Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase)
 47,916 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Corpora lutea from rat ovaries at mid pregnancy were fixed by perfusion and studied by electron cytochemistry for localisation of four hydrolytic enzymes. Using the metal-salt methods for acid phosphatase and aryl sulphatases activity was localised in small and large lysosomes, multivesicular bodies, Golgi complex and within cisternae of endoplasmic reticulum. The azo-dye coupling method for Beta-glucuronidase was less satisfactory and gave positive results in lysosomes, lipids and in the globules within the mitochondrial matrix. The latter two localisation were probably associated with affinity of the naphthol AS-BI for lipid material. In addition to plasma membranes, the reaction product for alkaline phosphatase with the lead-salt method was seen in lysosomelike bodies, in smooth endoplasmic reticulum and in occasional Golgi elements of granulosa lutein and endothelial cells. Increased activity of lysosomal acid hydrolases occurs when regressive changes of lutein cells start at the end of gestation and this might probably reflect the initiation of lytic processes.
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PMID:Electron cytochemical demonstration of four hydrolytic enzymes in the rat corpora lutea at second half of gestation. 68 22

Choline chloride produced a dose-dependent induction of alkaline phosphatase activity in HeLa cells. At the highest concentration tested, 40 mM, there was a 5- to 7-fold increase in alkaline phosphatase activity, a significantly greater induction than that produced by equiosmolar additions of either NaCl or sucrose. Enzyme activity was higher than control values by 24 hr after the addition of the salt, although the largest increases in activity occurred between 36 and 72 hr. The induction of alkaline phosphatase activity by choline chloride could be inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by the simultaneous addition of either caffeine or theophylline. At comparable concentrations of inhibitor, the magnitude of the inhibition of the induction produced by choline chloride was greater than that observed when the xanthines were used to inhibit the induction by either 5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine or NaCl. Choline chloride, like NaCl, produced a proportionately greater increase in the heat-stable rather than the heat-labile form of alkaline phosphatase activity.
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PMID:Induction of alkaline phosphatase activity in HeLa cells by choline chloride. 69 36

This is a review of multiple pathologic conditions associated with altered taste perception and identification. We stated the steps and the molecular basis of this sense. This paper includes two cases that exemplify two distinct types of dysgeusia; case, 1 a 48 year old man who had clinical manifestations of hypogeusia and dysgeusia for one year, probably secondary to air pollutants. Case 2, a 37 year old man who worked in the same factory and also had dysgeusia; we concluded that it was secondary to thermal and chemical agression of the oropharynx; his plasma and urinary levels of zinc were normal. Many medications and contaminants of air and water are related with changes in serum and urine levels of zinc, which is a determinant at several levels for the correct integration of the taste system. Namely it is important for synthesis of the metalloprotein, gustin, a parotid gland protein secreted into saliva, which in turns is very important to make union of the sapid substance (SS) with its receptor in the surface of the gustatory epithelium a the taste buds. Zinc is also related with neurotransmission of the electrical stimulus generated in the bud cell and ending in the central nervous system. There is an acute zinc loss syndrome, seen in patients treated with histidine, which simulates the steps in which taste sensation is integrated. A clinical approach for diagnosis of hypogeusic or dysgeusic patients must include a careful evaluation of the diat elements, an assesment of hereditary disorders, the type of work and contact with pollutants known to be related with dysgeusia. A special care regarding physical examination must be considered in particular a meticulous review of the oropharynx in order to diagnose inflammatory, neoplastic or neurological disorders. The levels of perception an identification of flavors: sweet, bitter, sour and salt, must be determined using the forced scale triple choice technic. Serum and urinary levels of zinc should be determined in each patient using a flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometer. A quantification of the activity of leucocyte alkaline phosphatase, a zinc metalloenzyme, is a useful aid, liver function tests. 13 and 14 determinations and serum protein electrophoresis are mandatory because many pathologic states of these organ systems are known to be related with disorders of taste. We wish to remark the important function of zinc in the taste system, the role of essential trace elements is receiving increased atention and these alterations are good examples of their clinical importance.
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PMID:[Dysgeusias]. 71 45

