study, we investigated the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimutagenic and cancer preventive activities of aqueous extract of a macrofungus Phellinus rimosus (Berk) Pilat. The extract exhibited superoxide anion (O2-), hydroxyl radical (*OH), nitric oxide (NO*) scavenging and lipid peroxidation inhibiting activities. The inhibitory concentrations required by the extract to scavenge 50% (IC50) of the superoxide anion, hydroxyl radical and nitric oxide generated were 126 +/- 5.1, 71 +/- 4.7 and 31 +/- 4.5 microg/ml respectively. The concentration required to inhibit 50% of Fe2+ induced lipid peroxidation in rat liver homogenate was 318 +/- 2.4 microg/ml. The extract showed significant (P<0.05) anti-inflammatory activity in a dose dependent manner. Extract (100 mg/kg body wt, p.o) inhibited 44.5, 45.4 and 47% carrageenen, dextran and formalin induced inflammations respectively. The antimutagenic activity was determined by the Ames' Salmonella mutagenecity assay using histidine mutant Salmonella typhimurium strains. The extract at concentration of 5 mg/plate showed antimutagenecity against benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) and 4-nitro-o-pheneylenediamine (NPDA) induced mutations of TA98 and TA100 respectively. Anticarcinogenic activity was evaluated using N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA) induced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in rats. Serum gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT), glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities and lipid peroxidation level (MDA) were elevated significantly (P<0.05) in the NDEA alone treated group of animals. Treatment of the extract (25 and 50 mg/kg body wt, p.o.) prior to the NDEA administration decreased the serum GGT, GOT, GPT and ALP activities and MDA level in a dose dependent manner. The NDEA alone treated animals showed altered serum albumin/globulin ratio (A:G ratio), hyperfibrinogenaemia, increased hepatic glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity, glutathione-peroxidsae (GPx) activity and reduced glutathione (GSH) level compared to the extract plus NDEA treated group. The extract also inhibited in vitro aniline hydroxylase (AH) activity of rat liver induced by phenobarbitone in a dose dependent manner. The results, thus suggest the significant chemopreventive properties of the aqueous extract of the Phellinus rimosus against NDEA induced hepatocellular carcinoma by its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antimutagenic activities.
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PMID:Chemopreventive activity of a macrofungus Phellinus rimosus against N-nitrosodiethylamine induced hepatocellular carcinoma in rat. 1702 71

Aloe barbadensis Mill. Syn. Aloe vera Tourn. ex Linn.(Liliaceae) has been used in variety of diseases in traditional Indian system of medicine in India and its use for hepatic ailments is also documented. In the present study an attempt has been made to validate its hepatoprotective activity. The shade dried aerial parts of Aloe barbadensis were extracted with petroleum ether (AB-1), chloroform (AB-2) and methanol (AB-3). The plant marc was extracted with distilled water (AB-4). All the extracts were evaluated for hepatoprotective activity on limited test models as hexobarbitone sleep time, zoxazolamine paralysis time and marker biochemical parameters. AB-1 and AB-2 were observed to be devoid of any hepatoprotective activity. Out of two active extracts (AB-3 and AB-4), the most active AB-4 was studied in detail. AB-4 showed significant hepatoprotective activity against CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity as evident by restoration of serum transaminases, alkaline phosphatase, bilirubin and triglycerides. Hepatoprotective potential was confirmed by the restoration of lipid peroxidation, glutathione, glucose-6-phosphatase and microsomal aniline hydroxylase and amidopyrine N-demethylase towards near normal. Histopathology of the liver tissue further supports the biochemical findings confirming the hepatoprotective potential of AB-4. The present study shows that the aqueous extract of Aloe barbadensis is significantly capable of restoring integrity of hepatocytes indicated by improvement in physiological parameters, excretory capacity (BSP retention) of hepatocytes and also by stimulation of bile flow secretion. AB-4 did not show any sign of toxicity up to oral dose of 2 g/kg in mice.
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PMID:Hepatoprotective potential of Aloe barbadensis Mill. against carbon tetrachloride induced hepatotoxicity. 1729


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