In salt-depleted and salt-loaded rat kidneys a study was made of the structural segmentation of the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) and the histochemical activity of non-specific acid and alkaline phosphatases and succinate dehydrogenase in the same segments. No quantitative structural or segmental alterations were observed, but significant changes in enzyme activity occured. These comprised: 1) A decrease in activity of acid phosphatase in segment 1 and the transitional zone in salt-depleted kidneys, and an increase in enzyme activity in segment 2 in salt-loaded kidneys. 2) a decrease in alkaline phosphatase activity in segment 2 in both salt-depleted and salt-loaded kidneys and 3) a decrease in succinate dehydrogenase activity in segment 2 in salt-depleted kidneys, and an increase in activity in the same segment in salt-loaded kidneys. Thus long-term variation in sodium intake are followed by segment-correlated variations in the activity of acid and alkaline phosphatase and succinate dehydrogenase in the PCT.
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PMID:Histochemical enzyme activity correlated to the structural segmentation of the proximal convoluted tubule in salt-depleted and salt-loaded rat kidneys. 71 4

The ultrastructural localization of alkaline phosphatase in eosinophil leucocytes, obtained from experimentally-induced peritoneal exudates in rats, has been studied using an osmiophilic technique with 2-naphthylthiolphosphoryl dichloride as substrate, fast Blue BBN as diazonium salt and postosmication with 1% aqueous osmium tetroxide. With this method identical incubation procedures could be used for both light and electron microscope examination. Eosinophils were the only cells which contained alkaline phosphatase. The enzyme was predominantly associated with the outer surface of the plasma membrane, being present in much lower concentrations in cytoplasmic cisternae. Eosinophil granules only rarely showed reaction product. The plasma membrane location of alkaline phosphatase in eosinophil leucocytes is identical to that recently demonstrated in the human neutrophil.
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PMID:Ultrastructural localization of alkaline phosphatase in rat eosinophil leucocytes. 72 49

Effects of single subcutaneous injection (1.5 mg/100 g body weight) of cadmium chloride were studied in the ovary, oviduct, thyroid and adrenal gland of Indian koel (Eudynamys scolopacea). Treatment resulted the significant decrease (p less than 0.001) in the weight of ovary and oviduct. The stromal tissue showed hyperaemia and profused haemorrhage leading to some cellular destruction. A marked degeneration was noticed in the lamina propria of magnum. No remarkable change occured in thyroid histology. An increment of alkaline phosphatase activity was pronounced in ovarian tissue as well as in magnum after the injection. An overall reduction of periodic acid Schiff reaction was noticed in both ovary and oviduct after the salt treatment. The experiment caused a significant reduction of eponephrine content (p less than 0.001) in hypertrophied adrenal medulla. The cortical tissues, however, unaltered in their histomorphology. The loss of total amount of cholesterol (p less than 0.05) from the adrenal gland after the experimentation was recorded. It has been suggested that the augmentation of epinephrine secretion suppressed the gonadal acitivty.
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PMID:Histological, histochemical and biochemical effects of cadmium chloride in female koel (Eudynamys scolopacea). 82 5

1. Rat liver plasma membrane preparations were incubated with various bile salts at 0 or 37 degrees C. the bile salts caused the removal of various amounts of proteins, membrane enzymes and phospholipids; the extent and nature of these losses, and the morphological changes which accompanied them, varied with the detergent used. 2. Cholate, taurocholate and glycocholate removed appreciable amounts of protein from the saline-washed membranes, and considerable amounts of both phospholipids and the membrane enzymes, 5-nucleotidase, alkaline phosphatase, alkaline phosphodiesterase 1 and L-leucyl-beta-naphtylamidase. These losses were greater at 37 that at 0 degrees C. The material remaining contained membrane-like profiles, many of vesicular form, even when the preparation was almost completely devoid of phospholipids. 3. Deoxycholate, both at 0 and 37 degrees C, removed more protein, membrane enzymes and phospholipids than did cholate and its conjugates. The material remaining was mainly granular and unorganised and the only remaining features were structures resembling the nexus, and occasional desmosomes. 4. Deoxycholate, a dihydroxy bile salt, therefore appears to cause greater perturbation of membrane structure than the trihydroxy bile salt, cholate, and its conjugates. The results may have implications for the effects of bile salts upon the membranes of liver cells during bile salt secretion and the production of bile.
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PMID:Effects of different bile salts upon the composition and morphology of a liver plasma membrane preparation. Deoxycholate is more membrane damaging than cholate and its conjugates. 83 33

Biochemical localization of the enzyme as a function of age of cell culture showed the alkaline phosphatase (orthophosphoric monoester phosphohydrolase, EC 3.1.3.1) activity of Bacillus licheniformis MC14 predominantly in the particulate cell fraction in early- and mid-log cells. However, in late-log and stationary cells, increasing amounts of activity were found in the soluble fraction of lysed cells. Upon protoplast formation of these cells, the activity was released into the soluble fraction. No alkaline phosphatase activity was found in either the cytoplasmic fraction or in the cell medium during any phase of cell growth. The soluble fraction released on protoplast formation that contained alkaline phosphatase activity showed immunological cross-reactivity with antibody to the purified heat--salt-solubilized membrane alkaline phosphatase (F. M. Hulett-Cowling and L. L. Campbell, 1971). Theparticulate membrane fraction containing a firmly associated alkaline phosphatase also showed similar cross-reactivity. Further, the effectiveness of nonionic detergents, ionic detergents, bile salts, and various concentrations of magnesium and sodium as solubilizing agents for this membrane-bound alkaline phosphatase was investigated. Hexadecyl pyridinium chloride (0.03 M) and magnesium and sodium salts (above 0.2 M) were effective solubilizing agents. The substrate specificities of the various fractions were determined and compared to the substrate specificities of the purified membrane alkaline phosphatase.
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PMID:Biochemical localization of the alkaline phosphatase of Bacillus licheniformis as a function of culture age. 83 74

An improved method is described for the enumeration of lymphocyte surface markers in whole peripheral blood using reagents labelled with alkaline phosphatase. A suspension of washed whole blood is exposed to the labelled reagents and then smeared on slides. Endogenous peroxidase in monocytes is detected by the diaminobenzidine reaction amplified by osmication, and this identifies more cells than are recognised as monocytes by morphological criteria in Romanovsky-stained films. Lymphocytes are identified as peroxidase-negative mononuclear cells and those binding alkaline phosphatase-labelled reagents are demonstrated by treating the smears with naphthol ASMX phosphoric acid and fast red TR salt. By avoiding the loss of lymphocytes which is inevitable in any procedure for isolation of mononuclear cells from the blood, and by permitting elimination of monocytes from the counts, this method enables the proportion and absolute number of different circulating lymphocyte populations to be accurately enumerated. In the peripheral blood of seventeen normal individuals alkaline phosphatase rabbit F(ab)'2 anti-human immunoglobulin stained the following numbers (mean +/- s.d.) of lymphocytes, 9-0 +/- 1-5%, 214 +/- 66/microliter (B cells), and specific rabbit anti-T-cell serum followed by alkaline phosphatase goat F(ab)'2 anti-rabbit immunoglobulin stained 77 +/- 3%, 1846 +/- 488/microliter (T cells). The method, which is applicable to any surface marker which can be detected on living cells in suspension with a soluble reagent, provides permanent preparations which are counted in an ordinary light microscope and permits the use of counterstaining to reveal cellular morphology. Provided that appropriate specific reagents are available it is therefore suitable for routine clinical application.
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PMID:Enumeration of lymphocyte populations in whole peripheral blood with alkaline phosphatase-labelled reagents. A method for routine clinical use. 89 Oct 32

beta-Glucosidase released by the phytoflagellate Ochromonas danica was the result of secretion; this was adduced from the following: (1) The enzyme was released during growth, including early log phase. (2) The amount released was calculated to be much more than could be attributed to cell lysis. (3) beta-Glucosidase was released by cells during short term incubation in a dilute salt solution; this release was nearly linear for at least 24 h. (4) Release occurred while cell counts remained nearly constant and cells remained viable. (5) Control experiments excluded cell damage resulting from incubation and cell manipulation as a source of the exoenzyme. (6) No alkaline phosphatase was released and 5 times less phosphoglucose isomerase than glucosidase was released while the cells contained 7 times more phosphoglucose isomerase. (7) The kinetics of release of nonspecific protein and UV absorbing material was markedly different from glucosidase release. (8) Glucosidase release was temperature and energy dependent; anerobiosis decreased enzyme release. (9) Release was inhibited by cycloheximide. (10) Cells incubated with 3H-leucine synthesized labeled protein which was secreted linearly for at least 24 h. Cycloheximide inhibited incorporation of 3H-leucine into protein and the secretion of the labeled protein.
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PMID:Secretion of beta-glucosidase by Ochromonas danica. 98 14


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